extent that, coming in contact with the edges of a wound, they become adhesive, as when in contact with a foreign body. In accumulating little by little around the open orifice of a vessel, they form there an obstacle at first insufficient; then, the first hæmatoblasts being arrested, they retain in their turn those which issue with the blood coming constantly in contact with them; the orifice of the wound retracts little by little, until finally it is completely closed by a solid and fixed plug. The other elements of the blood and the formation of fibrin only participate in this process in a secondary and accessory manner. The blood, then, contains within itself a powerful hæmostatic agent, and, were it possible to remove from the normal blood all of the hæmatoblasts, the wound of a vessel would cause a hæmorrhage which would have no tendency to cease spontaneously. These experimental facts have a practical application of importance. All foreign bodies alter and retain the hæmatoblasts, and in this way is easily explained the formation of intravascular clots in living persons by the contact of diseased points in the cardiac or vascular walls. In the same way may be understood the hæmostatic action of foreign substances brought into contact with the surface of the wound, notably those of a pulverulent or spongy nature. According to the experiments of M. Hayem the modifications of the hæmatoblasts are favored by an elevation of temperature, and are extremely active at a temperature a little above that of the body. He asks if this may not explain the good effects of hot-water injections and applications in the treatment of hæmorrhages. For, to the action of water, which is in itself effective upon the hæmatoblasts, is added that of heat. Again, for blood to cease flowing it must contain hæmatoblasts, and these must be impressionable to the contact of foreign bodies. In animals like the horse, whose blood is only slightly coagulable, the hæmatoblasts are modified with comparative slowness. Again, these elements may undergo alterations in number and quality in cases of disease, and it may be concluded that in certain cases the constitution of the blood itself may be a predisposing cause of hæmorrhage following the least vascular injury. That singular malady known as hæmophilia, the victims of which are known in popular language as "bleeders," is perhaps precisely the consequence of a particular state of the hæmatoblasts. A practical example of the importance of this view may be given. The case is one of extreme and frequently repeated bleeding from the nose, and the patient is at the point of death from the loss of blood. For thirty years the patient has been subject at intervals to such attacks. On examining the blood, the fact of the relative rarity of the hæmatoblasts, and of their feeble vulnerability, is apparent - the changes which they undergo out of the organism occurring much more slowly than natural. It is suspected, therefore, that the bleeding, which has lasted for three weeks, and which returns whenever the plug is removed from the nose for a few hours, is due to these changes; and that by transfusing into the patient a certain quantity of normal blood containing active hæmatoblasts, the condition may be modified to advantage. A small quantity of venous blood is, therefore, injected into the patient's veins, and the nose-bleed is immediately and definitely arrested. The plugs are removed, but the bleeding does not return. It is evident that the conveying into the blood of the patient new and healthy blood from another body has effected a cure, and the active element in the cure is probably the hæmatoblasts. BOLIVIA (República de Bolivia), an independent state of South America, whose limits before the war on the Pacific were between latitudes 10° and 24° south, and longitudes 57° 25' and 70° 30' west. The western limit has still to be negotiated between Bolivia and Chili. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Brazil, on the south by the Argentine Republic and Chili, and on the west by Peru. The republic previous to the war was divided into nine departments, which, with their areas in square miles, capitals, and population (exclusive of 250,000 savage Indians), were approximately as follows: Population. Sucre.. Cochabamba 70,178 150,000 72.798 275,722 26,808 478,717 43,051 21.600 140,856 54,297 876,394 144,077 176,088 114,484 180,940 Santa Cruz. Tarija.. 697,288 The result of the war between Bolivia and Peru on the one hand, and Chili on the other, terminated in 1883, has been to deprive Bolivia of its former outlet on the Pacific, Cobija, but the treaty of peace which was being negotiated between Bolivia and Chili at Santiago, at the 2,324,150 Oruro.. Potosi close of that year, may still lead to a territorial rearrangement which shall give Bolivia the coveted port or ports. Should Bolivia be disappointed in this respect, Brazil is said to be ready to facilitate Bolivian trade through San Antonio on the Madeira river. Brazil would engage to render the Madeira navigable for a distance of 400 miles, from its junction with the Amazon to San Antonio, and no transit dues of any kind would be levied by Brazil on goods forwarded to and from Bolivia. There was a rumor early in 1883 that a secret treaty had been actually concluded between the two governments to that effect as early as September, 1882. The real present outlet is to the Atlantic, through the Argentine Republic. The President of the Republic is Gren. Campero (since June, 1880), the First Vice-President is Dr. Aniceto Arce, and the Second Vice-President, Dr. B. Salinas. The Cabinet in 1883 was composed of the following ministers: Interior and Foreign Affairs, Señor P. J. Silvetti; Finance, Señor A. Quijano; Public Worship, etc., Dr. P. H. Vargas; War, General J. M. Rendon. The United States Minister resident at La Paz is Mr. Richard Gibbs. The Bolivian Envoy Extraordinary and Min. ister Plenipotentiary at Washington is Dr. L. Cabrera, with Dr. A. Aramayo as Secretary of Legation. The Bolivian Consul-General at New York is M. Obarrio; Consul at New Orleans, J. P. Macheca; and at San Francisco, F. Herrera. In order to understand the position of Bolivia at the close of 1883, it will be necessary to review chronologically the events in Bolivia and Peru, of which the negotiation of a treaty of peace between Bolivia and Chili was the last. The War on the Pacific in 1883.-In December, 1882, a convention was made and ratified at Santiago, between Italy and Chili, to the effect that all claims of Italian subjects arising out of the war in Bolivia and Peru should be determined by arbitration. On April 20, 1883, the Congress assembled at Cajamarca closed its sessions after authorizing the Government to order an election to be held upon the basis of the census of 1882, for the nomination of a Constituent Assembly. In May the partisan general Cáceres had several engagements with Chilian detachments, being defeated in two of them, at Balconcillo and Pampas de Sicaya, by Canto, and on May 22d in one at Larma by Garcia. On May 11th a provisional treaty of peace was signed between Jovino Novoa on the part of Chili, and Lavalle on the part of Gen. Iglesias, the Peruvian commander. (The conditions submitted to by Peru will be found under CHILI, in this volume.) On May 20th the opposition Congress of the Calderon-Montero faction in Peru assembled at Arequipa, on which occasion Gen. Montero delivered his message, in which he praised the faithfulness of Bolivia, and declared that he did not consider the time to have come for making peace. The message contained this passage: "At the time it became evident that the belligerents would be unable to arrive at an understanding through direct negotiation, Peru accepted the good offices of the United States. But after a year's useless negotiations, after the energetic and comforting assurances of Gen. Hurlbut, the measured and diplomatic utterances of Mr. Trescott, and the impudent and hostile declarations of Mr. Logan, we became convinced that the United States were unable to be useful to us in any manner whatsoever." June 2d, the people of Cerro de Pasco adhered to the Cajamarca peace proclamation of Iglesias. June 3d, at a meeting held at San Mateo (province of Nuarochiri) under the chairmanship of José Maria Sanchez, Peruvian citizens there present pronounced in favor of peace. A similar declaration was simultaneously made at Huaraz (department of Ancacho) and at Recuaz, for peace and Iglesias. On June 11th the Congress assembled at Arequipa confirmed the following nominations: President, Garcia Calderon; Vice-President, Montero; Second Vice President, Cáceres. And on June 16th a new Cabinet was formed. A few days later Gen. Montero reviewed the troops under his command, and soon after a force was sent by him to Moquegua, under the command of Canevaro, 1,200 strong, and including 200 horse under the Cuban Céspedes, to operate against Tacna. Toward the close of June the Chilian forces evacuated Pacasmayo, and the Chilian colonel, Y. Garcia, occupied Trujillo, where the Peruvian flag was hoisted. Early in July the Chilian President, Santa Maria, delivered his message to Congress, at Santiago, containing the following passage: "Prior to the war, Bolivia had become an instrument of Peruvian intrigues and greediness, because that country had become dependent on Peru, which, for the past fifty years, stood as a sort of door-keeper of Bolivia, owning as Peru did the province of Moquegua, and thus, through the routes leading from Arica and Tacna to La Paz, controlling the only practicable communication between the interior of Bolivia and the Pacific. If the relations between Peru and Bolivia remained the same as they were then in this respect, now that the war has been carried by us to a safe issue, we should at all times in the future be exposed to the risk of seeing Bolivia attack us again at the instigation of Peru. It is no secret that politics are very uncertain in Bolivia, and any government capable of exercising efficient pressure on the latter may easily render Bolivia amenable to its purposes. Under these circumstances we owe it to our own safety in the future to deprive Peru forever of the means to do mischief in this respect. This is the chief reason why Chili insists, not on annexing the province of Moquegua, but on temporarily occupying, and eventually acquiring the same from Peru by purchase. All friends of a durable peace can not fail to admit that we have a right to insist on these conditions which present a guarantee of real tranquillity. These demands are not those of a rapacious conqueror, they are merely the dictates of a wise policy whose object is to secure a lasting peace.' The Peruvian general, Canevaro, presided over a meeting at Moquegua, and declared to the citizens there assembled that he was tired of the war. On July 10th a crushing victory was achieved by the Chilian forces, led by Col. Gorostiaga, over the Peruvian partisan troops under Gen. Cáceres at Huamachuco. In this action 1,600 Chilian soldiers were engaged against over 4,000 Peruvians, the loss of the latter being 900 killed and many wounded, while the Chilians lost 56 killed and 104 wounded, including four officers. The Peruvians lost a number of officers, including Gen. Siloa, 11 pieces of artillery, and 800 rifles. The action lasted from 6 A. M. to 2 P. M. As soon as the news reached Gen. Lynch, the Chilian commander-in-chief, he sent a message to President Iglesias inviting him to Lima. Commander Lynch subsequently published a decree calling on all officers formerly serving under Cáceres to appear at headquarters, or be treated as spies. On August 10th Castro Zaldivar proceeded from Lina to join Gen. Iglesias, in order to undertake an important mission which the latter wished to put him in charge of. On Aug. 13th Iglesias issued a decree levying a capita tion tax of $1, silver, per head. Aug. 15th the Chilian commander at Huancayo chastised 3,000 pillaging Indians, and killed and wounded 800 of them. Simultane ously a mutiny, broken out among Peruvian troops in the province of Chancay, was promptly quelled. On Aug. 20th Gen. Iglesias made his entry into Trujillo, and was enthusiastically received by the population. On Sept. 11th the citizens of Cañete and the troops in the Pacaran district recognized the authority of Iglesias. On Sept. 15th the Chilian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Aldunate, left Valparaiso on his way to Callao to hasten the pacification of Peru. Two days later the steamer Amazon arrived at Payta with 600 Chilian infantry, sent by rail to Sullam, and thence to Piura, which place was occupied the next day. Sept. 18th, 3,000 monteneros were defeated by the Chilians at Huancayo, leaving 200 killed and wounded on the field. In the mean time news was received from the department of Ica that peace reigned there. On Oct. 4th, 870 Peruvian officers submitted to the Chilian authorities, and Puno was occupied; on the 9th, Casma, a port of the Amcache district, declared in favor of peace. Ten days subsequently the city guard was reorganized at Lima. On Oct. 20th the Chileno-Peruvian peace was signed at Ancon, and on the 24th Gen. Iglesias entered Lima as Presidente regenerador, Gen. Lynch having prior to this left for Barranco, near Chorrillos. On Oct. 28th Admiral Garcia y Garcia was appointed Peruvian minister in France and England. On the 29th Arequipa surrendered, and Montero fled to Bolivia, where a cold reception awaited him. Prior to his flight he resigned the command in favor of Cáceres. The Peruvian minister, Bustamante y Salazar, left for Bolivia, and Gen. Osma, the Peruvian Minister of War, went to Arequipa. On Nov. 9th the Chilian army of occupation was concentrated at Arequipa, and the Bolivian army at Oruro-the same day that the Bolivian envoy, Guijarro, left for Tacna to confer about peace with the Chilian envoy, Lillo. A week later Col. Lorenzo Iglesias, in garrison at Lima, marched with an adequate force to Chiclayo and Cajamarca, to quell an incipient rising. At the close of November a decree was promulgated declaring null and void all official acts of the Arequipa government from Jan. 1, 1883. This was particularly aimed at the Arequipa Congress of July, 1883. The President of the United States, in his annual message of Dec. 4th, expressed himself about events on the west coast to the following effect: The contest between Bolivia, Chili, and Peru has passed from the stage of strategic hostilities to that of negotiation in which the counsels of this Government have been exercised. The demands of Chili for and accepted by the party of Gen. Iglesias to the exabsolute cession of territory have been maintained tent of concluding a treaty of peace with the Government of Chili in general conformity with the terms of the protocol signed in May last between the Chilian commander and Gen. Iglesias. As a result of the mally recognized by Chili as President of Peru, and conclusion of this treaty, Gen. Iglesias has been forhis government installed at Lima, which has been evacuated by the Chilians. A call has been issued by Gen. Iglesias for a representative Assembly to be elected on the 18th of January, and to meet at Lima on the 1st of March next. Meanwhile the provisional Government of Gen. Iglesias has applied for recognition to the principal powers of America and Europe. When the will of the Peruvian people shall be manifested, I shall not hesitate to recognize the Government approved by them. On Dec. 7th Gen. Lynch went to Chorrillos. The declaration of the Chilian President, that he would carry out the treaty with Peru in its entirety, had meanwhile strengthened the position of Iglesias materially. But he still had the Indian trouble in the interior to contend with. These Indians, led by a few unscrupulous men, were ready to adopt any pretext for their crimes, although their real motive was based upon their hatred of their so-called oppressors, inherited by their fathers from the time of the Spaniards. This hatred is the point that Cáceres depended upon to win power among them. He speaks the Quichua language, which gives him great prestige among them. Meanwhile Gen. Bermudez, the Pernvian commander, occupied Ayacucho, and the Chilian envoy, Monte, went to Buenos Ayres on Dec. 12th. The Bolivian peace commissioners, Baptista and Bosto, arrived at Santiago, Chili, accompanied by the Argentine and Brazilian ministers. One of the conditions contained in their instructions reads as follows: On goods for Bolivia, Chili will take 20 per cent. of the customs duties, and Bolivia the remainder; railways to be constructed from Iquique to Lake Aullagas, and from Mejillones or Antofagasta to Potosí; the colonization of the country along the river Desaguadero to be effected, and the ratification of the frontier line passing the Desaguadero river to the Argentine line, Chili to permit the passage of Bolivian troops through its territory in the event of a war between Bolivia and a power not on her frontier. On Dec. 14th President Iglesias wrote to Cáceres, assuring him of his personal security, should he feel disposed to capitulate. Puga was beaten by the Peruvian Government troops at Stollon, and Gen. Cáceres took position with 2,000 men two leagues from Ica. The United States minister at Lima asked permission for an American man-of-war to take soundings on the Peruvian coast. Toward the close of the year 1883 the outlook in Peru became quite gloomy once more, owing to Cáceres's continuing to play a doublehanded and treacherous game. While pretending to wish to visit Lima, he incited the Indians to plunder and murder. Two scenes of savagery, as barbarous as those which occurred during the mutiny in India, were enacted in the region which he pretended to govern. The Chilians, adhering to the terms of peace, declined to interfere. The slight reduction of the import duties, after the departure of the Chilians, who had raised them to 50 per cent., caused considerable disappointment and some discontent in Peru. The finance minister of Iglesias reduced the duties from 50 per cent. to 35 per cent., thereby causing a check on importation. Many articles, formerly entering duty free, such as agricultural machinery, printing-presses and paper, etc., now pay a heavy duty. It thus happened that, in spite of the pacification of the country, buyers from the interior were scarce at Lima, although there was a good assortment of all sorts of merchandise. The paper money current had nevertheless improved at the close of December from fifteen paper dollars for one silver dollar, to twelve for one. Another great difficulty which President Iglesias encountered was financial distress. Letters received at Lima during the last week of the year 1883 stated that, according to advices from La Paz, the Bolivian capital, the national guard had entered on active service; three battalions had been pushed forward toward the Peruvian frontier on the way to Tacna, 7,500 men were marching from the interior in the same direction, and the regular army8,000 strong-was being concentrated at the capital. It was added that these movements might be interpreted as either to mean resistance to a possible but not probable Chilian invasion, or to effect a coup de main on the Peruvian territories of Arequipa and Mollendo. It was stated that the Peruvians of Arequipa and Puno were so thoroughly convinced of their danger that they had offered to form the VOL. XXIII.-5 A vanguard of the Chilian army should a march on the Bolivian capital be decided upon. Finance.-In August Gen. Campero, President of Bolivia, read his message before the assembled Congress in La Paz. He said that the expenditures of the republic, during the fiscal year ended, amounted to $3,300,528, while the income did not exceed $2,527,515, leaving a deficit of $803,012, to cover which a loan would have to be made. He added that the scrupulous punctuality with which Bolivia had attended to the settlement of all her pecuniary obligations had replaced the credit of the republic on a firm basis both at home and abroad, so that there were not wanting overtures from Europe for placing a Bolivian loan in that market. It was at the same time said that great activity prevailed on the banks of the Beni river in gathering India rubber for export, which commanded on the spot 70 cents Bolivian silver coin, the cost of freight to San Antonio on the Madeira being 12 cents. A large transit trade was also going on between Potosí and the Argentine frontier. Commerce.-Bolivian imports and exports in 1883 went almost exclusively via the Argentine Republic. No official statistics having been published, showing the imports and exports of Bolivia during the war, the amount of goods which entered the country in normal times has to be calculated upon the duties collected at the custom-houses. According to these, the import would not exceed $6,150,000, while the export amounted to $9,381,917 in 1881, the bulk of it being silver, $6,897,130, other metals, $1,136,787, and the balance cinchona-bark (quinine), India-rubber, etc. Telegraphs.-There is a line from Chililaya, on Lake Titicaca, to La Paz and Oruro, 183 miles in length. It is intended to extend this line to Cochabamba and Sucre. BRAZIL (Imperio do Brazil). (For details relating to area, territorial divisions, population, etc., reference may be made to the "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878.) The Emperor is Dom Pedro II, born Dec. 2, 1825; proclaimed April 7, 1831; regency until July 23, 1840; crowned July 18, 1841; married Sept. 4, 1843, to Theresa Christina Maria, daughter of the late King Francis I of the Two Sicilies. The new Cabinet, formed after the resignation of the one presided over by Viscount Paranagua, was, on May 24, 1883, composed of the following ministers: President of the Council of Ministers and Minister of Finance, Senator Councilor of State, Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira; Interior, Francisco Antunes Maciel; Justice, Francisco Prisco de Souza Paraizo; Foreign Affairs, Councilor Francisco de Carvalho Soares Brandão; War, Antonio Joaquim Rodrigues, Jr.; Navy, Antonio de Almeida Oliveira; Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, Councilor Affonso Augusto Moreira Penna. The Council of State was composed of the following members in ordinary: The Princess Imperial, Donna Isabel; Prince Gaston d'Orléans, Count d'Eu; the Senators Viscount de Abaeté, Viscount de Muritiba; Viscount de Bom Retiro; Viscount de Nictheroy; Senator J. J. Teixeira; Vice-Admiral J. R. de Lamare; Dr. P. J. Soares de Souza; Senator M. P. S. Dantas; Councilor Martin Francisco; Councilor J. C. de Andrade; Senator J. L. V. Cansansão de Sinimbú; and of members extraordinary Senators Viscount de Paranaguá; Affonso Celso; L. A. Vieira da Silva; J. B. da C. Figueiredo, and Lafayette. : The President of the Senate, which comprises 58 members elected for life, was J. L. Lima Duarte; and the Vice-President, A. M. de Barros. The President of the Chamber of Deputies, with 122 members elected for four years, was Councilor J. F. de Moura; and the Vice-President, J. L. Lima Duarte. The presidents of the several provinces were as follow: Alagoas, Dr. H. M. Salles; Amazonas, Dr. J. L. da Cunha Paranaguá; Bahia, Councilor Pedro Luiz P. da Souza; Ceará, Dr. Satyro; Espirito Santo, Dr. A. P. N. Accioly; Goyaz, Dr. A. G. Pereira; Maranhão, Dr. J. A. P. Ovidio; Matto-Grosso, Baron de Bacovi; Minas - Geraes, Dr. A. G. Chaves; Pará, Viscount de Maracajú; Parahyba, Dr. J. A. do Nascimento; Paraná, Dr. C. A. C. de Oliveira Ballo; Pernambuco, Dr. J. M. de Freitas; Piauly, Dr. F. P. Salles; Rio Grande do Norte, Dr. F. M. Vianna; Rio de Janeiro, Councilor B. A. Gavião; Sta. Catharina, Dr. F. C. de F. Sonto; São Paulo, Baron de Guajara; São Pedro do Sul, Councilor J. J. d'Albuquerque; Sergipe, Dr. F. G. C. Barreto. The Archbishop of Bahia, the Rt. Rev. L. A. dos Santos (1880) is Primate of all Brazil; and there are eleven bishops: those of Pará, São Luiz, Fortaleza, Olinda, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Porto Alegre, Marianna, Diamantina, Goyaz, and Cuyabá. The Brazilian Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy Extraordinary to the United States is Councilor Lopes Netto; the Secretary of Legation, J. G. Valente; and the Consul-General of Brazil at New York, for the Union, is Dr. Salvador de Mendoaça. Temporary changes in the Brazilian legation at Washington are said to be due mainly to the disposition on the part of Brazil to serve the interests of peace between Chili and Peru. Senhor Netto, Brazilian minister to the United States, left Washington for Chili about the middle of August, with instructions to express to the Chilian Government the anxiety of Brazil to have a satisfactory peace established between Peru and Chili, and that he was authorized to act as a mediator to this end, if his services were desired. Under his instructions he is to remain in Chili for two years, and, while there, is to attend to some pending Brazilian claims. The United States Minister to Brazil is Hon. T. A. Osborn, and the Consul-General at Rio de Janeiro, C. C. Andrews. Army. The actual strength of the army in 1883 was 11,333. The distribution of the several arms was as follows: Artillery, 1,951; cavalry, 2,140; infantry, 7,242; 2,149 more soldiers would have to be enlisted to complete the number fixed by law. The artillery counts three mounted regiments, four foot battalions, and one battalion of sappers: the cavalry, five regiments, one squadron, and four companies; the infantry, twenty-four battalions and eight companies. Navy. The navy, in 1883, consisted of seven steam-ironclads, one steam-frigate, seven steamcorvettes, sixteen steam-gunboats, two sail of the line, and two smaller crafts, with an aggregate of 3,148 men, and a total armament of 123 guns. There was, besides, one school-ship; and one ironclad and five gunboats were being built. The personnel of the navy consisted of 15 general staff-officers, 378 first-class officers, a sanitary corps 68 strong, 91 pursers, 79 guardians, and 181 engineers; an imperial marine corps 2,922 strong, a naval battalion of 450 men, and 1,520 apprentices; total, 5,704 men. The Frontier Dispute.-There is a long-pending dispute between France and Brazil, concerning the precise border-line between the French and Brazilian Guianas, specially relating to the territory between the Oyapok and Amazon rivers. It seems that the Treaty of Utrecht assigned to France a portion of Guiana not clearly defined, nor did the treaty of 1815 establish the boundary with any greater precision. These lands are isolated by one of the branches of the Amazon in its delta, and are represented as being quite valuable for grazing purposes. Postal Service.-The number of letters forwarded by the Brazilian Post-Office in 1881'82 was 35,815,869, against 31,228,635 in 1880'81; the number of post-offices was 1,610. The gross amount of postages collected amounted in 1881-'82 to 1,513,872 milreis, and the expenditure was 1,741,721 milreis. Railroads. The first railroad in Brazil, the Macia, 18 miles in length, went into operation on Dec. 16, 1853. There are at present 2,400 miles in operation and 2,200 being built. The Government owns and administers several lines, and, as a rule, guarantees an income of 7 per cent. on the necessary capital invested in the construction of private roads. The number of miles of railroad owned and in operation by the Government is 800; and it also has nearly the same number of miles of railroad in course of construction. Most of the rails with which the roads have been made were imported from England, while a part of the rolling-stock was brought from the United States. The roads are surveyed and built almost wholly by Brazilian engineers. Under the provisions of a recent law the Government grants concessions to railroad |