and born at Dort, in 1625. He was the zealous duties of loyalty and patriotism. The influence patron of the glory and liberty of his native of his songs upon seamen, has long been known, country; the greatest genius of his time; the and probably has strongly contributed to stimu ablest politician in war as well as peace; the late their heroism, and inculcate submission to atlas of the commonwealth: but was barba- the hardships of their profession, and to the wil. rously murdered by a Dutch mob, in 1672. De of Providence. His "Poor Jack" is a striking Witt wrote a book containing those maxims of and popular example of this. In the earlier part government upon which he acted, which will of his life, he possessed considerable merit as an be a never fading monument to his immortal actor. Mr. Dibdin was born at Southampton, memory. It shows the true and genuine princi- about 1748, and died at Camden Town, near ples of policy, on which alone it is possible to London, July 25, 1814. DICEARCHUS, a disciple of Aristotle, born erect an administration profitable at home, and which must command respect abroad. A trans-at Messina, in Sicily, was a good philosopher,/ lation of it from the original Dutch, entitled historian, and mathematician, and composed a "The true Interest and political Maxims of the great many books upon various subjects, and in Republic of Holland," has been printed in Lon-all sciences, which were much esteemed. DICKSON, David, a Scotch divine, educated at Glasgow, and divinity professor at Edinburgh. His violence against the episcopalians subjected DIAGORAS, surnamed the Atheist, flourish-him to persecution; he died in 1664. DICTYS CRETENSIS, a very ancient histoed in Athens, in the 91st Olympiad; that is, about 412 years before Christ. The history of rian, who, serving under Idomeneus, a king his atheism, is thus told. He delighted in mak-of Crete, in the Trojan war, wrote the history ing verses, and had composed a poem which allof that expedition, in nine books; and Tzetzes, certain poet had stolen from him. He sued the tells us, that Homer formed the "Iliad" upon thief, who swore he was not guilty of the crime; his plan. and soon after, he gained a great reputation by DIDEROT, Dionysius, a celebrated French publishing that work as his own. Diagoras, poet, and writer on physics, geometry, and meconsidering that he who had injured him had taphysics, ethics, and the belles lettres, was the not only escaped unpunished for his theft and son of a cutler, and born at Langres, in 1713. perjury, but also acquired glory thereby, con-He conceived the stupendous design of a "Diccluded that there was no Providence, nor any tionnaire Encyclopedique," which, assisted by gods, and wrote some books to prove it. He died D'Alembert and others, he accomplished, himself compiling the descriptions of arts and trades. by shipwreck. DIAZ, Bartholomew, a Portuguese navigator, So ill was he paid for above 20 years labour at who discovered, in 1486, the extreme point of this book, that he was compelled to expose his library to sale, for a subsistence. The empress of Africa, now called the Cape of Good Hope. DIAZ, John, a Spaniard, who embraced the Russia ordered it to be bought for her at the doctrines of Luther, for which, his brother, Al-price of 50,000 livres, and generously left him phonsus, a violent catholic, hired an assassin to the use of it during his life. Certain positions on government and religion, in the "Encyclopedash out his brains, in 1546. DIBDIN, Charles, a celebrated song-writer, dique," have exposed Diderot to the charge of and dramatist. In the former character, he had having favoured atheistical and anarchical prinscarcely an equal, as to the number or the merit ciples, or what at the present day is termed Jaof his compositions. His songs amount to up-cobinism. Diderot died suddenly, in July, 1784. DIDIUS JULIANUS, M. Salvius Severus, wards of 1200; and it may truly be said, that though a great portion of them are in praise of a Roman emperor, who purchased the diadem love and festivity, not one passage can be found of a corrupt soldiery. He reigned 66 days, and in the whole number, of a licentious tendency. was put to death, A.D. 193. On the contrary, they are calculated to support DIDO, or ELISSA, queen of Carthage, fled the interests of virtue, and to exercise the best from Tyre, to the coast of Africa, where she affections of the heart, as well as to enforce the founded a new empire. DIDOT, Francis Ambrose, a most eminent about lengthening out life to the period of the pa French printer, born at Paris, 1730, and classi-triarchs. Descartes assured Sir Kenelm that cally educated. He introduced a number of he had long been projecting a scheme for that improvements, not only in printing-presses (of purpose; and a very notable one undoubtedly which the present time is profiting) but also in it would have been, if that philosopher had but mills for making fine paper. One of his sons lived; but he had the misfortune to die just bebecame a celebrated type-founder. Didot died, fore he could bring it to bear. it is supposed, from too strict an application to DIGBY, Lord George, an English nobleman the correction of the press of a stereotype edi- of great parts, son of John Digby, earl of Bristion of Montagne's works (every sheet of which tol, was born at Madrid, 1612. "He was (says he read five times, and corrected carefully be-a late writer, somewhat severely) a singular fore it was sent to the press) July 10, 1804. His person, whose life was one contradiction. He business is still successfully carried on by his wrote against popery, and embraced it: he was sons, Peter and Firmin Didot. a zealous opposer of the court, and a sacrifice for DIDYMUS, of Alexandria, an eminent gram-it was conscientiously converted in the midst marian, in the age of Augustus, said to have of his prosecution of lord Stafford, and was written 400 books. most unconscientiously a prosecutor of lord Cla DIDYMUS, of Alexandria, an ecclesiastical rendon. With great parts, he always hurt him. writer of the 4th century. self and his friends; romanticly brave, he was alDIECMAN, John, rector of the university of ways an unsuccessful commander. He spoke for Stade, and author of several theological and phi-the test-act, though a Roman Catholic; and adlosophical works, died in 1720. dicted himself to astrology on the birthday of true philosophy." He died earl of Bristol, 167€ DIGBY, John, made gentleman of the privy chamber by James I, who afterwards knighted him, and sent him ambassador to Spain. He was the author of some poems, and died, in exile, at Paris, in 1653. DIEMEN, Anthony Van, a governor-general of the Dutch East India settlements. In 1642, he sent Tasman on a voyage to the south; the consequence of which was, the discovery of that part of New Holland called Van Diemen's Land. He died in 1645. DIEMERBROEK, Isbrand, a professor of DIGGES, Leonard, an English gentleman, faphysic and anatomy at Utrecht, born 1609, prac-mous for his mathematical learning, died about tised physic, and read public lectures with great reputation, and died 1674. DIEPENBECK, Abraham, a painter, who studied with Reubens; first painted on glass, and afterwards in oil; he died at Antwerp, in 1675. DIEST, Adrian Van, a landscape painter, of the Hague, who painted plants in England; he died in 1704. DIETRIC, John Conrad, a Lutheran, born in Wetteravia, and professor of Greek in his own town. He was a classical scholar and author he died in 1667. DIETRICH, John William Ernest, born at Weimar, a celebrated painter, died in 1774. DIETRY, a painter, of Dresden, who succeeded particularly in landscape views, died in 1730. DIEU, Lewis de, an eminent divine, born at Flushing. He refused to be court minister at the Hague, and went to Leyden, where he was made divinity professor. He published many learned works, and died in 1642. 1574. DIGGES, Thomas, only son of Leonard Digges, and one of the greatest mathematicians of his age, died 1595. DIGGES, Sir Dudley, master of the rolls to Charles I., was eldest son of Thomas Digges, just mentioned, and born 1583. He was, it is said, a great asserter of his country's liberty in the worst of times, when the sluices of prerogative were opened, and the banks of the law were almost overwhelmed by the inundations of it. He was author of several literary performances, and died 1639. DIGGES, Thomas, brother of Sir Dudley, a learned man, who translated several works from the Latin and Spanish; he died in 1635. DIGGES, Dudley, third son of Sir Dudley He wrote on the unlawfulness of subjects taking up arms against their sovereign, and died in 1643. DIGGES, Edward, governor of Virginia, in 1654. His administration was judicious, and calculated to improve the condition of the col He was afterwards sent to England as agent for the colony. DIGBY, Everard, an English gentleman edu-ony. eated at Cambridge. He wrote some curious, and learned books in Latin, and died in 1592. DILLENIUS, John James, an eminent German botanist, who was the first professor of botany at Oxford. He was the friend and correspondent of linnæus. His drawings and manuscripts still remain at Oxford; he died in 1747. DILLON, Westworth, earl of Roscommon. See Roscommon. DIGBY, Sir Everard, born 1581, was drawn in to be privy to the gunpowder plot; and though not a principal actor in that dreadful affair, nor indeed an actor at all, yet he offered 15007. toward defraying the expenses of it; entertained Guy Fawkes, who was to have executed it in his house; and was taken in open rebel- DILWORTH, Thomas, a school-master of lion with other papists after the plot was de-Wapping, England, well known by two or three tected and had miscarried. He was, with other useful school-books which he compiled, and conspirators, upon the 30th of January, 1605-6, which have gone through editions almost innuhanged, drawn, and quartered, at the west end merable. Mr. Dilworh died in 1781. of St. Paul's church, in London. DIGBY, Sir Kenelm, a very famous English philosopher, and eldest son of sir Everard, was born at Gothurst, in Buckinghamshire, 1603, and died on his birthday, in 1665. Having read the writings of Descartes, he resolved to go to Holland on purpose to see him. He did so, and Sound him at his retirement at Egmond. Des Maizeaux, in his life of St. Evremond, tells us of a conversation between these great men, DIMSDALE, Thomas, an eminent English physician, whose celebrity was such, that the empress Catharine requested him to visit Russia, where he inoculated herself and son with the small-pox; he died in 1800. DINARCHUS, a Greek orator, the pupil of Theophrastus, 340 B. C. DINGLEY, Robert, an English puritan, and author; was rector of Brixton, in the Ble of Wight; he died in 1659 DI DINO, professor of jurisprudence at Bologna, grew impatient, and lodged himself in a tub. and author of some valuable works, died in 1307. He looked down on all the world with scorn, DINOCRATES, a celebrated ancient archi- and magisterially censured all mankind. AlexJect, of Macedonia, employed by Alexander in ander one day paid him a visit, and made him ouilding the city of Alexandria. Another me-an offer of riches, or any thing else; but all morable instance of Dinocrates' architectonic that the philosopher requested of him was, to skill is, his restoring and building, in a more stand from betwixt him and the sun: as if he august and magnificent manner than before, had said, "Do not deprive me of the benefits the celebrated temple of Diana at Eplresus, after of nature, and I leave to you those of fortune." Eratostratus, for the sake of immortalizing his The conqueror was so affected by the vigour and elevation of his soul as to declare, "that name, had destroyed it by fire. DINOSTRATUS, a mathematician, the pupil if he were not Alexander he would choose to be Diogenes:" that is, if he were not in posses of Plato, and inventor of the quadratic curve. DINOTH, Richard, a protestant writer "of sion of all that was pompous and splendid in France, who wrote an accurate work, "De Bello life, he would, like Diogenes, heroically despise it. Diogenes had a great presence of mind, as civili Gallico," and died in 1680. DINOUART, Anthony Joseph Toussaint, appears from his smart sayings and quick rerendered famous by his periodical publications partees; and Plato is thought to have passed in Paris, which drew upon him, troubles and no ill judgment upon him, when he called him a mad Socrates." He died at Corinth when lawsuits; he died in 1715. DINWIDDIE, Robert, succeeded Lee as go-he was about 90 years old: but authors are not vernor of Virginia, in 1752. Braddock's expe- agreed either as to the time or manner of his Jerome says that he strangled himself. dition and defeat, occurred under his adminis-death DIOGENES, a Cretan philosopher, the suctration. He left the colony in 1757, and died in cessor of Anaximenes, 500 B. C. England, in 1770. DIOGENES LAERTIUS, an ancient Greek author, who wrote ten books of the "Lives of the Philosophers," still extant. DIO CHRYSOSTOM, a celebrated orator and philosopher of the 1st century, born at Prusa, a city of Bithynia, and called Chrysostom, on account of his eloquence. There are extant of his, 80 orations and dissertations upon politi-Marcus Aurelius. cal, moral, aud philosophical subjects. DIOCLES, a mathematician in the 5th century inventor of the cissoid or curve line. DIOGNETUS, a philosopher, preceptor to DION, a Syracusan, celebrated as the friend of Plato, and the opponent of the Dionysii, tyrants of Sicily; he was murdered, 354 B. C. DION CASSIUS, an ancient Roman historian, DIOCLESIAN, Caius Valerius, a Roman emperor, whose bloody persecution of the Chris-known also by the surnames of Cocceius and tians forms a chronological æra, called the Æra | Cocceianus, was born at Nicæa, a city of Bithyof Dioclesian, or the Martyrs; it was for a longnia, and flourished in the 3d century. His histotime in use in theological writings, and is still ry began from the building of Rome, and proIt ceeded to the reign of Alexander Severus. What followed by the Coptes and Abyssinians. commenced August 29th, A. D. 284.-Dioclesian we now have of it begins with the expedition o Lucullus against Mithridates, king of Pontus, was born 233, and died 313. DIODATI, John, a famous minister, and pro-about the year of Rome 684, and ends with the fessor of theology at Geneva, born at Lucca, in death of the emperor Claudius, about the year 1579, died at Geneva, in 1652. He is distinguished by translations of "The Bible into, Italian," "The Bible into French," and of "Father Paul's History of the Council of Trent into French." 606. DIONIS, Peter, a French surgeon, and the first who demonstrated anatomical dissections and chirurgical operations, established by Lewis XIV., in the royal garden of plants. This in genious person died in 1718. DIODORUS SICULUS, an ancient historian, born at Agyrium, in Sicily, flourished in the times of Julius Cæsar and Augustus. Diodorus says, in the beginning of his history, that he was no less than 30 years in writing it, in the capital of the world, viz. Rome. He calls his work not a "History," but a "Historical Li-B. C. brary ;" and had comprised in forty books, the most remarkable events which had happened ried a niece of Darius, died 304 B. C. in the world during the space of 1138 years; but, to the great grief of the curious, of the 40||fered martydom in 178. books, only 15 are now extant. DIONYSIUS I., tyrant of Sicily, raised himself from obscurity to the throne; he reigned 40 years, and died 366 B. C. DIONYSIUS II., succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and was expelled by Dion, 343 DIONYSIUS, a tyrant of Heraclea, who mar DIODORUS, bishop of Tarsus, eminent as a divine and as an instructer of youth, in the 4th century. DIOGENES, a philosopher of Babylon, 200 B. C. He succeeded Zeno in his school. DIONYSIUS, a bishop of Corinth, who suf DIONYSIUS, an ancient poet and geographer. wrote a great number of pieces; but his "Periegesis," or Survey of the World," is the only one that we have remaining; and it would be superfluous to say, that this is one of the most exact systems of ancient geography, when DIOGENES, the Cynic, was born at Sinope, it has been related that Pliny himself proposed a city of Pontus, 413 B. C., and expelled from it for his pattern. DIONYSIUS, bishop of Rome, condemned thence for coining false money; as was his father also, who was a banker. He retired to the heresy of the Sabellians in a full synod, died Athens, and prevailed on the philosopher An-in 269. tisthenes to become his master. He not only DIONYSIUS HALICARNASSENSIS, a hissubmitted to the kind of life which was peculiar torian and critic of antiquity, born at Halito the followers of that founder of the Cynics, carnassus, a town in Caria; which is also mebut added new degrees of austerity to it. He morable for having produced Herodotus before ordered somebody to provide him a cell; but, him. His history is intitled "Of the Roman as that order was not speedily executed, he||Antiquities," and was comprised in 20 boos 157 of which only the first 11 are now extant. The painter having ever come so near to the perfec reputation of this historian stands very high tion of that excellent master as this happy imion many accounts. As to what relates to chro-tator. He was also further indebted to the genology, all the critics have been apt to prefer nerosity of Vandyke, in presenting him to him even to Livy himself; than his style and Charles I., who took him into his immediate diction, nothing can be more pure, more clear, protection. He died in 1647. or more elegant.-But, besides the "Roman Antiquities," there are other writings of his extant, critical and rhetorical. His most ad mired piece in this way is, "De Structura Orationis. DIONYSIUS, a Romish monk, called "The Little," in the 5th century; he compiled or wrote several works. DOD, John, an English non-conformist, whose pious observations were once very popular. He was an eminent Hebrew scholar, and died in 1645. DODART, Denys, physician to Lewis XIV., and member of the French academy of sciences, born in 1634. Among other things, he was the author of a "Statica Medicina Gallica; and died in 1707. Guy Patin called him "monstrum sine vitio," a prodigy of wisdom and science, without any defect. DIONYSIUS, bishop of Alexandria, born a heathen, was a diligent inquirer after truth, which he looked for in vain among the sects of philosophers; but at last found it in Christianity. DODD, Dr. William, an ingenious divine, of He was made bishop of Alexandria, in 247, and unfortunate memory, was born 1729, at Bourne, died 267. in Lincolnshire, of which place his father, being DIONYSIUS, the Areopagate, a learned Athe-a clergyman, was vicar. In 1753, he received nian, member of the court of Areopagus, was orders; and, being settled in London, soon beconverted to Christianity by the preaching of came a popular and celebrated preacher. He St. Paul. obtained several lectureships, and advanced his DIOPHANTUS, a celebrated mathematician, theological character greatly by an almost uninof Alexandria, reputed to have been the inven-terrupted publication of sermons, and tracts of tor of algebra. When Diophantus lived, is not piety. For the same purpose also, he was very known. His reputation, however, appears to zealous in promoting and assisting at charitable have been very high among the ancients, who institutions, and distinguished himself much in made no scruple to rank him with Pythagoras regard to the Magdalen hospital, which was and Euclid, in mathematical learning. opened in August, 1758: he became preacher at DIOSCORIDES, Pedacius, an eminent phy- the chapel of this charity, for which he was alsician, of Anaxarba, since called Cæsarea, in lowed yearly 1001. But, notwithstanding his Cilicia, who flourished in the reign of Nero, and attention to spiritual concerns, he was by no composed five books of the "Materia Medica."|| means negligent in cultivating his temporal inDIPPEL, John Conrad, a curious and extra-terests; for, besides writing constantly in the vagant character, who pretended to have disco- Public Leger, he superintended and contribuvered the philosopher's stone, and yet was con- ted largely to the" Christian's Magazine;" for fined for debt. He travelled in almost all parts which he received from the proprietors 1001. of Europe, and wrote several books; he died in yearly. The truth is, Dodd's finances by no 1734. means answered his style and manner of livDIROIS, Francis, doctor of the Sorbonne,ing: they were indeed much too small for it; wrote several books on religious subjects; he and this obliged him to recur to such methods died in 1700. of augmenting them. Happy if he had never DISNEY, John, D. D., an eminent English recurred to expedients worse than these!-Still, clergyman, chaplain to bishop Law, and vicar however, he preserved theological appearances, of Swinderly, died in 1816. His biographical and now meditated a design of publishing a sketches of distinguished individuals, have ad-large" Commentary on the Bible," which he ded to his reputation. began to publish in weekly and monthy numbers, and continued to publish it regularly till it was completed, in 3 vols. folio. In 1766, he took the degree of LL. D., at Cambridge, having been made a chaplain to the king some time before. In 1772, he was presented to the living of Hockliffe, in Buckinghamshire: but what could such preferment as this avail? The habits of expense had gained a wonderful ascendency DITTON, Humphrey, a mathematical and over him: he was vain, he was pompous, which theological writer, born at Salisbury, in 1675, persons emerging from low situations of life are died in 1715. DITHMAR, a monk, bishop of Mersburg, known as the author of a chronicle of the emperors Henry I.,Otho II. and III., and Henry II., died in 1028. DITHMAR, Justus Christopher, historical professor, at Frankfort. His work on the histo ry of Germany displays great learning; he died in 1737. apt to be, and thus became involved and sinkDIVINI, Eustachius, an Italian artist, employ-ing under debts. To relieve himself, he was ed in making telescopes, died in 1664. tempted to a step which ruined him for ever with DIXWELL, John, one of the judges who the public; and this was, to procure by indirect condemned the unfortunate Charles I. to the means, the rectory of St. George's, Hanover block. At the restoration, he fled to America, Square. On the preferment of Dr. Moss to the and resided at New-Haven until his death, in see of Bath and Wells, in 1774, that rectory fell 1688. to the disposal of the crown: upon which, Dodd DLUGOSS, John, a Pole, archbishop of Leo-caused an anonymous letter to be sent to lady pold, and author of a history of Poland, in La- Apsley, offering the sum of 30001., if by her tin; he died in 1480. means he could be presented to the living. Alas! DOBBS, Arthur, governor of North Carolina, he was unfortunate in his woman: the letter died in 1765, after an impolitic, unpopular, and was immediately communicated to the chancelweak administration of 12 years. lor, and, after being traced to the sender, laid DOBSON, William, an English painter, born before the king. His name was in consequence in 1610. How much he was beholden to Van-ordered to be struck out of the list of chaplains dyke, may easily be seen in all his works, no From this period every step led to complete his ruin. In the summer of 1776, he went to France;nomy of Hunian Life." Mr. Dodsley also exe DODSWORTH, Roger, Jorn in Yorkshire, in DODDRIDGE, or DODERIDGE, Sir John, Mr. Gough (Topographer of one of the judges of the king's bench, about 1585, died 1654. 1620, and the author of many works on the Yorkshire) thus speaks of him: One cannot approach the borders of this county without laws of England. DODDRIDGE, Dr Philip, an eminent dis-paying tribute to the memory of that indefatigasenting minister, born in London, in 1702, died ble collector of its antiquities, Roger Dodsworth, 1751. He was 21 years pastor of a meeting-who undertook and executed a work, which, to house, at Northampton; director of a flourish- the antiquaries of the present age, would have ing academy; and author of many excellent been the stone of Tydides. 122 volumes of his writings; in which, his pious, benevolent, and indefatigable zeal, to make men wise, good, and happy, is every where manifest. He left many works behind him; the principal of which are "The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul, illustrated in a course of serious and practical Addresses, suited to persons of every Character and Circumstance;" and "The Family Expositor, containing a Version and Paraphrase of the New Testament, with Critical Notes; and a Practical Improvement of each Section," in 6 vols. 4to. DODSLEY, Robert, an eminent bookseller, and ingenious writer, born at Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire, in 1703. His first setting out in life, was in a servile station, (footman to the honourable Mrs. Lowther;) from which, however, his abilities very soon raised him; for, having written "The Toyshop," and that piece DOES, Simon Vander, brother to the preced being shown to Mr. Pope, the delicacy of satire which is conspicuous in it, though clothed with ing. His landscapes, battles, &c., are in a pleas the greatest simplicity of design, so strongly re-ing style; he died in 1717. DOGGET, Thomas, a comedian, formerly rommended its author to the notice of that celebrated poet, that he continued from that time to belonging to Drury-lane Theatre, where he bethe day of his death, a warm friend and zealous came joint manager with Wilkes and Cibber patron to Mr. Dodsley. His farce, called "The in which situation he continued till, on a disgus King and Miller of Mansfield," made its appear-he took in the year 1712, at Mr. Booth's being ance the ensuing year, viz. 1736. From the suc-forced on them as a sharer in the management, cess of these pieces, he entered into that busi-he threw up his part in the property of the theaness which, of all others, has the closest con-tre, though it was looked on to have been nexion with, and the most immediate depend-worth 10001. per annum. As an actor, he had ence on, persons of genius and literature, viz.great merit, and his cotemporary, Cibber, in that of a bookseller. In this station, Mr. Pope's forms us, that he was the most original, and the recommendation, and his own merit, soon ob- strictest observer of nature, of any actor of his tained him not only the countenance of persons time. He died in 1721 In his political princiof the first abilities, but also of those of the first ples, he was, in the words of Sir Richard Steele, rank, and, in a few years, raised him to great a "whig up to the head and ears;" and so stricteminence in his profession, of which he was al-ly was he attached to the interests of the house most, if not altogether, at the head. He wrote of Hanover, that he never let slip any occasion six dramatic pieces, which are enumerated in that presented itself of demonstrating his sentithe "Biographia Dramatica;" and besides these, ments in that respect. One instance, among he published in his life-time, "The Muse in Li-others, is well known; which is, that the year very" "Friendly Advice to his Brethren," after George I. came to the throne, this perform1732; a little collection of his own works in one er gave a waterman's coat and a silver badge vol. 8vo, under the modest title of "Trifles," to be rowed for by six watermen, on the first 1745; and a poem of considerable length, enti-day of August, being the anniversary of that tled "Public Virtue," 1754, 4to. A second vo- king's accession to the throne; and, at his death, lume of "Trifles," was collected after his death, bequeathed a certain sum of money, the interes: consisting of, 1. Cleone;" 2. "Melpomene, or of which was to be appropriated annually, for the Regions of Terror and Pity, an Ode;" ever, to the purchase of a like coat and badge, 159 3. Agriculture, a Poem;" and 4." The Eco-to be rowed for in honour of the day; which |