572 c "Which when Beelzebub perceived, than whom, Satan except, none higher sat, with grave aspect he rose.'

572d.

The objective case whom is anomalous, though the usage of the best writers sanctions it. If it were grammatically correct, it would also be correct to say, 'None sat higher than him.' In analysis than whom' must be treated as a mere adverbial phrase, it being impossible to supply the ellipsis so as to expand it into an adverbial clause.

"Let us go."

Here let is the second person plural of the imperative mood of the verb let, which is a verb of incomplete predication, having us for its object and go for its complement, the subject of the imperative being, as usual, understood. Just as in the case of the objective complement ($395), of which in fact this is one variety, we have an attributive notion (§294), denoted by the infinitive go, attached to the object us. It is a blending of the objective and the infinitive complement. The grammatical relations of the words in the imperative sentence, 'Let [ye] him go' are the same as in the assertive sentence 'I let him go' (§357). 'I let him go' does not differ (grammatically) from 'I made him go,' which is closely analogous to 'I made him angry,' the only difference being that the attributive idea attached to the object is expressed by a verb in the one case, and an adjective in the other. The class of attributive words includes both (§294).

PARSING.

573 The preceding system of analysis still leaves us with groups of words in many cases, into the mutual relations of which it does not enter. When a minute account of each word of a sentence is given, including not only its syntactical relation to other words, but also its etymological inflections and accidents, the process is termed parsing. Two or three examples will show the mode in which it should be performed better than any system of rules.

574 "I told him that I did not know who had taken the red book that lay on the table."

I.-Personal pronoun of the first person, singular number, in the nominative case, because it is the subject of the verb told.

told.-Transitive verb: in the active voice, indicative mood, past indefinite tense, first person, singular number; in the predicative relation to I, with which it agrees in number and person.

him.-Personal pronoun of the third person and the masculine gender; in the singular number and objective case, standing in the adverbial relation to the verb told, of which it is the indirect object.

that. Subordinative conjunction, connecting the substantive clause, "I did not know-table," with the verb told. I.-Personal pronoun of the first person, in the singular

number and nominative case: subject of the verb did. dil.-Auxiliary verb, in the active voice, indicative mood, past indefinite tense, first person singular; in the pre-· dicative relation to I, with which it agrees in number and person.

not.-Adverb of negation, modifying the verb did. know.-Transitive verb, in the active voice, infinitive mood, imperfect tense; depending on the verb did.

who.-Interrogative pronoun, in the singular number, third person, and nominative case, being the subject of the verb had taken.

had taken.-Transitive verb; in the active voice, indicative mood, past perfect tense, third person, singular number; in the predicative relation to the pronoun who, with which it agrees in number and person.

the.-Definite article, in the attributive relation to book. red.-Qualitative adjective, in the positive degree of comparison; in the attributive relation to the noun book. book-Common noun, of the neuter gender; in the singular number and objective case, standing in the objective relation to the verb had taken.

that.-Relative pronoun, of the neuter gender, third person; and singular number, to agree with its antecedent book, and in the nominative case because it is the subject of the verb lay.

lay.-Intransitive verb; in the active voice, indicative mood, past indefinite tense, third person, singular number, in the predicative relation to that, with which it agrees in number and person.

on.-Preposition governing the noun table.

the.-Definite article, in the attributive relation to the noun table.

table.-Common noun, of the neuter gender; in the singular number, objective case, governed by the preposition on.

EXERCISES.

The Numbers placed at the commencement of the Exercises are those of the Paragraphs in the Grammar to which they relate.

EXERCISES ON THE NOUN.

30, 31 Write out the following list of nouns, and draw one line under the common nouns, and two lines under the proper

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nouns:

Boy, John, school, desk, Cæsar, mob, girl, Jane, class, army, general, Paris, William, God, gods, angel, ball, cricket, bagatelle, arrow, archery, archer, Robin Hood, horse, France, king, George, splendour, soldiers, Sussex, book, poet, Milton, bat, Alexander, baker.

Write out the following nouns, and draw one line under the abstract nouns, and two lines under the nouns of multitude :

Herd, blackness, health, dog, mob, goodness, purity, city, cat, mouse, multitude, church, beauty, coach, flock, drove, holiness, stable, team, plough, happiness, dunce, hundred, thousand, crowd, duck, foolishness. Write down ten common nouns which are the names of animals.

Write down ten common nouns which are the names of things which we eat.

Write down ten common nouns which are the names of things in the school-room.

Write down ten abstract nouns.

Write down ten proper nouns which are the names of persons.

Write down ten proper nouns which are the names of places.

Write down ten proper nouns which are the names of rivers.

Write down the abstract nouns which correspond to the following adjectives :

Pure, simple, good, bad, worthy, splendid, just, meek, temperate large, wide, broad, slow, quick, red, blue, sour, sharp, sweet, distant, near, soft, able, innocent, durable, brilliant, merry, brief.

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Write down the adjectives which correspond to the fol lowing abstract nouns :

Nobility, stupidity, fickleness, suppleness, height, depth, acidity. dependence, sleepiness, greenness, rigidity, ductility, sonority, infirmity, patience, condescension, prosperity, wisdom.

Write down in one column all the masculine nouns in the following list; in another column all the feminine nouns ; in a third column all the neuter nouns; and in a fourth column all the nouns of common gender :

Cow, horse, dog, man, girl, ship, house, Robert, Jane, London, Thames, goose, hen, cock, bird, sheep, pig, boar, fox, uncle, nephew, John, vixen, lass, ox, form, desk, tree, servant, footman, maid, boy, nursemaid, baby, slate, gander, elephant, tiger, lioness, Maria, France, Napoleon, cart, infant, brother, lady, pen, lord, king, sovereign, queen, ruler, judge, author, cousin, sister, mother, aunt, box, speaker, William. Write down ten other nouns of the masculine gender. Write down ten other nouns of the feminine gender. Write down ten nouns of common gender.

46-55 Write out the following nouns, and draw a line under those which are in the singular number, and two lines under those in the plural:

Boy, man, pennies, sugar, strap, hens, shoes, fox, ewes, geese, men, hens, tigress, ladies, wren, dose, hose, clothes, feet, tooth, ox, vixen, oxen, fish, children, a sheep, three deer, steer, tax, boxes, sorceress, deacons, deaconess, cheese, valleys. trees, lees, grease, rice, dice, lice, cows, mouse, cruise, crews.

Write down ten other nouns in the singular number, and ten in the plural number.

Write down the plurals of

Book, sheaf, chimney, enemy, valley, duty, osprey, calf, echo, cargo, sky, crutch, church, dray, ray, day, city, army, loaf, wife, journey, beauty, way, leaf, grove, stuff, coach, gas, staff, puff, scarf, life, speech, mistress, horse, pony, ass, wharf, hoof, man, box, grotto, bunch, tooth, foot, trick, marquis, hero, brother, colloquy, thief, marble, fancy, goose, deer, sheep, negro, arch, toy, blemish, princess, torch, half, fancy, buoy, envoy, convoy, victory.

65, 75

In the following sentences point out first the nouns and pronouns which are in the nominative case, and then those which are in the objective case :—

I love John. John loves me. The boy likes play. Play tires the child. The children are tired with playing. The dog barks. We see a house. The men pulled down the house. The house was pulled down. Shut the door. The door was shut. Ring the bell. I fear him. He fears him. He is feared by us. The dogs are howling. Silver and gold have I none. He struck me. I hear a bird singing. Who struck John? Why did you go away? When were you there? The boys are in the garden. He struck me with a stone. They come

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from London. We live at York. He ran against a post. How do you do? Tell me who did this. When will you come? We will come to-morrow. The horse kicked the groom. Did the horse kick you? The groom kicked the horse. Did the dog bite you? They are foolish. We scolded them. Who does not admire beauty? Let me go. Make sentences with each of the following verbs:

Hates, lives, smote, bark, sees, fell, ran, draws, gave, sent, hears. Make ten other sentences containing a subject, a verb, and an object.

Decline the following nouns :

Brother, horse, stag, beauty, envoy, negro, ass, woman, king, prince, queen, lady.

Write out the following sentences, and draw one line under the nouns which are in the possessive singular and two lines under those which are the possessive plural, one line over those in the nominative case, and two lines over those which are in the objective case. Also point out on what nouns the possessive cases depend :

He admires the lady's beauty. He saw the queens' courtiers. They live in kings' courts. The king's palace is large. The lady's robe was torn. I saw some ladies in the room. The ladies' dresses were handsome. The boys' exercises are badly written. I saw the boys at play. The boy's father has arrived. She made the women's dresses. Where is my wife's purse? The men slew their wives. The men heard of their wives' danger. Call the girls in. Give me the girls' books. Hold the horse's head. The horses are drinking water. The horses' hoofs are hard. He is paring the horses' hoofs. He stole John's sister's book. John stole his sister's books. The men's wages are due. My father's house is large. I saw John's brothers. He ran away from his father's house.

EXERCISES ON THE ADJECTIVE.

60-81 Write down in a column the adjectives in the following sentences, and write opposite each the noun which it qualifies:

Give me two shillings. He rides a black horse. Wise men never waste time. Twenty men were killed. He heard of the poor mans death. The fine ladies' dresses are torn. The ladies' fine dresses are torn. He cropped the black horse's tail. The brown horse has a black tail. That man has two horses. Every man has two ears and one mouth. They travelled the whole day. Several carriages have passed this house. Take another seat. All men admire generous actions. No man likes pain. Which dish do you prefer? What books have you read? We have read these books. Do not tell such lies. Such conduct deserves punishment. He succeeded the first time. Each man received the same sum. Much precious time was lost. Many brave men were killed. That sentence is on the second page of the thurd volume. What nonsense you talk.