clergyman, head of St. Edmund hall, Oxford, and vicar of Bramley; he died in 1760. even at that time; he was guillotined in 1794, universally execrated. FOTHERGILL, Samuel, brother of George, FOUQUIERES, James, a Flemish landscape was eminent as a preacher among the quakers. painter, born at Antwerp, in 1580. Some have He travelled over Great Britain and North Ame-placed him so near Titian, as to make the difrica, to propagate his doctrines, and died inference of their pictures consist, rather in the 1773. countries represented, than in the goodness of the pieces. He painted for Rubens, of whom he learned the essentials of his art, and died in 1659. FOUR, du. See LONGUERUE. FOURCROI, N. an eminent French engineer, died in 1791. FOTHERGILL, John, an eminent quaker physician, born in 1712. His public and private benefactions, his encouragement of science, the instances of his attention to the health, the police, the convenience of the metropolis, &c. are too numerous to specify, and his great medical skill too well known to need our eulogy. FOURCROY, Anthony Francis, a very emiFOUCAULT, Nicolas Joseph, a distinguish-nent French writer, on chymistry, and a memed antiquary, who discovered the ancient town ber of the Institute, born at Paris, in 1755, died of the Viducassians, in 1704, within six miles in 1809. His funeral oration was pronounced of Caen, an account of which he published, by count Regnard de St. Jean D'Angely. with the history of the coins, medals, &c. found there; he died in 1721. FOURMONT, Stephen, professor of Arabic and Chinese, at Paris, was distinguished for his FOUCHER, Simon, a native of Dijon, author learning, not only by Frenchmen, but by foreignof a treatise on Hygrometers, and other works;ers, who resorted to his house for literary conhe died in 1696. FOUCHIER, Bertram de, a Dutch painter, of Bergen-op-Zoom, and a disciple of Vandyck, died in 1674. versation; he died in 1743. FOURMONT, Michael, brother to the above, was an ecclesiastic, and professor of Syriac, in the royal college; he died in 1746. FOUCQUET,Nicholas, marquis of Belle-Isle, FOURNIER, Peter Simon, a French engraprocurator-general of the parliament of Paris, ver and letter-founder, born at Paris, in 1712. and superintendent of finances, was banished His letters not only embellished the typographifor his extravagance with public moneys; he cal art, but his genius illustrated and enlarged died in 1680. it. He published, in 1737, a table of propor FOUCQUET, Charles Louis Augustus, bet-tions to be observed between letters, in order ter known by the title of marshal Belle-isle, to determine their height and relations to each one of the greatest statesmen and generals that France has produced, was born in 1684, and died in 1761. FOUGEROUX, Augustus Denys, an eminent writer and antiquary, of Paris, died in 1789. FOUILLON, James, an ecclesiastic, born at Rochelle, and educated among the jesuits, about 1700. other. This ingenious artist ascended to the very origin of printing, for the sake of knowing it thoroughly. He produced at different times several historical and critical dissertations upon the rise and progress of the typographical art, which have since been collected and published in 1 vol., divided into three parts: the last includes a curious history of the engravers in FOULIS, Robert and Andrew, two learned wood. But the most important work of Fourprinters, of Scotland, natives, it is believed, of nier is his " Manual Typographique, utile aux Glasgow; from whose presses have issued some Gens de Lettres, et a ceux qui exercent les difof the finest specimens of correct and elegant ferens Parties de l'Art de l'Împrimerie." The printing that was produced in the 18th century.author meant to have added two more, but was In 1744, came out Robert's immaculate edition prevented by his death, which happened in of" Horace;" the sheets of which, as they were 1768. printed, were hung up in the college of Glasgow; and a reward was offered to those who should discover an inaccuracy. Anarew died in 1774, and Robert in 1776. FOULON, William, a schoolmaster, at the Hague, known as a writer of Latin comedies; be died in 1558. FOULON, John, a jesuit, of Liege, author of a commentary on some part of the Scriptures, died in 1668. FOURNY, Honore Caille du, a very learned Frenchman, auditor of the chamber of accounts, at Paris, died in 1731. FOURQUEVAUX, Raymond, of Pavia, baron of, distinguished himself in the wars of the Guelphs and Gibbelines, and in defence of Toulouse, against the Huguenots, for which he was made governor of Narbonne, where he died in 1574. FOWLER, John, an English printer, educaFOULON, N. a French politician and finan-ted at Oxford, and settled at Antwerp, where cier, who was placed at the head of the finan- he learned printing; he was a learned man, ces at the beginning of the revolution, and be skilled in Latin and Greek, a poet, and an oracame one of its first victims, in 1789. tor. He died in 1578. FOWLER, Christopher, a puritan of some eminence, who became vicar of St. Mary's from which he was ejected; he died in 1676. FOUNTAINE, Sir Andrew, received the honour of knighthood from king William, and travelled over most parts of Europe; where he made a large and valuable collection of pictures, FOWLER, Edward, an English prelate, of ancient statues, medals, and inscriptions; and great piety, prebendary and afterwards bishop by his skill and judgment, furnished the most of Gloucester, died in 1714. considerable cabinets in England, to his own FOWLER, Thomas, an English physician, emolument, being a perfect connoiseur in me-eminent as a writer on medical subjects, dieti dals, ancient as well as modern. He died in in 1801. 1753. FOX, Richard, a native of Grantham, of obFOUQUIER TINVILLE, Anthony Quentin, scure origin, was educated at Oxford and Cama Frenchman, of infamous memory, who, as bridge, and made a privy counsellor, and bishop public accuser during the revolution, under of Exeter, by Henry, earl of Richmond, on his Robespierre, was conspicuous for his depravity accession to the throne. He was also employed in various embassies, and removed to the see of Durham; he died in 1528. FOXCROFT, Thomas, a distinguished and admired minister, of Boston; published nuFOX, Edward, an eminent statesman, almo-merous sermons, and died in 1769. ner to Henry VIII., and bishop of Hereford. FRAGUIER, Claude Francis, a French writer, an eminent classical scholar, and author of Latin poems, &c.; he died in 1728. FRACASTORIO, Girolamo, an Italian poet He was the principal pillar of the Reformation, and physician, distinguished also as a matheas to the politic and prudential part of it; being matician and astronomer, and as the intimate of more activity and no less ability than Cran-friend of Cardinal Bembo, Scaliger, and other mer himself; but he acted more secretly than learned men; he died in 1553. Cranmer, and by that means did not bring him- FRACHETTA, Girolamo, a native of Rovigno, self into danger of suffering on that account. in Italy, who gained great reputation by his poHe was born at Dursley, in Gloucestershire, litical works, the most considerable of which is and died in 1538. entitled, "Il Seminario de Governi di Stato, et FOX, John, an English divine and church his- di Guerra." In this work, he has collected, torian, born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1517, under 110 chapters, about 8000 military and the very year that Luther began to oppose the state maxims, extracted from the best authors; errors of the church of Rome; he died in 1587. and has added to each chapter a discourse, FOX, George, founder and head of the Eng-which serves as a commentary to it. He died Jish quakers, was born in 1624, and died in 1690. about 1610. He was brought up a shoemaker, and followed his trade in Nottingham; till at length his reflections upon the degeneracy of mankind made him resolve to attempt a reformation; and, be- FRANCESCA, Peter, an eminent painter, of lieving nimself under the advantage of spiritual Venice, who delighted in representing nightillumination, he shut up his shop, and turned pieces and battles. He drew also several por preacher. This was in 1650; and his wife Martraits, wrote of arithmetic and geometry, and garet, being under the same persuasion, had also a share in his ministerial functions. His doctrine and appearance being altogether new, the people ran after him in great numbers: which success encouraged him to declaim with the utmost vehemence against the disorders of the times. His disciples adopted plainness in their FRANCIA, Francesco, an eminent painter, habits, were frugal in their manner of living, and born at Bologna in 1450, was at first a goldsmith very reserved in their conversation. Fox had or jeweller, afterwards a graver of coins and several rough traverses in executing the instruc-medals; but at last applying himself to painting, tions that he professed to receive from heaven, he acquired great credit by his skill. Raphael's and was often in danger of his life. Notwith-reputation made him desirous to see his works, standing all these discouragements, he fearlessly but his age would not suffer him to take a jourpersevered, and this sect prevailed much; many ney to Rome: nevertheless, a friendly corresconsiderable men being drawn over to them, pondence commenced between these two painamong whom were Barclay and Penn. Their ters. Raphael having painted the picture of followers of the present time, are distinguished St. Cecilia for a church in Bologna, sent it to by neatness of dress, peaceable demeanor, and correctness of manners. died in 1443. FRANCESCHINI, Mark Antony, a painter, of Bologna, died in 1729. FRANCHI, Antonio, a painter, of Lucca, engaged in the service of the duchess of Florence; he died in 1709. Francia to place it properly for him, and even to correct its faults, if he discerned any. But Francia was so struck with the beauty of the piece, that, despairing of attaining the same perfection, he fell, it is said, into a kind of melancholy; and this, bringing on a consumption, occasioned his death in 1518. FRANCIS, Simon, a French painter, born in 1606, was in his youth very devout, and declared for a religious life. Seeking out a profession which might assist him in raising his soul to the love of God, and by chance looking on a picture of our Saviour's nativity, he was so extremely touched, that, in hopes of being able to draw some pieces whose effect on the spectators might be as lively, he resolved to turn painter. He died in 1671. FOX, Charles James, a distinguished English statesman and orator, born in 1749, was the second son of lord Holland. After receiving a liberal education at Westminster, Eton, and Oxford, he made the tour of Europe; and, returning home, was even, while yet in his minority, elected M. P. for Midhurst. His first speech was in favour of ministers, against Mr. Wilkes and the Middlesex election. He was successively made a lord of the admiralty and of the treasury, but at length dismissed from office; and before he was 24 years of age, became one of the most eloquent opponents of government. With the exception of a short time under the Rockingham administration, when he was secretary of state, Mr. Fox continued leader of the opposition party FRANCIS, of Paulo, a Romish saint, canonin the house of commons from that time till the ized by pope Leo X., was the founder of the death of Mr. Pitt in the beginning of 1806; when Minims, and celebrated for his austerities; he he was made secretary of state for foreign af died in 1507. fairs. He now entered on a negotiation with FRANCIS, of Assisi, a great saint of the the French government with a view to a peace; Romish church, and founder of one of four orbut a dropsy seized him during its progress, which ders of mendicant friars, born in 1182. He was terminated fatally at Chiswick House, Sept. 13, the son of a merchant, whose profession he of the same year. His remains received the followed till 1206; at which time he became honours of a public funeral in Westminster Abso strongly affected with religious truths, that bey on the 10th of October, and were interred he resolved to retire from the world. He prewithin eighteen inches of the grave of his late vailed with great numbers to devote themselves, political rival, Mr Pitt. as he had done, to the poverty enjoined by the gospel; and drew up an institute, or rule, for their use, which was approved by the Roman Pontiffs. Francis was canonized by pope Gregory IX. the 6th of May, 1230; and Oct the FOX DE MORZILLO, Sebastian, a native of Seville, author of philosophical tracts, &c. he was drowned on his way to Spain, to become the tutor to Don Carlos, son of Philip III. 4th, on which his death happened in 1226, was FRANCIS, Dr. Philip, more distinguished as appointed as his festival. His order soon rose a translator than as an original writer. His to great splendour, and has done prodigious ser-versions of Horace and Demosthenes have been vice to the Roman pontiffs. FRANCIS DE SALES, a Romish saint, was bishop of Geneva, and founder of the order of the visitation. He is said to have converted 70,000 protestants before his death, which happened in 1622. He was canonized by pope Alexander VI. justly valued the former is perhaps as complete and useful a work of its kind as hath yet appeared. He was also the author of two tragedies, "Eugenia," and "Constantia ;" but, as a dramatic writer, not very successful. He died in 1773. FRANCIS, James Charles, an eminent French engraver, died in 1769. FRANCIS XAVIER, the great coadjutor of Ignatius Loyola, was born at Xavier, at the foot FRANCIS, sir Philip, was a member of the of the Pyrenees, in 1506; and was sent one of English parliament, and an active promoter of the earliest missionaries to the East Indies; for the articles of impeachment of Warren Hasthis zeal and ability in which undertaking, he ob-ings. He has been considered by some as the tained the appellation of the Apostle of the In- author of Junius' Letters; he died in 1818. dies. He died in 1552, and was canonized in 1622, FANCISCA, or FRANCES, a Roman lady, by Gregory XV. who founded a convent at Rome, and was canonized in 1608; she was born in 1384. FRANCIS, of Lorraine, emperor of Germany, married a daughter of the emperor Charles VI., and was associated with his wife in the empire till 1745, when he was elected emperor. He was a patron of literature and the arts, as well as of commerce; he died suddenly in 1675. FRANCIS I., king of France, succeeded Lewis XII. on the French throne, in 1515. He is known as the rival and opponent of the emperor Charles V., with whom he was involved in war, during almost his whole reign, with various success, and to whom he was, at one time, a prisoner, with his two sons; also, as the patron of literature and the arts. He died at Rambouillet, in 1547. FRANCIS II., son of Henry II. and Catherine de Medicis, succeeded to the throne of France on the death of his father. He married the unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, and died in 1560, aged 17, after a reign of 17 months. FRANCIS,duke of Alencon, Anjou, and Berri, and brother of the preceding, opposed his brother Henry III., for which he was imprisoned by Catherine, and afterwards liberated. He was subsequently crowned duke of Brabant, and was one of the suitors of queen Elizabeth; he died in 1584. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, count of St. Pol and Chaumont, distinguished himself at the battle of Marignan. He was taken prisoner with Francis I., but escaped, and died in 1545. FRANCIUS, Peter, professor of rhetoric, and oratory at Amsterdam, his native city; he died in 1704. FRANCK, George, a native of Naumburg, received a poetic crown, at the age of 18, for his Latin, Greek, German, and Hebrew poetry. He was professor of medicine at Heidelberg and Wittemburg, and died in 1704. FRANCK, Augustus Herman, of Lubeck, professor of oriental languages, and of divinity at Halle, was distinguished for his benevolence and piety; he died in 1727 FRANCK, or FRANCKEN, Franciscus, a Flemish painter, of great merit, died in 1616. FRANCK, Franciscus, son of the preceding, and a pupil of his father, was also a painter; he died in 1642. FRANCKER, Christian, successively a jesuit, a socinian, a unitarian, and a catholic, in the 16th century. FRANCKENSTEIN, Christian Godfrey, of Leipsic, an advocate, distinguished as a man of letters, and a historian; he died in 1717., FRANCO, Nicolo, a satirist, born at Benevento, in 1510. He was condemned to death, for some severe satires on illustrious persons of Rome; but it is not known that he was executed FRANCO, Battista, a painter, of Venice, who imitated the manner of Buonarotte, died in 1561. FRANCOIS, Abbe Laurent, an able opponent of the French philosophers, died in 1782. His works were principally in defence of religion. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, count Enghien, was a celebrated general in the service of Francis I.; he was killed by accident, in 1545. FRANCIS DE BOURBON, duke of Mont-painter of Tours, died in 1671. nensier, was the faithful associate of Henry IV. of France, and distinguished himself in his service as a soldier; he died in 1592. FRANCOIS, Simon, a selftaught portrait FRANCIS, of Lorraine, duke of Guise and of Aumale, distinguished himself in the wars with Charles V., and the English; and in the reigns of Henry II., and Francis II. of France, completely governed the kingdom. After the death of Francis, he espoused the side of the catholics, in the civil wars, and was assassinated in 1563. FRANCIS DE BORGIA, St., duke of Candia, and viceroy of Catalonia, was the grandson of pope Alexander VI. He afterwards became a jesuit, and died at Rome, in 1572. He was canonized by pope Clement X. FRANCIS, Lucas, a historical and portrait painter, employed by the kings of France and Spain; he died in 1643. FRANCOIS, Lucas, a historical painter, in the service of the kings of France and Spain, died in 1643. FRANCOIS, Lucas, called the Younger, son of the preceding, was also highly respected as a painter; he died in 1654. FRAŃCOWITZ, Matthias, a protestant divine, pupil of Luther and Melancthon, was a pri vate teacher, and afterwards professor of the Greek and Latin languages at Wittemburg; he died in 1575. FRANCUS, Sebastian, a German anabaptist of the 16th century FRANCK FLORIS. See FLORIS. FRANKLIN, Dr. Benjamin, born at Boston, in America, in 1706, was placed at a very early age under one of his brothers, who was a printer, where he made a rapid progress in that art so useful to mankind, and contracted an attach ment for the press which continued as long as he lived. Scarcely emerged from infancy Franklin was a philosopher without being con Uscious of it, and by the continual exercise of his FRANCIS ROMAIN, a Dominican, of Ghent, was an eminent architect; he was employed by Lewis XIV., to finish the Pont Royal, of Paris, for which he was liberally rewarded; he died in 1735. FR gemus, prepared hinsent for those great discove-From France he returned to America in 1785, ries in science which have since associated and lived five years after this period: for three his name with that of Newton, and for those years he was president of the General Assembly political reflections which have placed him by of Pennsylvania; he was a member of the conthe side of a Solon and a Lycurgus. Soonvention that established the new form of fedeafter his removal from Boston to Philadelphia, ral government; and his last public act was a Franklin,in concert with some other young men,grand example for those who are employed in established a small club; where every member, the legislation of their country. In this convenafter his work was over, and on holidays, brought tion he had differed in some points from the his stock of ideas, which were submitted to dis-majority; but, when the articles were ulticussion. This society of which the young print-mately decreed, he said to his colleagues, "We er was the soul, has been the source of every ought to have but one opinion the good of our useful establishment in Pennsylvania calculated country requires that the resolution be unanimto promote the progress of science, the mechani-ous ;" and he signed. He died April 17, 1790. cal arts, and particularly the improvement of As an author, he never wrote a work of any the human understanding. Higher employ-length. His political works consist of letters ments, however, at length called him froin his or short tracts; but all of them, even those of country, which he was destined to serve more humour, bear the marks of his observing genius effectually as its agent in England, whither he and mild philosophy. He wrote many for that was sent in 1757. The stamp act, by which the rank of people who have no opportunity for British minister wished to familiarize the Amer-study, and whom it is yet of so much conseicans to pay taxes to the mother-country, re-quence to instruct; and he was well skilled in vived that love of liberty which had led their reducing useful truths to maxims easily retained, forefathers to a country at that time a desert; and sometimes to proverbs, or little tales, the and the colonies formed a congress, the first idea simple and natural graces of which acquire a of which had been communicated to them by new value when associated with the name of Franklin, at the conferences at Albany, in 1754. their author. In short, the whole life of FrankThe war that was just terminated, and the lin, his meditations, and his labours, have all exertions made by them to support it, had given been directed to public utility; but the grand them a conviction of their strength; they op- object that he had always in view did not shut posed this measure, and the minister gave way, this heart against private friendship: he loved but reserved the means of renewing his attempts. his family, his friends, and was extremely beneOnce cautioned, however, they remained on ficent. In society he was sententious, but not their guard; liberty, cherished by their alarms, fluent; a listener rather than a talker; an in took deep root; and the rapid circulation of forming rather than a pleasing companion: imideas by means of newspapers, for the intro-patient of interruption, he often mentioned the duction of which they were indebted to the custom of the Indians, who always remain siprinter of Philadelphia, united them together to lent some time before they give an answer to a resist every fresh enterprise. In the year 1766, question which they have heard attentively; this printer, called to the bar of the house of unlike some of the politest societies in Europe, commons, underwent that famous interrogatory, where a sentence can scarcely be finished withwhich placed the name of Franklin as high in out interruption. In the midst of his greatest politics, as it was before in natural philosophy.occupations for the liberty of his country, he From that time he defended the cause of Amer-had some physical experiment near him in his ica with a firmness and moderation becoming a closet; and the sciences, which he had rather great man, pointing out to ministry all the errors discovered than studied, afforded him a conthey had committed, and the consequences they tinual source of pleasure. He made various bewould induce, till the period when, the tax on quests and donations to cities, public hodies, the tea meeting the same opposition as the stamp-and individuals; and requested that the followact had done, England blindly fancied herself ing epitaph, which he had composed for himself capable of subjecting by force 3,000,000 of men some years before, might be inscribed on his determined to be free, at a distance of 2000 tombstone: leagues. Every man is acquainted with the particulars of that war; but every man has not equally reflected on the bold attempt of Franklin As a legislator. Having asserted their independence, and placed themselves in the rank of nations, the different colonies, now the United States of America, adopted each its own form of government; and, retaining almost universally their admiration for the British constitution, framed them from the same principles variously modelled. Franklin alone, disengaging the political machine from those multiplied movements and admired counterpoises that rendered it so complicated, proposed the reducing it to the simplicity of a single legislative body. This grand idea startled the legislators of Pennsylvania: but the philosopher removed the fears of FRANKLIN, William, son of Dr. Franklin a considerable number, and at length determin-embraced the side of Britain, in the revolution ed them to the adoption of his principle. Havingary war, was taken prisoner, and afterwards given laws to his country, Franklin undertook suffered to retire to England, where he died. He again to serve it in Europe, not by representa-was the last royal governor of New-Jersey. tions to the metropolis, or answers at the bar of FRANKLIN, Dr. Thomas, one of the king's the house of commons; hut by treaties with chaplains, and rector of Brasted, in Kent. This France, and successively with other powers. gentleman was possessed of no inconsiderable. but "The body of BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, Printer, its contents torn out, and stript of its lettering and gilding) in a new and more beautiful edition, by FR share of learning and poctical abilities, and was difference, and afterwards fled from Vienna; translations of Phalaris, Sophocles, and Luci-1493. FRANKS, Sebastian, a landscape painter, of Antwerp, born in 1573. FRANKS, John Baptist, son of the preceding, was a successful imitator of the manner of Vandyck and Rubens; he was born in 1600. FRANS FLORIS, an eminent painter, born at Antwerp, in 1520. He grew rich and famous, his performances being good and numerous; but was greatly addicted to drinking, and died at 50 years of age. He was called the Raphael of Flanders. FREDERIC II., king of Denmark, was the patron of literature and of learned men; and the liberal protector of Tycho Brahe; he died in 1588. FREDERIC III., archbishop of Bremen, succeeded his father, Christian IV., as king of Denmark, and improved the condition of his people, by making them more independent of the nobles, and by making the crown hereditary; he died in 1670. FREDERIC IV., king of Denmark, was enPRANTZIUS, Wolfgang, a German divine, and professor of divinity at Wittemburgh, died gaged in war with Charles XII., of Sweden, and lost some part of his territories, which he afterin 1620. FRASSON, Claude, a French monk, was awards recovered; he died in 1730., doctor of the Sorbonne, and professor of theology at Paris, also superior of the Franciscan convent there; he died in 1711. FRATELLINI, Giovanna, a female painter, of Florence, patronised by the archduchess Vic toria; she died in 1731. FRATELLINI, Lorenzo Maria, son of the preceding, eminent as a historical and landscape painter, died in 1729. FREDERICK V., grandson of the preceding, reigned on the throne of Denmark from 1746 to 1766. He was succeeded by his son, Christian VII. FREDERIC AUGUSTUS I., king of Poland, and elector of Saxony, recommended himself to the Poles, by his valour against the Turks, and was elected their king in 1696. He was beaten by Charles XII., and stripped of his dominions, FRAUNCE, Abraham, a poet, who was edu-which he afterwards recovered and maintained cated at the expense of sir Philip Sidney, in Cambridge; after which he was called to the bar. He wrote, amongst other things, "The FREDERIC AUGUSTUS II., succeeded his Countess of Pembroke's Ivy Church and Emanuel," in 1591; and a "Translation of He-father on the throne of Poland, in 1734. The last of his reign was disturbed by a war with liodorus' Ethiopics." till his death, in 1733. He was the patron of literature, and his court was for a long time one of the most brilliant in Europe. FRAUWENLOB, Henry, a German writer, the king of Prussia, who invaded his kingdom, died in 1317. and reduced him to unconditional submission. FREDEGARIUS, the earliest French histo-He died in 1763. rian, after Gregory of Tours; his chronicle, in barbarous language, extends to the year 641. FREDERIC, prince of Hesse Cassel, married a sister of Charles XII., of Sweden, and obtainFREDEGONDE, wife of Chilperic, king ofed possession of the Swedish throne in 1720. France, was born of obscure parents, but, by her He died in 1757. beauty and art, raised herself to the throne; FREDERIC WILLIAM, elector of Brandenshe poisoned all around her whom she consider-burg, distinguished himself by his war with Poed enemies or rivals, and, finally, the king him-land, and afterwards with Lewis XIV. After self; she died in 597. FREDERIC I., surnamed Barbarossa, duke of Swabia, succeeded his uncle, Conrad III., as emperor of Germany, and was crowned in Italy by Adrian IV. A part of his reign was dis turbed by quarrels and wars with the popes, who, after a reconciliation, persuaded him to undertake a crusade against Saladin. He died during the expedition, in 1190, after having gained several victories over the Turks and Greeks. His son Frederic, duke of Swabia, who attended him, and displayed great valour in the Holy Land, also died there. repelling the Swedes, who had invaded his dominions, he devoted his attention to the commerce of his people, and to internal improvements. He died in 1688. FREDERIC I., elector of Brandenburg, son of the preceding, was ambitious of raising his duchy into a kingdom, and joined Leopold, emperor of Germany, in a war against several states, to accomplish the object; he died in 1713. FREDERIC WILLIAM I., king of Prussia, son of the preceding, succeeded his father, in 1713. He began his reign by a strict reform in the expenditures of his kingdom, by encourageFREDERIC II., grandson of the preceding,ing commerce and industry, and by inviting and son of Henry VI., was born in 1194, and foreign artisans to settle in his dominions; at elected king of the Romans, two years after. the same time he provided for his security by In 1210, he was elected emperor of Germany. creating an army of 60,000 men. He died in 1740. He died in 1250, aged 57. FREDERIC II., son of the preceding, ascendFREDERIC III., surnamed the Fair, son of Albert of Austria, was the rival of Lewis of Ba-led the throne in 1740. He was distinguished by varia, in a contest for the imperial throne. He the appellation of " the Great," to which his was defeated by him at the battle of Michael-superior talents and conspicuous achievements gave him a just claim. During his reign, he dorff, and taken prisoner; he died in 1330. FREDERIC IV., surnamed the Pacific, cm-was engaged in war with almost every potenperor of Germany, was the last of the German tate of Europe; and, in most instances successprinces, who submitted to a coronation at Rome.fully. At the same time, he was solicitous for He was a weak, indolent, and superstitious the welfare of his subjects, and devoted a part rince, who saw his subjects revolt, with in-of every day to a redress of their grievances. 199 |