ORIGINAL Original (o-rij'i-nal), n. 1. Origin; source. She is really a good sort of woman in spite of her low original. Smollett. 2. First copy; archetype; that from which anything is copied, transcribed, or translated. In the fine arts, a work not copied from another, but the work of the artist himself. When an artist copies his own work, it is called a replica or duplicate.3. The language in which any work is composed. Ere this time the Hebrew tongue might have been gained, that the Scriptures may now be read in their own original. Milton. 4. A person of marked individuality of character; an eccentric person. [Colloq.]5. A primary stock or type from which varieties have been developed; as, the dhole of India is supposed to have been the original of the dog. Originalist (o-rij'i-nal-ist), n. One who is original; a person of original genius. [Rare.] Originality (o-rij'i-nal"i-ti), n. The quality or state of being original; the power of originating or producing new thoughts, or uncommon combinations of thought; as, originality of genius. Shirley has no originality, no force in conceiving or delineating character, little of pathos, and less, perhaps, of wit. Hallam. Originally (o-rij'i-nal-li), adv. 1. In an original manner; as, the author treats this subject very originally.-2. From the beginning or origin; from the first. As God is origi nally holy in himself.' Bp. Pearson.-3. At first; at the origin; at an early period. All that anyone employs in supporting and carrying on any other labour than his own, must have been originally brought together by saving; some. body must have produced it and forborne to consume it. F. S. Mill. Originalness (o-rij'i-nal-nes), n. The quality or state of being original. Johnson." Originant (o-rij'i-nant), a. Tending to originate; original. R. Williams. Originaryt (o-rij'i-na-ri), a. [Fr. originaire; L. originarius, from origo, the beginning.] 1. Productive; causing existence. The production of animals in the originary way, requires a certain degree of warmth. Dr. G. Cheyne. 2. Primitive; original. Remember I am built of clay, and must Resolve to my originary dust. Sandys. Originate (o-rij'i-nat), v. t. pret. & pp. originated; ppr. originating. To give origin or beginning to; to cause to be; to bring into existence; to produce what is new. The change is to be effected without a decomposi tion of the whole civil and political mass, for the purpose of originating a new civil order out of the elements of society. That matter which cannot think, will, or originate motion, should communicate thought, volition, and motivity, is plainly impossible. Dwight. Originate (o-rij'i-nat), v.i. To take first existence; to have origin; to be begun. I consider the address... as originating in the principles of the sermon. Burke. ORNAMENTALLY ornamental architecture; things of an ornamental character. Some think it most ornamental to wear their brace lets on their wrists; others about their ankles. Sir T. Browne. Ornamentally (or-na-men'tal-li), adv. In an ornamental manner; in such a manner as to add embellishment. Ornamentation (or'na-men-ta"shon), n. The act of ornamenting; production of ornament; also, the ornament or decorations produced; as, the ornamentation of a building, or of a piece of cabinet-work. Every part of the ornamentation tenderly harmonizing with the rest.' Ruskin. Ornamenter (or'na-men-tér), n. One who ornaments or decorates. Ornamentist (or'na-ment-ist), n. One employed in ornamentation; a decorator; a finisher of articles capable of receiving ornament. Ornatet (or'nāt), v.t. [L. orno, to adorn 1 To ornament or adorn. To the intent to ornate our language with using words in their proper signification.' Sir T. Elyot. Ornate (or'nat), a. [L. ornatus, pp. of orno, to adorn.] 1. Adorned; decorated; bedecked. What thing of sea or land, That so bedeck'd, ornate, and gay, Milton. 2. Having an ornamental character; richly and artistically finished. ornate rhetoric.' Milton. 'A graceful and Ornately (or'nat-li), adv. In an ornate manner; with decoration. Ornateness (or'nāt-nes), n. State of being ornate or adorned. Ornaturet (or'nā-tür), n. Decoration. 'A mushroom for all your other ornatures.' B. Jonson. Ornithic (or-nith'ik), a. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird.] Of or pertaining to birds; as, ornithic fossils. Owen. Ornithichnite (or-nith'ik-nit), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and ichnos, a trace.] In geol. one of the footmarks supposed to be those of gigantic birds, or of bird-like reptiles, ornithosaurs, occurring abundantly in the triassic sandstone of Connecticut and elsewhere. Ornithichnology (or-nith'ik-nol "o-ji), n. [Gr. ornis, a bird, ichnos, a trace, and logos, discourse.] That branch of geology which treats of ornithichnites or the footmarks of extinct birds. Ornithocopros (or'ni-tho-kop"ros), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and kopros, dung.] Lit. bird-dung: a term that has been applied to guano, which is the long-accumulated droppings of sea-fowl. Ornithodelphia (or'ni-thō-del"fi-a), n. pl. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and delphys, a womb.] One of the primary divisions into which mammals are sometimes divided, the characters being taken from the structure of the reproductive organs. The Ornithodelphia are co-extensive with the order Monotremata. Ornithodelphic (or'ni-tho-del" fik), a. In zool. pertaining to the division Ornithodelphia. Ornithogalum (or-ni-thog'a-lum), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and gala, milk.] A genus of bulbous perennial plants of the nat. order Liliacea. They are chiefly natives of Southern Europe, Western Asia, and the Cape; they have narrow radical leaves and terminal racemes of green, white, or yellow star-shaped six-petalled flowers. Three species are wild or naturalized in Britain, known by the common name of star of Bethlehem. Ornithoidichnite (or'ni-thoid-ik"nit), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, eidos, resemblance, and ichnos, a track or footprint.] A fossil track resembling that of a bird. Page. Ornitholite (or-nith'ō-lit), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and lithos, a stone.] The general name for the remains of birds occurring in a fossil state. Page. Ornithologic (or'ni-thō-loj"ik), a. Same as Ornithological. Ornithological (or'ni-tho-loj"ik-al), a. Pertaining to ornithology. Ornithologist (or-ni-thol'o-jist), n. [See ORNITHOLOGY.] A person who is skilled in the natural history of birds, who understands their form, structure, habits, and classification; one who describes birds. Ornithology (or-ni-thol'o-ji), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and logos, discourse.] That branch of zoology which treats of the form, 326 structure, classification, and habits of birds. See AVES. Ornithomancy (or-nith'ō-man-si), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and manteia, divination.] Augury, a species of divination by means of fowls, their flight, &c. De Quincey. Ornithon (or'ni-thon), n. [Gr., an aviary.] A building for the keeping of birds. Weale. Ornithopus (or-nith'ō-pus), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and pous, a foot-from the pods resembling the claws of a bird.] A genus of small annual plants found in pastures and wild places in Europe, nat. order Leguminosa. They have a cluster of curved pods, which are jointed something like a bird's toe, on which account they are called bird's-foot. O. perpusillus, or common bird'sfoot, is a British plant, with pinnate leaves, and small white flowers striped with red. O. sativus is cultivated as food for cattle in Portugal under the name of serradilla. Ornithorhynchus (or'ni-tho-ring/kus), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and rynchos, a beak.] A burrowing monotrematous mammal, with a long, flattened body, like that of an otter, and having a horny beak resem Ornithorhynchus paradoxus. bling that of a duck, and two fibrous plates on each side of both jaws, not fixed in any bone, but only in the gum. The legs are shortened; the feet possessing each five toes which are webbed, enabling the animal to swim with great ease; they are terminated by claws which are of service in the animal's burrowing operations. On each of the hindlegs of the male there is a spur-like structure which is perforated, and communicates internally with a glandular or secretory organ, a disposition of parts resembling that of a poison or offensive apparatus, but which it does not appear to use when irritated or alarmed. The eyes are small, and an external ear is wholly wanting. The animal is covered with a brown fur. It is peculiar to the fresh-water lakes and rivers of Australia and Tasmania, and is also known by the names of duck-bill or duck-billed platypus, duck-mole, and water-mole. Ornithosaur (or-nith'ō-sar), n. [Gr. ornis, a bird, sauros, a lizard.] A fossil reptile with bird-like characters. Ornithoscopist (or-ni-thos'ko-pist), n. One who observes birds and their actions, especially in order to foretell events. Ornithoscopy (or-ni-thos'ko-pi), n. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, and skopeo, to view.] The practice or art of observing birds and their habits. De Quincey. Ornithoskelidæ (or'ni-thō-skel'i-dē), n. pl. [Gr. ornis, ornithos, a bird, skelos, a leg, and eidos, resemblance.] A name suggested for the order Deinosauria, on account of the resemblance of their legs to those of birds. See DEINOSAURIA. Ornus (or'nus), n. [L. ornus, the mountainash.] A genus of deciduous trees, natives of the south of Europe and North America, commonly known by the name of the flowering-ash. They belong to the nat. order Oleace, and are usually considered as species of Fraxinus. O. europaea (Fraxinus Ornus), which grows abundantly in Sicily, Calabria, Apulia, &c., yields the concrete juice termed manna. See MANNA. Orobanche (or'o-bang-ke), n. The type genus of the nat. order of plants Orobanchacea (which see). Orobancheæ, Orobanchaceae (or-o-bangke-e, or'o-bang-kā"se-ē), n. [Gr. orobanche, dodder, from orobus, vetch, and ancho, to strangle-the species are supposed to kill the plants on which they grow.] A nat. order of monopetalous, exogenous, leafless plants, growing parasitically upon the roots of other species. They have a didynam ORPHAN ous structure, irregular flowers, and a superior ovary with four or more parietal placentæ, which spring up from the surface of the carpels in parallel lines, covered with microscopical seeds containing a minute embryo. They are found in Europe, Barbary, Middle and Northern Asia, and North America. The order is represented by the genus Orobanche, the various species of which, called in this country broom-rapes, are found in fields, upon the roots of broom, furze, hemp, clover, bed-straw, &c. Their prevailing hue is brown throughout, but some of the orobanches have brightly coloured flowers. Some species are pests of agriculture, destroying the useful plants, such as clover, hemp, beans, &c., upon which they grow. The quality of these plants is generally astringent, particularly in O. major. Orobus (or'o-bus), n. A genus of perennial herbs, mostly European, of the nat. order Leguminosa, now usually united with Lathy rus. Orographic, Orographical (or-o-grafik, or-o-grafik-al), a. Relating to orography; descriptive of mountains. The geographical distribution of animals throws much light upon many scientific questions, such as the evolution of species, the mutations of land and water, the relation between the fauna and the climatal, orographical, botanical, as well as the zoological conditions, amidst which it is situated. Eng. Ency. Orography (o-rog'ra-fi), n. [Gr. oros, a mountain, and graphō, to describe.] The science which describes or treats of the mountains and mountain systems of the globe; orology. Page. Orohippus (or-o-hip'pus), n. [Gr. oros, a mountain, and hippos, a horse.] A fossil genus of pachyderms, family Equidæ, from the eocene strata of North America, which had on each fore-foot four toes. The representative of the thumb, or first digit, was deficient, and the third or middle digit was larger than the rest. On the hinder limbs there were three toes. The orohippus was about the size of a fox. Oroide (o'roid), n. [From Fr. or, gold, and Gr. eidos, resemblance.] An alloy resembling gold in appearance, and used in the manufacture of cheap watch-cases, jewelry, &c. One formula for its production is copper, 100 parts; zinc or tin, 17; magnesia, 6; sal-ammonia, 36; quicklime, 12; tartar of commerce, 9. The term is also used adjectively; as, oroide jewelry. Called also Oreide. Orological (or-o-loj'ik-al), a. Pertaining to orology or a description of mountains. Orologist (o-rol'o-jist), n. A describer of mountains; one versed in orology. Orology (o-rol'o-ji), n. [Gr. oros, a mountain, and logos, discourse.] Same as Orography. Orontiaceæ (o-ron'ti-a"se-e), n. pl. [Gr. orontion, the name of a plant unknown to us.] A natural order of endogenous plants, under which Lindley includes the Aconinæ of Link and other authors. They are closely related to Araceæ. The order contains thirteen genera and seventy species. Some of the species are used by man. Symplocarpus fætidus, the skunk-cabbage, yields a fetid volatile oil. The rootstocks of Calla palustris are eatable. Orontiad (o-ron'ti-ad), n. A plant of the nat. order Orontiaceæ. Orotund (o'rō-tund), a. [L. os, oris, the mouth, and rotundus, round, smooth.] In rhet. characterized by strength, fulness, richness, and clearness; open, mellow, rich, and musical: applied to the voice or manner of utterance. Orphaline (or'fal-in), n. [Fr. orphelin, O.Fr. orphenin. See ORPHAN.] An orphan. Orphalines... wept for the loss of their parents. Bp. Hall. Orphan (or'fan), n. [Gr. orphanos, orphaned; allied to L. orbus, bereaved.] A child bereaved of one or both parents, generally the latter. Each new morn New widows howl, new orphans cry. Shak. 'The ship was lost,' he said, 'the ship was lost! No more of that! why should you kill yourself And make them orphans quite?' Tennyson. -Orphans' court, a court in some states of the United States of America, having jurisdiction of the persons and estates of orphans. Orphan (or'fan), a. Being an orphan; bereaved of parents. 'An unknown artist's orphan child.' Tennyson. Orphan (or'fan), v.a. To reduce to the state of an orphan; to bereave of parents, children, or friends. See ORPHANED. For this orphaned world the Holy Spirit made the. like charitable provision. Warburton. Orphanet (or'fan-et), n. A young or little orphan. Drayton. Orphanhood (or'fan-hud), n. The state of being an orphan. Notes and Queries. Orphanism (or'fan-izm), n. Orphanhood. Orphanotrophism (or-fa-not'ro-fism), n. [See below.] The care and support of orphans. Cotton Mather. [Rare.] Orphanotrophy (or-fa-not'ro-fi), n. [Gr. orphanos, orphan, and trophe, food.] 1. A supporting or support of orphans.-2. A hospital for orphans. Bailey. [Rare in both senses.] Orphanry (or'fan-ri), n. An orphan-house; a home for orphans. [Rare.] Orpharion (or-fa'ri-on), n. A kind of old musical instrument akin to the guitar and lute. Set the cornet with the lute, Tuning the tabor and pipe to the sweet violins. Drayton. Orphean (or-fe'an), a. Pertaining to Orpheus, the legendary poet and musician of ancient Greece; hence melodious; as, Orphean strains. Orphelinet (or'fel-in), n. [See ORPHALINE.] An orphan. Udall. Orphic (or'fik), a. Pertaining or relating to Orpheus, the legendary poet and musician of ancient Greece; Orphean; as, the Orphic poems; the Orphic mysteries. A considerable body of literature has come down to us bearing the name of Orpheus, but only certain fragments bear evidence of being as old as 500 B. C., most of it belonging to the Alexandrine school. In ancient Greece there were Orphic societies and Orphic rites, but the character of both is involved in great dark ness. Orphrey (or'frā), n. [See ORFRAYS. ] In anc. costume, gold embroidered work; cloth of gold; one of the gold bands fastened or embroidered on chasubles, copes, and vestments; the apparel of the amice and alb; fringes or laces appended to the garments, as well as the embroidered work upon them. Orphreys. Orphrey-work (or- Rochet embroidered with fra-werk), n. Same as Orphrey. Orpiment (or'pi-ment), n. [L. auripigmentum-aurum, gold, and pigmentum, a pigment.] Trisulphide of arsenic (AS2 S3), found native, and also manufactured artificially. The native orpiment appears in yellow, brilliant, and seemingly talcky masses of various sizes. It forms the basis of the yellow paint called king's yellow. The red orpiment is called realgar, and is a disulphide of arsenic (ASS). It is more or less lively and transparent, and often crystallized in bright needles. In this form it is called ruby of arsenic. Orpin (or pin), n. [Fr. orpin, from its yellow or golden colour-or, gold, and peindre, to paint. See ORPIMENT.] In painting, a yellow colour of various degrees of intensity, approaching also to red. Orpine (or pin), n. [Fr. orpin, stone-crop, the French name being given to this species from the yellow flowers. See above.] A succulent herbaceous plant (Sedum Telephium) found abundantly in some parts of England in woods and thickets. It has some reputation for its astringency; and the root and stem boiled in milk are a popular remedy for diarrhoea. It has fleshy smooth leaves, and heads of small rose-coloured flowers. Orra (or'ra), a. [Probably from A. Sax. prefix or- (Icel. ör-, Goth. us-), out of, without, free from, and row, A. Sax. rawa, a series or row.] [Scotch.] 1. Odd; not matched; 327 not appropriated; left over; occasional; incidental; as, an orra thing; an orra time. 'Some orra day.' Skinner. 'For having a whin kegs o' brandy in them at an orra time.' Sir W. Scott.-2. Employed, as about a farm, for doing the odd jobs or work which the servants having regular and specified duties cannot overtake; as, an orra man. 3. Base; low; mean; worthless; as, to keep orra company. Orrels (or'relz), n. [From orra.] What is left over; refuse. [Scotch.] Orrery (or'e-ri), n. A machine so constructed as to represent, by the movements of its parts, the motions and phases of the planets in their orbits. This machine was invented by George Graham, but Rowley, a workman, borrowed one from him, and made a copy for the Earl of Orrery, after whom it was named by Sir Richard Steele. Similar machines are called also Planetariums. Orris (or'is), n. [Contr. from orfrays.] 1. A sort of gold or silver lace. Johnson.-2. A particular pattern in which gold and silver lace is worked. The edges are ornamented with conical figures placed at equal distances, with spots between them. monds. Sim Orris (or'is), n. A plant from which is obtained orris-root. Orris-root (or'is-röt), n. [Probably corrupted from iris-root.] The root of three species of the genus Iris-viz. I. florentina, a species with white flowers; I. pallida, which has pale flowers; and I. germanica, with deep purple flowers-all natives of the south of Europe. Orris-root has an agreeable odour, resembling that of violets, and is chiefly used in perfumed powders. In its dried state it is used as a pectoral and expectorant, and it is also made into little balls for issues, called orris-peas. Orsedew, Orsedue (or'se-du), n. [Fr. or, gold, and séduire, to mislead, to beguile.j An inferior sort of leaf-metal made of copper and zinc, so as to resemble gold; Mannheim gold; Dutch gold. Ort (ort), n. [Probably for ord, from A. Sax. ord, a point, whence odd, odds and ends; comp. L.G. ort, ortels, remnants of food, refuse.] A fragment; a scrap; a piece of refuse. It most commonly occurs in the plural. Where should he have found this gold? It is some poor fragment or slender ort of his remainder. Shak. The fractions of her faith, orts of her love, The fragments, scraps, the bits and greasy reliques Of her o'er-eaten faith are bound to Diomede. Shak. Ortt (ort), v. t. To turn away from with disgust; to refuse. [Old English and Scotch.] The lasses now-a-days ort nane o' God's creatures. Jamieson. Ortalont (or'ta-lon), n. An ortolan. Orthis (or'this), n. [Gr. orthos, straight.] A genus of fossil bivalves occurring in the palæozoic strata. Orthite (or'thit), n. [Gr. orthos, straight.] A variety of allanite, an epidote mineral occurring in straight layers in felspar rock with albite, &c. It is of a blackish-brown colour, resembling gadolinite, but differs from it in fusibility. Orthocanthus (or-thō-kan'thus), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and akantha, a spine.] A genus of extinct sharks, known only from their fin-spines, which are found in the coal Orthoceratite (or-thō-ser'a-tit), n. A fossil shell of the genus Orthoceras. Orthoclase (or'thō-klaz), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and klasis, fracture.] A name given to potash-felspar on account of its straight flat fracture. Called also Orthose, Prismatic Felspar, or simply Felspar. Orthoclastic (or-thō-klas'tik), a. Pertaining to or consisting of orthoclase. Orthocresol (or'tho-kre-sol), n. See CRESOL. Orthodiagonal (ortho-di-ag'on-al), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and E. diagonal.] In crystal. the diagonal or lateral axis in a monoclinic solid which is at right angles with the vertical axis. Dana. Orthodox (or'tho-doks), a. [See ORTHODOXY.] 1. Sound in opinion or doctrine; particularly, sound in religious opinions or doctrines; conforming in religious matters to what is generally received as the right faith: opposed to heterodox; as, an orthodox ORTHOGRAPHICALLY Christian; an orthodox preacher.-2. In accordance with sound doctrine, or with the opinions or doctrines generally held to be correct; as, an orthodox faith; an orthodox creed. Orthodoxalt (ortho-doks-al), a. Orthodox. 'Orthodoxal in the church, both ancient and reformed.' Milton. Orthodoxality+ (ortho-doks-al'i-ti), n. Orthodoxy. Athanasius is commonly accounted the very rule of orthodoxality in this point. Cudworth. Orthodoxally+ (ortho-doks-al-li), adv. In an orthodox manner; orthodoxly. Thus many ways it may be orthodoxally understood how God or Moses suffered such as the demanders were to divorce for hardness of heart. Milton. Orthodoxasticalt (or'tho-doks-as"tik-al), a. Same as Orthodox. Foxe. Orthodoxical (or-tho-doks'i-kal), a. Pertaining to orthodoxy; characterized by orthodoxy; orthodox. Orthodoxly (or'tho-doks-li), adv. With soundness of faith. I assert only, that the authenticity of the Apocalypse is an open question among theologians,-that it may be orthodoxly doubted. Sir W. Hamilton. Orthodoxness (or'tho-doks-nes), n. The state of being orthodox; orthodoxy." "Orthodoxness of doctrine.' Waterland. Orthodoxy (or'tho-doks-i), n. [Gr. orthodoxia-orthos, right, true, and doxa, opinion, from dokeō, to think.] Soundness of faith; correctness of opinion or doctrine, especially in religious matters; conformity to the views (particularly to the religious views) generally held to be correct. Orthodoxy, which, strictly speaking, means right opinion, in popular language means conformity to what is generally received as the right faith. Whately. Orthodromic (or-thō-drom'ik), a. Pertaining to orthodromy. Orthodromics (or-tho-drom'iks), n. The art of sailing in the arc of a great circle, which is the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the globe. Orthodromy (or'thō-dro-mi), n. [Gr. orthos, right, and dromos, course.] The act or art of sailing on a great circle or in a straight course. Orthoepic, Orthoepical (or-tho-ep'ik, ortho-ep'ik-al), a. Pertaining to orthoepy. Orthoepically (or-thō-ep'ik-al-li), adv. In an orthoepic manner; with correct pronunciation. Orthoepist (or'thō-ep-ist or or-thō'ep-ist), n. One who is skilled in orthoepy; one who writes on orthoepy. Orthoepy (or'tho-e-pi or or-thō'e-pi), n. [Gr. orthoepeia-orthos, right, and epos, a word, from root ep, to speak.] The art of uttering words with propriety; a correct pronunciation of words. Orthognathic, Orthognathous (or-thōgnath'ik, or-thog'na-thus), a. [Gr. orthos, right, straight, and gnathos, a jaw.] Having a vertical jaw: a term applied to the form of head in which the facial angle approaches the right angle. See PROGNATHIC. Orthogon (or thō-gon), n. [Gr. orthos, right, and gonia, an angle.] A rectangular figure; a figure having all its angles right angles. Orthogonal (or-thog'on-al),a. Right-angled; rectangular; perpendicular. Orthogonally (or-thog'on-al-li), adv. Perpendicularly; at right angles; with right angles. Orthographer (or-thog'ra-fér), n. One who is skilled in or writes on orthography; one that spells words correctly, according to common usage. Orthographic, Orthographical (or-thōgraf'ik, or-tho-graf'ik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to orthography; pertaining to the writing of words with the proper letters; pertaining to the spelling of words; as, to make an orthographical mistake.-2. In geom. pertaining to right lines or angles.-Orthographic projection, a projection in which the eye is supposed to be at an infinite distance from the object, and which is made by drawing lines from every point to be projected perpendicular to the plane of projection. Orthographic projections of the sphere are made on a plane supposed to pass through its centre at right angles to the line of sight. The plans and sections by which artificers execute their different constructions are orthographic projections of the things to be constructed. See PROJECTION. Orthographically (or-tho-graf'ik-al-li), adv. In an orthographic manner: (a) according to the rules of proper spelling. (b) In the manner of orthographic projection. ORTHOGRAPHIST Orthographist (or-thog'ra-fist), n. One versed in orthography; an orthographer. Orthographize (or-thog'ra-fiz), v.i. To use true orthography; to spell correctly. [Rare.] Orthography (or-thog'ra-fi), n. [Gr. orthographia-orthos, right, and graphe, writing.] 1. The art or practice of writing words with the proper letters, according to common usage; the way in which words are properly written; spelling; as, his orthography is defective; the orthography of a word. — 2. The part of grammar which treats of the nature and properties of letters, and of the art of writing words correctly. 3. In draughtsmanship, a geometrical representation of an elevation or section of a building; a sectional view of a fortress or the like. [This term appears to be obsolete.] Orthology (or-thol'o-ji), n. [Gr. orthos, right, and logos, discourse.] The right description of things. Fotherby. Orthometric (or-thō-met'rik), a. In crystal. having or pertaining to axes of crystallization which are at right angles with each other. Dana. Orthometry (or-thom'et-ri), n. [Gr. orthos, right, and metron, a measure.] The art or practice of constructing verse correctly; the laws of correct versification. Orthomorphic (or-tho-mor'fik), a. [Gr. orthos, right, and morphe, shape.] A term applied to that period in the development of organized beings in which their full perfection is attained prior to the formation of spermatic and germinal elements. Brande & Cox. Orthonycinæ (or'tho-ni-si"nē), n. pl. A subfamily of tenuirostral insessorial birds of the family Certhidæ or creepers; mohonas. The genus Orthonyx is the type. See ORTHONYX. Orthonyx (or'thō-niks), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and onyx, a claw.] A genus of birds inhabiting Australia, of the family Certhidæ, so called from their long straight claws. The only species, Orthonyx spinicauda, has the shafts of the tail feathers prolonged beyond the plume, as in the woodpecker family. Orthopædia, Orthopædy (or-thō-pe'di-a, ortho-pe-di), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and pais, a child.] The act of curing or remedying deformities in the bodies of children, or generally in the human body at all ages. Orthopedic, Orthopædical (or-thō-pēd'ik, or-tho-ped'ik-al), a. Relating to orthopædy or the art of curing deformities. Orthopædist (or'thō-ped-ist), n. One who practises orthopædia; one who is skilled in curing natural deformities in the human body. Orthophony (or-thof'o-ni), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and phoneō, to speak, phone, voice.] The art of correct speaking; systematic cultivation of the voice. Orthopnoea (or-thop-nē'a), n. [Gr. orthopnoia-orthos, right, erect, and pnoë, breath, pneō, to breathe.] A disease in which respiration can be performed only in an erect posture. Orthopraxy (or'thō-praks-i), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and praxis, a doing, from prassō, to do.] The treatment of physical deformities by mechanical agency. Orthopter, Orthopteran (or-thop'tèr, orthop'ter-an), n. One of the Orthoptera. Orthoptera (or-thop'têr-a), n. pl. [Gr. orthos, straight, and pteron, a wing.] An order of insects of the sub-class Hemimetabola, or insects in which the metamorphosis is incomplete. They have four wings, the anterior pair being semi-coriaceous or leathery, usually with numerous nervures, the interspaces of which are filled with transverse reticulations, sometimes, as in the cockroaches, overlapping, and sometimes, as in the grasshoppers and locusts, meeting like the roof of a house. The posterior wings have the front part usually of a different texture from the hinder,the latter being more transparent,and when at rest they fold longitudinally like a fan. The legs of some (Cursorial Orthoptera) are of nearly equal length, and formed for running, while the hind-legs of others (Saltatorial), as the grasshoppers and crickets, are largely developed, and formed for leaping. The fore-legs of the Mantidæ are of enormous length, and constitute powerful raptorial organs. All are voracious, and with the exception of the Mantida, which prey on other insects, destructive to vegetation, or injurious to household furniture, &c. The ravages of the locusts, especially 328 the migratory locust of Africa and southern Asia, are well known. To this order belong the crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, cockroaches, Mantidæ, &c. Orthopterous (or-thop'tér-us), a. Pertain OSBORNE-SERIES against poison; and the reader must be contented for the time he peruses these pages to hold the same opinion, which was once universally received by the learned as well as the vulgar. Sir W. Scott. Oryalt (ō'ri-al), n. An oriel. ing to the order Orthoptera; having the Orycteropida (o-rik'tér-op"i-dē), n. pl. A family of edentate mammals, comprising only the single genus Orycteropus. ORYCTEROPUS. [Gr. wings that fold like a fan. Orthorhombic (or-thō-rom'bik), a. orthos, straight, and rhombos, a rhomb.] 1. Rectangular and rhombic.-2. In crystal. having three unequal axes intersecting at right angles, as certain prisms. Called also Trimetric. Orthorhynchus (or-tho-ring'kus), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and rhynchos, a beak.] A genus of birds belonging to Trochilidae; the giant humming-bird. Orthose (or thōs), n. Same as Orthoclase. Orthospermous (or-thō-spèr'mus), a. [Gr. orthos, straight, and sperma, seed.] In bot. a term applied to those fruits of the Umbelliferæ which have the seed straight. Orthostade (orthō-stād), n. [Fr. orthostade, from Gr. orthostadias-orthos, straight, and istamai, to stand.] In anc. costume, a long and ample tunic, with straight or upright folds. Orthostyle (or'thō-stil), n. [Gr. orthos, straight, and stylos, a column.] In arch. a term applied to a columnar arrangement in which the columns are placed in a straight line. Orthotomous (or-thot'o-mus),a. [Gr. orthos, straight, and temno, to cleave.] In crystal. having two cleavages at right angles with one another. Orthotone (or'thō-tōn), a. [Gr. orthos, straight, erect, right, and tonos, tone, accent.] Having its proper accent; specifically, applied to certain Greek particles when used interrogatively, which in their indefinite use are enclitic. Orthotropal, Orthotropous (or-thot ro-pal, or-thot'rōpus), a. [Gr. orthos, straight, and trepo, to turn.] In bot. turned or growing in a straight direction; specifically applied to an ovule with the foramen opposite to the hilum, or an embryo with radicle next the hilum. Orthotypous (or-thot'i-pus), a. [Gr. orthos, straight, and typos, form.] In mineral. having a perpendicular cleav age. Orthotropal Ovule. Ortive (ortiv), a. [L. ortivus, from ortus, orior, to rise.] Rising or eastern; relating to the rising of a star. Ortolan (or to-lan), n. [It. ortolano, a gardener, an ortolan, from L. hortulanus, from hortus, a garden. The bird is so called because it frequents the hedges of gardens.] 1.† A gardener. Though to an old tree it must needs be somewhat dangerous to be oft removed, yet for my part I yield myself entirely to the will and pleasure of the most State Papers, 1536. notable ortolan. 2. A species of bird of the family Fringillidæ, the Emberiza hortulana, much esteemed by epicures for the delicacy of its flesh when in season. It is a native of Northern Africa, but in the summer and autumnal months it resorts to Southern Europe. In the south of France and Italy these birds are caught and fed for the table.-3. The name given in the West Indies to the rice-bird (Emberiza oryzivora), and in America to the rail (Rallus carolinensis). Ortyx (or'tiks), n. [Gr. ortyx, a quail.] A genus of gallinaceous birds, which may be regarded as the partridges and quails of America, but differing from those of the eastern hemisphere in some striking features. They have a shorter and stouter beak, more convex above, with two slight teeth on the lower mandible. A well-known species is the Virginian colin (0. virginianus), which is abundant in most parts of North America. Another is the Californian quail (O. californicus), now often referred to a new genus, Lophortyx. Orval (or'val), n. [Fr. orvale-or, gold, and valoir, to be worth; lit. worth (its weight in) gold.] A name given to the herb clary. Orvietant (or-vi-e'tan), n. [It. orvietano, from a charlatan of the town of Orvieto, who made himself famous by first pretending to take doses of poison on the stage, and then curing himself by his antidote.] A medical composition or electuary believed to be an antidote or counter-poison. Orvietan, or Venice treacle, as it was sometimes called, was understood to be a sovereign remedy See Orycteropus (o-rik-ter'o-pus), n. [Gr.orykter, a digger, and pous, a foot.] A genus of edentate insectivorous animals, resembling both the ant-eater and the armadillo, agreeing Orycteropus capensis (Earth-hog). with the former in its general habits, but, though destitute of scaly armour, more akin to the latter in its anatomical structure. The O. capensis has received the name of the aardvark, or earth-hog, from the Dutch colonists at the Cape of Good Hope, from its habit of burrowing, and from its fancied resemblance to a small short-legged hog. Its taper head and powerful claws are admirably adapted for burrowing. When full grown it measures about 5 feet from the tip of the snout to the end of the tail, the latter being nearly half the length of the body. Oryctognostict (or'ik-tog-nos"tik), a. Pertaining to oryctognosy. Oryctognostically+ (or'ik-tog-nos"tik-al-i), adv. According to oryctognosy. Oryctognosyt (or-ik-tog'no-si), n. [Gr. oryktos, fossil, and gnosis, knowledge.] The description and systematic arrangement of minerals; mineralogy. [Gr. Oryctographyt (or-ik-togʻra-fi), n. oryktos, fossil, and graphō, to describe.] That part of natural science in which fossils or minerals are described; oryctology. Oryctologicalt (or'ik-to-loj"ik-al), a. Pertaining to oryctology. Oryctologist (or-ik-tol'o-jist), n. One who applies himself to or is versed in oryctology. Oryctology + (or-ik-tol'o-ji), n. [Gr. oryktos, fossil, and logos, discourse.] Lit, the science of all that is dug up, whether organic or inorganic: formerly specifically applied to that part of geology which treats of fossils; palæontology. Oryx (o'riks), n. A name given by the ancients to a species of antelope, a native of the countries on both sides of the Red Sea, the Antilope Gazella, or Oryx bezoartica. It is of stout build, about 3 feet 6 inches in height, with a sheep-like muzzle, and the horns of the male are from 2 to 3 feet in length, much curved, and directed backwards. The female also has horns. The name is also given to the gemsbok (Antilope oryx) of Caffraria, which somewhat resembles, but is quite distinct from the oryx of the ancients. Oryza (ō-riʼza), n. A genus of grasses, including the rice-plant (O. sativa); rice. See RICE. Os (os), n. pl. Ossa (osʼsa). [L] A bone: used in anatomy. Os (os), n. pl. Ora (ō'ra). [L.] A mouth; a passage or entrance into any place: an anatomical term.-Os uteri, the orifice of the uterus. Os, Osar (os, ō'sar), n. In geol. a Swedish term for certain hillocks or mounds of drift-gravel and sand, of glacial origin-in Scotland called Kaims, in Ireland Eskars or Eskirs. See ESKAR. Osage-orange (ö'sāj-or-anj), n. A North American tree (Maclura aurantiaca), nat. order Moraceae, whose wood is much used by American Indians for their bows. It is of a bright yellow colour, and has been introduced into Britain, and in the United States it is frequently kept dwarf and used as a hedge-plant. Osborne-series (os'born-sē-rēz), n. In geol. a series of strata of the middle eocene period, occurring near Osborne in the Isle of Wight, of fresh and brackish water origin, and very variable in mineral character and thickness. The fossils of the series are species of Paulu OSCAN dina and Cypris, and the spore-cases of Chara. Called also St. Helen's Beds. Oscan (os'kan), n. An ancient Italian language, of which a few fragments remain, spoken by the Samnites, who lived on the south of Rome. It had not entirely disappeared as a spoken tongue in the time of the earlier emperors. Oscheocele (os’kè-ō-sēl), n. [Gr. osche, the scrotum, and kēlē, a tumour.] Any tumour of the scrotum; a scrotal hernia. Oscillancy (os'sil-an-si), n. State of oscillating or swinging backwards and forwards. Oscillate (os'sil-lāt), v.i. pret. & pp. oscillated; ppr. oscillating. [L. oscillo, oscillatum, to swing, from oscillum, lit. a little face or masque hung to a tree among the Romans, and swaying with the wind, dim. of os, the mouth, the face.] 1. To swing; to move backward and forward; to vibrate; as, a pendulum oscillates. Move any body, as a pendulum, in one way, and it will continue to oscillate in an arch of the same circle, until the known causes make it rest. Burke. Hence-2. To vary or fluctuate between fixed limits. The amount of superior families oscillates rather than changes, that is, it fluctuates within fixed limits. De Quincey. Oscillating (os'sil-lat-ing), a. Moving backward and forward; vibrating; specifically, in bot. adhering slightly by the middle, so that the two halves are nearly equally balanced, and swing freely backwards and forwards. - Oscillating cylinder, an engine cylinder which rocks on trunnions, and the piston-rod of which connects directly to the crank.-Oscillating piston, an engine piston which oscillates in a sector-shaped chamber. Oscillation (os-sil-la'shon), n. [L. oscillatio, from oscillo, to swing. See OSCILLATE.] The act of oscillating; the state of moving backward and forward, or swinging like a pendulum; vibration. The perpetual oscillations of this elastic and restless element (air).' Berkeley. His (Mackintosh's) mind oscillated, undoubtedly; but the extreme points of the oscillation were not Macaulay. very remote. -Angular oscillation, gyration.-Axis of oscillation, centre of oscillation. See under AXIS, CENTRE, and PENDULUM. Oscillative (os'sil-lat-iv), a. Having a tendency to oscillate; vibratory. The oscillative antagonism between incompatible paradoxes. Is. Taylor. Oscillator (os'sil-lat-ér), n. 1. One who or that which oscillates.-2. One of the Oscillatoria. Oscillatoria, Oscillatoriæ (os'sil-la-tō"ri-a, os'sil-la-to'rí-ē), n. pl. A group or genus of confervoid Algae, consisting of cylindrical filaments, branched, spiral or moniliform, composed of protoplasmic substance invested by a continuous cellular sheathing or tubular cell-membrane, and exhibiting a regular motion backwards and forwards like that of a pendulum. They occur chiefly in damp ground, forming wide and continuous strata. A few are truly marine. Oscillatoriaceæ (os'sil-la-to'ri-ā”sē-ē), n. pl. See OSCILLATORIA. Oscillatory (os'sil-la-to-ri), a. Moving backward and forward like a pendulum; swinging; oscillating. The actions upon the solids are stimulating, or increasing their vibrations or oscillatory motions. Arbuthnot. Oscitancy (os'si-tan-si), n. [L. oscito, to yawn, from os, the mouth, and cito, to move quickly, from cieo, to put in motion.] 1. The act of gaping or yawning.-2. Unusual sleepiness; drowsiness; dulness. It might proceed from the oscitancy of transcribers.' Addison. He expresses in them no sort of humane sentiment towards these unfortunate men, but the utmost indignation at the oscitancy of those in power, which connived at the public demonstrations of sympathy. Hallam. Oscitant (os'si-tant), a. 1. Yawning; gaping. 2. Sleepy; drowsy; dull; sluggish. Our oscitant lazy piety.' Dr. H. More. Oscitantly (os'si-tant-li), adv. In an oscitant manner; yawningly; drowsily. 'Which those drowsy nodders over the letter of the Scripture have very oscitantly collected.' Dr. H. More. Oscitate (os'si-tāt), v.i. [L. oscito, to yawn.] To yawn; to gape with sleepiness. Oscitation (os-si-ta'shon), n. The act of yawning or gaping from sleepiness. 'My treatise on oscitation, laughter, and ridicule.' Tatler. Oseulant (os'kü-lant), a. [See OSCULATE.] 1. Kissing.-2. In systematic classification, | 329 approaching in character, or on the border between two groups: applied to plants or animals; thus the genera by which two families approximate are called osculant genera. The term interosculant is sometimes employed with the same meaning. Dana.-3. Adhering closely; embracing: applied to certain creeping animals, as caterpillars. Osculary + (os'kū-la-ri), n. Same as Osculatory. 'Some [brought forth] oscularies for kissers.' Latimer. Osculate (os'kū-lāt), v. t. pret. & pp. osculated; ppr. osculating. [L. osculor, to kiss, from osculum, a little mouth, a kiss, dim. of os, the mouth.] 1. To salute with a kiss; to kiss.-2. In geom. to touch, as one curve another, when, at the point of contact, both have a common curvature. Osculate (os'ku-lāt), v.i. 1. To kiss one another; to kiss.-2. In geom. to touch; as, curves osculate. Kiss Osculating (os'kū-lāt-ing), p. and a. ing; coming in contact; touching: a geometrical term.-Osculating circle, one the radius of whose curve, at any particular point of another curve, is of the same length as that of the curve in question at that particular point.-Osculating elements, in astron. the elements of an orbit corrected to any epoch for the effect of planetary perturbation.-Osculating helix of a non-plane curve, the common helix which passes through three consecutive points, and has its axis parallel to the rectifying line of the curve.-Osculating plane, the plane passing through, and determined by, three consecutive points of any curve in space.-Osculating right cone of a non-plane curve, a right cone three consecutive tangent planes of which coincide with three consecutive osculating planes of the curve.-Osculating sphere, the sphere which passes through, and is determined by, four consecutive points of a curve of double curvature. Osculation (os-kū-lā'shon), n. [L. osculatio, a kissing.] The act of osculating; a kissing; specifically, in geom. the contact between any given curve and its osculatory circle, that is, a circle of the same curvature with the given curve.-Point of osculation, the point where the osculation takes place, and where the two curves have the same curvature. Osculatory (os'ku-la-to-ri), a. longing to kissing; kissing. 1. Of or be The two ladies went through the osculatory ceremony which they were in the habit of performing. Thackeray. 2. In geom. having the same curvature at the point of contact. Osculatory (os kū-la-to-ri), n. Eccles. a tablet or board with the picture of Christ or the Virgin, &c., which is kissed by the priest and then delivered to the people for the same purpose. Osculatrix (os'kū-lāt-riks), n. In geom. a curve which has a higher order of contact with a given curve, at a given point, than any other curve of the same kind. Oscule (os'kül), n. [L. osculum, a small mouth.] A small bilabiate aperture. Osculum (os'kü-lum), n. pl. Óscula (os'kula). In zool. (a) one of the large exhalant apertures by which a sponge is perforated. (b) One of the suckers with which the Taniada (tape-worms and cystic worms) are provided. H. A. Nicholson. Osier (ō'zhi-ér), n. [Fr. osier, Fr. dial. oisis, Armor. ozil, aozil, an osier; comp. Gr. oisos, an osier.] The name given to various species of plants of the genus Salix, or willow. These plants are chiefly employed in basketmaking on account of their tough flexible shoots. "The rank of osiers by the murmuring stream.' Shak. See SALIX. Like her no nymph can willing osiers bend, In basket works, which painted streaks commend. Dryden. Osier (o'zhi-ér), a. Made of osier or twigs; like osier. This osier cage of ours.' Shak. Osier-ait (ō'zhi-ér-āt), n. [Ait, a small island.] A small island for growing osiers. Osier-bed (ō'zhi-ėr-bed), n. Same as Osierholt. Osiered (o'zhi-êrd), a. Covered or adorned with osiers. Collins. Osier-holt (o'zhi-er-hōlt), n. [A. Sax. holt, a wood.] A place where willows for basketwork are cultivated. Osiery (ō'zhi-ér-i), n. A place where osiers are grown. Osiris (ō-sï'ris), n. The great Egyptian deity, the eldest son of Seb or Saturn and Nut or Rhea, and husband of Isis. In the Egyptian OSMOMETER theogony he was the personation of all physical and moral good, and was styled Manifestor of Good, Lord of Lords, King of the Gods, &c. He fell a prey to the intrigues of his brother Set, the Typhon of the Greeks, who represented the sum of evil agencies, and then became judge of the dead. He is represented under many different forms, and compared sometimes to the sun and sometimes to the Nile. In particular his soul was supposed to animate a sacred bull called Apis, and thus to be continually present among men. (See APIS.) The worship of Osiris was extended over Asia Minor, Greece, and Rome, but the attacks of the philosophers and the rise of Christianity overthrew it. Osiris. Osite (os'it), n. [L. os, a bone.] A name given to Sombrero guano, from its consisting of the altered bones of turtles and other marine vertebrates as well as of the shells of the lower animals. Leidy. Osleon-iron (os'le-on-i"èrn), n. Iron bars specially made for the manufacture of wire. Osmanli (os'man-li),n. pl. Osmanlis (os'manliz). [From Osman or Othman, who founded the empire of the Turks in Asia about the beginning of the fourteenth century.] In Turkey, an official functionary; a placeman. The term osmanlis is often, but erroneously, applied to all Turks. Osmate (os'māt), n. In chem. a salt of osmic acid. Osmazome (os'ma-zōm), n. [Gr. osme, odour, and zōmos, juice.] The name given to the extractive matter of muscular fibre, which gives the peculiar smell to boiled meat and flavour to soups. It is of a yellowish brown colour, is soluble both in water and alcohol, whether cold or hot, but it does not form a jelly by concentration. Osmelite (os'mel-it), n. [Gr. osme, smell, and lithos, stone.] Same as Pectolite. Osmeroides (os'mer-oid-ēz), n. [L. osmerus, the smelt, and Gr. eidos, resemblance.] A genus of fossil fishes occurring in the chalk and resembling the smelt, or rather the pearl-side (Scopelus). Osmia (os'mi-a), n. A genus of hymenopterous insects, containing many species; the mason-bee (which see). Osmiamic (os-mi-am'ik), a. [Osmium and ammonia.] In chem. applied to an acid formed by the action of ammonia on osmic acid. Its formula is H.OsN2O5. Osmic (os'mik), a. In chem. pertaining to or obtained from osmium; as, osmic acid (H2OsO4). See under OSMIUM. Osmious (os'mi-us), a. Of or belonging to osmium; specifically applied to an oxide of osmium. Osmiridium (os-mi-rid'i-um), n. The natural alloy of iridium and osmium, occurring together with platinum, &c.; in many localities called also Iridosmine, Iridosmium. See IRIDOSMINE. Osmium (os'mi-um), n. [Gr. osme, odour.] Sym. Os. At. wt. 1990; sp. gr. 21 4. A metal discovered by Mr. Smithson Tennant in 1803, in the grains of native platinum, in combination with iridium. This compound received the name of osmide of iridium. It occurs in flat grains and hexagonal crystals. The separation of osmium from iridium is effected by a tedious process. Osmium is a bluish white metal, very hard and more infusible than any other metal. When finely divided this metal readily burns in the air, forming a tetroxide usually called osmic acid. This substance is white, very volatile, extremely fusible, soluble in water, and crystallizable. It possesses an extremely disagreeable odour, somewhat resembling that of chlorine. This property suggested the name of the metal. Osmium combines with chlorine in different proportions, and also with sulphur. It forms alloys with some other metals. Osmometer (os-mom'et-ér), n. [Gr. ōsmos, |