859 steamers, of 65,627 tons. The number of sailors was 60,064.

The Army. The troops are raised mainly by conscription. The military forces are divided into line troops, the train, the militia, or Landvaern, the civic guards, and the Landstorm, or final levy. All men of the age of twenty-two are liable to conscription. They are called out for practice only about thirty days each year, for a period of from three to five years. The active force is limited to 750 officers and 18,000 men, which numbers can only be exceeded by special act of the Storthing.

Finances.-The receipts in 1882 amounted to 39,694,400 crowns from the ordinary revenue, and 8,637,900 crowns from extraordinary sources. The ordinary expenditures amounted to 39,350,300 crowns; the expenditures for railroad construction to 6,627,300 crowns.

The national debt on June 30, 1882, amounted to 106,124,000 crowns, the greater part bearing interest at 44 per cent., the last loan, contracted in 1880, at 4 per cent. The funds, railroad stock, and other assets of the state, exceeded the debt.

Political Crisis.-The Storthing passed twice over the royal veto a bill to compel the ministers to be present at the sittings and to answer questions. The question raised by the Radical majority was that of the responsibility of the ministers, which had never before been brought to a practical issue. The King insisted on his appointing power and the absolute right to choose his own advisers, and therefore denied the jurisdiction of the Storthing over matters pertaining to the executive. The last Storthing was dissolved with an angry reproof. The new one contained a largely increased Radical majority. When the Storthing was opened in February, by the King in person, the deputies showed an unbending spirit. The King not only contests the principle of ministerial responsibility, but desires to alter the Constitution of the country, and, in fact, deprive the Norwegian people of the cherished right to make their own laws. He proposes to reconstitute the Lagthing and transform it into a real Senate, which will act as a counterpoise to the popular chamber. In this he has with him the Conservative party, which is composed of a portion of the townspeople, and largely of the German and other foreign population in the few large towns of Norway; while he is opposed by the entire farming population, which composes the Liberal party. The King has persisted in selecting his ministers from the Conservative party, and exasperated the people by imposing upon them a Government at variance with the sentiment of the country. The point directly at issue in the constitutional struggle between the King and the people is the absolute veto which he claims over the acts of the Legislature. The ultra-monarchic principles which he endeavors to import into the extremely liberal Norwegian Constitution have excited a strong

SWITZERLAND, a federal republic in central Europe. The legislative and executive authority of the confederacy is vested in the State Council, composed of 44 members, chosen by the twenty-two cantons, and the National Council or Nationalrath, chosen by direct election at the rate of one member for every 20,000 inhabitants. Every male citizen over twenty years of age is a voter. Clergymen are not eligible. Both Chambers united form the Federal Assembly. The executive authority is delegated to the Bundesrath, or Federal Council, consisting of seven members, chosen for three years by the Federal Assembly. The President and Vice-President of the Federal Council are elected by the Federal Assembly for one year, and are not eligible for the next consecutive term.

The President of the Confederation for 1883 was L. Ruchonnet; the Vice-President, Dr. E. Welti. The other members are Dr. K. Schenk, W. F. Hertenstein, B. Hammer, N. Droz, and Dr. A. Deucher.

Area and Population.-The area of Switzerland is 41,389 square kilometres, or 15,992 square miles. The population, Dec. 1, 1880, was 2,846,102, against 2,669,138 in 1870. The number of Protestants was 1,667,109, or 58.6 per cent.; of Catholics, 1,160,782, or 40.8 per cent. of the total population; there were 7.373 Israelites, and 10,838 of other creeds. The number of emigrants in 1882 was 10,896, of whom 10,047 settled in the United States.

Education. The number of elementary schools in Switzerland is 4,586; the number of pupils 434,080 in 1883; of teachers, 5,840 males and 2,525 females. Of the pupils, 218,191 were boys and 215,889 girls. Switzerland expends for primary instruction about 15,000,000 francs a year, and for new school-buildings about 3,000,000.

Railroads, Posts, Telegraphs.-The Swiss railroads in 1882 had a total length of 2,571 kilometres, or 1,594 miles. The length of telegraph lines was 6,744 kilometres at the end of 1882; length of wires, 16,336 kilometres. The post-office in 1882 forwarded 84,069,486 letters and post-cards, of which 57,872,718 were internal and 26,196,768 international.

Finances. The gross receipts of the Federal treasury in 1882 were 43,736,106 francs; expenditures, 43,247,797 francs; receipts com

puted in the budget for 1883, 48,382,000 francs; expenditures, 48,674,000 francs; the net receipts of the cantons in 1876, 39,743,726 francs; of the Confederation, 17,239,733 francs; total, 56,983,459 francs; the net disbursements of the cantons, 44,103,073 francs; of the Confederation, 18,303,499 francs; total, 62,406,572 francs. The total assets of the Confederation, Jan. 1, 1883, were 54,664,510 francs, and the total debts 36,457,895 francs, showing a surplus of 18,206,615 francs. The total amount of the cantonal debts in 1877 was 252,793,373, and of the assets 456,267,202 francs, making a reproductive public fortune of 203,473,829 francs; or, including the surplus capital of the Confederation at that time, of 208,074,391 francs.

The Army.--The Federal army is composed of the regular army (Bundesauszug), to which all are liable between the ages of twenty and thirty-two, and the reserve (Landwehr), which comprises all the male citizens between 33 and 44 years of age. The effective of the regular army, Jan. 1, 1883, was 114,620; of the reserve, 90,259 men; total, 205,176.

Religious Conflict. In 1873 Monsignor Mermillod, the most active champion of Ultramontane doctrines, and one of the most eloquent and successful preachers in Switzerland, persuaded the Pope to renew the attempts made under his predecessors to separate the united sees of Lausanne and Geneva, and erect Geneva into an independent bishopric. Abbé Mermillod had built up the flourishing church of Notre Dame, and since 1864 officiated as auxiliary for Geneva, with the title of a bishop in partibus. The Federal Government refused to sanction the creation of a separate diocese of Geneva. The Holy See then constituted it a Catholic vicariate, and appointed Monsignor Mermillod apostolic vicar. He at once installed himself in the post, and paid no attention to protestations of the Federal Council. The Council then forbade him to discharge any ecclesiastical functions, and upon his continued disobedience issued a decree of banishment, and had him conducted across the frontier. The

TARIFF. See page 129 et seq. TENNESSEE. State Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, William B. Bate, Democrat; Secretary of State, D. A. Nunn; Treasurer and Insurance Commissioner, Atha Thomas; Comptroller, P. P. Pickard; Attorney-General, B. J. Lea; Superintendent of Public Instruction, J. H. Paine; Commissioner of Agriculture, Statistics, and Mines, A. T. McWhirter; Register of Lands, W. S. Winbourn; Railroad Commissioners, J. H. Savage, G. W. Gondon, and J. A. Turley. Judiciary, Supreme Court: ChiefJustice, J. W. Deaderick; Associates, W. F.

Pope, in an encyclical note, Nov. 21, 1873, denounced the act as infamous, whereupon the Swiss Government, Dec. 12, 1873, broke off diplomatic intercourse with the Vatican.

The Old Catholic movement was then in its most flourishing stage, and the cantonal authorities endowed the schismatic branch with the diocesan subsidies, and attempted to establish it as the state church of the Catholic confession in 1876. This National Church, which obtained the official recognition of the Protestant legislators, dwindled away, while the strength and zeal of the Catholic community were stimulated. The animosities of the conflict between church and state subsided to a considerable extent in Switzerland, as in other lands, after the accession of Leo X. The reestablishment of the Catholic authorities in Geneva was a public necessity. The see of Lausanne and Geneva was left vacant by the death of the late incumbent in the beginning of 1883. The Pope first prepared the way for the restoration of normal conditions by abolishing the office of apostolic vicar, and then, in vindication of the course of the Curia, appointed Monsignor Mermillod Bishop of Lausanne and Geneva, announcing that he would reside in Freyburg, so as to avoid the revival of the old controversy. The appointment was at first greeted with violent remonstrances, but the Federal Government rescinded the decree of exile, and the authorities of Vaud, Neufchâtel, and Freyburg expressed themselves satisfied with the appointment, though Geneva still objected. He came back as the representative of a conciliatory policy, and surprised his old enemies by using his authority to repress the political activity of the clergy, and by favoring the liberal section of the church.

There were other difficulties between the civil and Catholic ecclesiastical authorities, in the diocese of Ticino and elsewhere. Yet far more exciting was the controversy over the suppression of the missionary meetings and expulsion of the English Salvationists, a question which agitated Switzerland for many months. (See SALVATION ARMY.)

Cooper, T. J. Freeman, Robert McFarland, and Peter Turney.

Legislative Session.-The Legislature convened on January 1st, and adjourned on March 30th. Among the acts passed were the following:

To exempt from execution tobacco to the amount of prevent the sale, loan, or gift of pistol-cartridges; to 300 pounds, in the hands of the actual producers; to prohibit the sale of toy-pistols; to provide for a more efficient management of public schools, and taxing districts where there is an incorporated system of public schools; to protect employés and day-laborers of corporations and partnership firms against the insolvency of such corporations and firms; providing an improved system for the assessment and collection of taxes; to

provide for the infliction of the death-penalty in private; to prevent the owners of billiard, bagatelle, or pool tables pernitting minors to play thereon; to regulate pool-selling, book-making, and combinations upon turf, trotting, and pacing races; to punish criminal abortions; to provide for the erection of an insane hospital in the eastern division of Tennessee; to empower municipal corporations and taxing districts to compromise and fund their indebtedness; to provide for the lease and management of the State Penitentiary; to define the measure of damages recoverable in case of the death of a person caused by the wrongful act, fault, or omission of another; to provide for the regulation of railroad companies and persons operating railroads; to prevent discrimination upon railroads, to provide for the punishment of the same, and to appoint a railroad commission; to protect contractors and laborers for work performed and materials furnished for railroads; to provide for the redemption of the notes of the Bank of Tennessee, and to protect the

State therein.

Debt Question. The act of 1882 providing for compromising and funding the bonded indebtedness of the State was repealed, and a new act was passed, based in its terms upon the Democratic platform of 1882. The most important portions of this law, which its friends hope will prove a final settlement of the much-vexed debt question, are the following:

Such part of the State debt proper as now bears interest at the rate of six per cent. per annum shall be funded by adding to the sum of the face of the existing bond the matured interest thereon, evidenced by the coupons thereto attached, including the coupons maturing the 1st day of July, 1883, and from the total sum of the face of the bonds and matured interest thereon, evidenced by the coupons attached, twenty-four per cent. will be deducted and the remainder funded in coupon bonds, bearing interest at the rate of six per cent. per annum. Such part of the State debt proper as now bears interest at the rate of five and one fourth per cent. per annum shall be funded by adding to the sum of the face of the existing bonds the matured interest thereon, including the coupons maturing the first day of July, 1883, evidenced by the coupons thereto attached; and, from the total sum of the face of the bonds and the accrued interest, twenty-one per cent. will be deducted and the remainder funded with coupon bonds bearing interest at the rate of five and one fourth per cent. per annnm. Such part of said State debt proper as now bears interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum shall be funded by adding to the sum of the face of the existing bond the matured interest thereon, including the coupons matured first day of July, 1883, evidenced by the coupons thereto attached, and from the total sum of the face of the bond and the accrued interest twenty per cent. will be deducted, and the remainder funded into coupon bonds bearing interest at the rate of five per cent. per annum :

Provided, however, That none of the bonds or parts of bonds heretofore issued under the previous funding acts for matured coupons shall be funded under this section as State debt proper bonds, but the same shall be funded at fifty cents on the dollar.

Be it further enacted, That such part of the beforerecited public debt of the State as may have been funded under the act of 1882, shall be funded under this act upon the following basis: To the sum of the face of each of said bonds shall be added the coupons, now matured, thereto attached, including the coupons maturing the 1st day of July, 1883, and five sixths of such total amount of said bonds to be funded into coupon bonds, and said bonds to bear interest at the rate of three per cent. per annum, except such State debt proper bonds as are designated in section one of this act, and funded under the act of 1882, which shall be funded by adding to the face of each of said bonds the matured coupons thereto attached, including the

coupons maturing the 1st day of July, 1883, to which shall be added 263 per cent. on bonds which bore 6 per cent, when originally issued and funded into new coupon bonds bearing interest at the rate of 6 per cent. per annum, and to such part of said State debt proper bonds as bore interest at the rate of 5 per cent. when originally issued shall be added 31 per cent., and they shall be funded into new coupon bonds bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum, and to such part of said State debt proper bonds as bore interest at the rate of 5 per cent. when originally issued shall be added 334 per cent., and they shall be funded into new coupon bonds bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent. per annum.

Education. The scholastic population of the year was 418,822 white and 142,624 colored; number of schools, 4,727 white, 1,884 colored; total 6,111, sixty-nine of which were under the control of city boards. White pupils enrolled, 261,297; colored, 65,934; total, 327,231; average daily attendance, white, 144,306; colored, 31,498-total, 175,804. Number of white male teachers employed, 3,762; female, 1,518; colored male, 1,031; colored female, 422-total, 6,733. The receipts of the year were $1,206,392. Expenditures (of which $795,483 was for teachers, and $57,804 for schoolsites), $918,863; balance, $287,529.

The present school law, which was passed March 6, 1878, created a school fund, of $2,512,500, with interest at 6 per cent. per annum.

Finances. The cash received by the Treasurer from Dec. 19, 1880, to Dec. 19, 1882, was $1,870,224.02, which, with $222,424.39 cash in the treasury, made a total cash account of $2,092.648.41. The disbursements from Dec. 19, 1880, to Dec. 19, 1882, were only $1,584,633.33, which left in the treasury a cash balance of $508,015.08. The total amount due by delinquents, Dec. 18, 1880, was $375,804.70; Dec. 18, 1882, $345,626.56, being a reduction of $30,178.14 in the two years. The total State tax for 1882 on taxable property assessed at 20 cents on the dollar was $443,849.42; in 1881, at 30 cents, it was $675,869.58, making a deficit in tax of $232,010.16.

The valuation of property in 1882 was as follows:

Total value of taxable property in the State. $221,929,818 Early in January the State Treasurer, M. T. Polk, fled from the State, and upon investigation it was found that he was a defaulter to the amount of $374,364.50.

Railroads. The total length of railroads in the State is 2,035 miles; and their total taxable value, $31,197,200.

Congressional Districts.-The following are the congressional districts formed under a law of 1882, as amended in 1883:

1. Johnson, Carter, Sullivan, Washington, Unicoi, Hawkins, Greene, Hamblen, Hancock, Claiborne, Cocke, and Grainger counties.

2. Jefferson, Union, Sevier, Blount, Knox, Loudon, Roane, Anderson, Morgan, Campbell, and Scott.

3. Monroe, Polk, Bradley, Hamilton, Meigs, Rhea, Cumberland, James, McMinn, Bledsoe, Sequatchie, Marion, Grundy, Van Buren, White, and Warren.

Pickett.

4. Sumner, Wilson, Macon, Trousdale, Smith, De Kalb, Clay, Jackson, Putnam, Overton, Fentress, and 5. Cannon, Coffee, Franklin, Lincoln, Moore, Marshall, Bedford, and Rutherford.

6. Davidson, Robertson, Cheatham, Montgomery, Stewart, Humphreys, and Houston.

7. Williamson, Maury, Giles, Lawrence, Wayne, Lewis, Hickman, and Dickson.

8. Henry, Benton, Perry, Decatur, Hardin, McNairy, Henderson, Madison, and Carroll.

9. Weakley, Gibson, Crockett, Haywood, Lauderdale, Dyer, Öbion, and Lake.

10. Hardeman, Fayette, Shelby, and Tipton. TENNEY, William Jewett, an American journalist, born in Newport, R. I., in 1814; died in Newark, N. J., Sept. 20, 1883. His father was the Rev. Dr. C. J. Tenney, pastor of the orthodox church in Newport, and his mother was Ruth Channing. Mr. Tenney was graduated at Yale College in 1832, and studied

among which may be named "The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States" (New York, 1865). He was presiding judge of one of the criminal courts of Brooklyn, N. Y., for two terms, and during Mr. Buchanan's administration he was collector of the port at Elizabeth, N. J.

Thirty years ago Judge Tenney accepted a place in the establishment of D. Appleton & Co., New York. The "Annual Cyclopædia," issued by this house (of which the present volume is the twenty-third in consecutive order), was begun by him, and by him edited year by year, from its inception to his decease. He also did a large amount of other literary and critical work.

Judge Tenney was from time to time elected a freeholder, and was a member of the City Council of Elizabeth, N. J., for fourteen years.

He prepared the plan for organizing the public-school system, and was president of the board. Important decisions also were constantly referred to him.

He was twice married. His second wife was a daughter of Orestes A. Brownson.

Judge Tenney was known to his friends as a man of great purity and excellence, as well as possessed of clear intellectual power. He left two sons and three daughters.

The

TEXAS. State Government. State officers during the year were the following: Governor, John Ireland, Democrat; Lieutenant-Governor, Marion Martin; Secretary of State, J. W. Baines; Treasurer, Frank R. Lubbock; Comptroller, W. J. Swain; Attorney-General, J. D. Templeton; Commissioner of Lands, W. C. Walsh; Commissioner of Insurance, H. P. Brewster; State Engineer, J. H. Britton. Judiciary, Supreme Court: Chief-Justice, Asa H. Willie; Associate Justices, John W. Stayton and Charles S. West.

Legislative Session.-The Legislature convened on January 9th, and adjourned on April 13th. On January 23d, Richard Coke, Democrat, was re-elected United States Senator without substantial opposition. Of the 700 bills introduced, about 150 became laws. In reviewing the work of the session, the Governor said:

By the act to protect the wool-growing industry of western Texas, a great enterprise is aided and encouraged. By the act organizing the judicial districts, the disposition of business in the courts will be greatly facilitated. The act to facilitate the collections of claims from the General Government on account of moneys expended in frontier defense, will enable Texas to reclaim money she should have had long since. The railroad bill is a measure designed on the one hand to satisfy a reasonable demand for a system of supervision sufficiently extensive and minute as regards the safe condition of road-beds and bridges,

and as regards fair dealing with shippers; and designed on the other hand to avoid the over-regulation that might work serious injury alike to the public and to legitimate railroad business. The law regulating the management of the penitentiaries was amended so as to forbid the leasing of the same, but authorizes the board to hire convicts to planters for a term of years if in their judgment the interests of the State will be served. The food-adulteration act provides that no person shall manufacture, offer for sale, or sell any article of food, wines, beers, fermented or distilled liquors or drugs, which is by him known to be adulterated, within the meaning of this act.

Four amendments to the Constitution were passed, and directed to be submitted to a vote of the people on the second Tuesday of August. These amendments follow: The first provides for the sale of lands set apart for schools. The second limits the amount of taxation by the State to 35 cents on $100, exclusive of taxes to pay the public debt and for free schools; and by counties and towns to 25 cents on $100, except for debts incurred before the amendment, or for permanent improvements. The third

relates to taxes for a free-school fund. The fourth regulates the terms of the county courts. These were ratified by the following vote:

AMENDMENTS.

First

Second

Third

Fourth

ens, King, Cottle, Motley, Floyd, Hale, Lamb, Bailey, Tom Green, Pecos, Presidio, Childress, Swisher, Dear Smith, Donley, Gray, Oldham, Hutchinson, Lipscomb, Sherman, Hall, Castro, Randall, Collingsworth, Carson, Hartley, Roberts, Ochiltree, Dallam, Greer, Briscoe, Parmer, Armstrong, Wheeler, Potter, Moore, Hemphill, Hardeman, Hansford, and El Paso.

Finances. The reduction of the State debt in the bonds now outstanding, $1,712,200 bear 6 the past four years has been $1,745,157.21. Of per cent., $1,254,000 are 7 per cents, $1,068,The school fund, university fund, and other 900 are 5 per cents, and $2,630 are 4 per cents. State special funds hold $2,547,100 of these bonds, and Texas counties hold nearly half a million more, leaving only about $1,000,000 held by private parties. The following table shows the appropriations made by the 18th Legislature, used and to be used during the two years from March 1, 1883, to March 1, the 17th Legislature for the years beginning 1885, with corresponding appropriations by March 1, 1881, and ending March 1, 1883;

APPROPRIATIONS.

Executive Department.. Department of State Treasury Department..

Insurance Bureau.. Fish Commission...

and Baylor.

6. Ellis, Kaufman, Dallas, Tarrant, Hill, Johnson, and Bosque.

7. Galveston, Brazoria, Fort Bend, Wharton, Matagorda, Jackson, Calhoun, Victoria, Goliad, Refugio, Bee, San Patricio, Nueces, Duval, Cameron, Hidalgo, Starr, Zapata, Encinal, Webb, McMullen, La Salle, Dimmit, Aransas, Maverick, Zavalla, De Witt, and Frio.

8. Austin, Lee, Fayette, Colorado, Lavaca, Gonzales, Caldwell, Hays, Guadalupe, Wilson, Karnes, Live Oak, and Atascosa.

9. Washington, Burleson, Milam, Bell, Falls, McLennan, Limestone, and Navarro.

10. Travis, Comal, Blanco, Bexar, Medina, Bandera, Uvalde, Kinney, Edwards, Kerr, Kendall, Gillespie, Kimble, Burnet, Llano, Mason, Menard, Lampasas, McCulloch, Concho, Coleman, Runnels, Bastrop, Williamson, Crockett, and San Saba.

11. Parker, Hood, Somerville, Coryell, Hamilton, Brown, Comanche, Erath, Eastland, Palo Pinto, Stephens, Jack, Young, Throckmorton, Shackleford, Callahan, Taylor, Jones, Haskell, Knox, Nolan, Mitchell, Howard, Martin, Andrews, Gaines, Dawson, Borden, Scurry, Fisher, Stonewall, Kent, Garza, Lynn, Terry, Yoakum, Cochran, Hockley, Lubbock, Crosby, Dick

Comptroller's Department.. General Land-Office....

$5,107,775 $4,551,688

These amounts do not include the available school fund derived from taxation, either for the last term or the ensuing two years. The valuation for 1884 is estimated at $527,500,000.

Education. Texas has more liberally endowed all the State educational institutions than any other State in the Union. This endowment amounts to nearly $100,000,000. To this may be added buildings at the Agricultural and Mechanical College, some $200,000, and college lands, $12,000; buildings and lands at Prairie View Normal School (for colored teachers),