40 45 gratus insigni referam camena Fabriciumque. Hunc et intonsis Curium capillis utilem bello tulit et Camillum saeva paupertas et avitus apto cum lare fundus. Crescit occulto velut arbor aevo fama Marcelli; micat inter omnis Iulium sidus velut inter ignis luna minores. Cf. Mart. 4, 55, 10 grato non pudeat referre versu.-insigni...camena: with the Muse that gives men fame." 40 ff. The following illustrations of ancient virtus and continentia are C. Fabricius Luscinus, whom Pyrrhus could neither frighten nor bribe; M. Curius Dentatus, who was equally incorruptible; and M. Furius Camillus, who captured Veii (396 B.C.) and saved Rome from the Gauls (390 B.C.). All three, however, are chosen as examples, not of great deeds, but of great characters. Their natures were proverbial. -intonsis capillis: barbers were not employed at Rome until about 300 B.C. (Plin. N. H. 7, 211); and the custom of shaving the beard and wearing the hair short became general much later. 43 f. saeva: stern, as training men to hardihood. All three worthies were men of small estate, but HOR. CAR.-7 of great native worth.—apto cum lare with humble house befitting their ancestral farms.' 45 ff. While the direct reference here is to the young Marcellus, Octavia's son, no doubt the name in this connection would call up to the Roman mind at once that M. Claudius Marcellus, who in 222 B.C. won the spolia opima for the third and last time, captured Syracuse in 212 B.C., and was the first successful general against Hannibal.occulto... aevo: with crescit, is growing with the unmarked lapse of time. Cf. 2, 2, 5 extento aevo. 47 f. Iulium sidus: the star of the Julian house. This use of sidus (fortune) would doubtless call to mind the comet that appeared shortly after Julius Caesar's murder (Suet. Iul. 88). Cf. Verg, E. 9, 47 ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris astrum. inter ignis luna minores : a reminiscence of his earlier phrase, 97 50 55 60 Gentis humanae pater atque custos, Ille seu Parthos Latio imminentis sive subiectos Orientis orae te minor latum reget aequus orbem; Epod. 15, 2 caelo fulgebat luna sereno inter minora sidera. In both he may have had in mind Sappho Fig 3, 1f. ἄστερες μὲν ἀμφὶ κάλαν σελάνναν | ἂψ ἀποκρύπτοισι φάεινον εἶδος. The stars about the fair moon hide their bright face.' 49 ff. The climax of the ode. With the idea expressed, cf. Ovid's more extravagant laudation Met. 15,858 ff. Iuppiter arces | temperat actherias et mundi regna triformis; terra sub Augusto: pater est et rector uterque. 51 f. secundo Caesare: logically part of the prayer, and Caesar be second to thee only. 53 f. The Eastern Question' was always an annoying one to the Romans. Cf. n. to I, 2, 22. — egerit: i.e. as captives before his Cf. Epod. 7, 7 f. - iusto . . . car. triumpho: a technical term, implying that all the conditions on which a triumph depended had been fulfilled. 55 f. The Serae (Silk-people." the Chinese) were known to the Romans only through trade. They and the Indians stand for the great remote East. - te 57 ff. te...tu...tu...: opposed to ille v. 53. Intr. 28c. minor: cf. 3, 6, 5 Romane, quod dis minorem te geris, imperas.— reget aequus: rule in justice. For the tense, see Intr. 102. 59 f. A stroke of lightning was a most important omen to the Romans; if a sacred grove was struck, that fact was proof that the grove had been polluted, and required purification. -- parum: cf. n. to minus 1, 2, 27. 13 To contrast with the serious tone of the preceding ode, Horace placed here these impetuous verses to (an imaginary) Lydia. "When thou praisest Telephus' beauty, Lydia, I swell with rage; my self-control all goes: pale and weeping I show my jealous love. The injuries done thy fair shoulders and sweet lips by that bold boy do not prove a lasting love. Happy they who love till death.' Metre, 71. 5 10 Cum tu, Lydia, Telephi cervicem roseam, cerea Telephi laudas bracchia, vae meum fervens difficili bile tumet iecur. Tum nec mens mihi nec color certa sede manet, umor et in genas furtim labitur, arguens quam lentis penitus macerer ignibus. Vror, seu tibi candidos turparunt umeros immodicae mero 1f. Telephi... Telephi: reproducing in jealousy Lydia's fond repetition of her lover's name. Cf. the passionate delaration, Anacr. Frg. 3 Κλενβούλου μὲν ἔγωγ ̓ ἐρῶ, | Κλευβούλου δ ̓ ἐπιμαίνομαι, Κλεύ βουλον δὲ διοσκέω. Note the alliteration, cervicem... cerea. 3f. vae: bah! in angry disgust. iecur - tumet iecur: i.e. in rage. is to be taken literally as the seat of passion (S. 1, 9, 66 meum iecur urere bilis) that overflows with savage wrath.— bilis: equivalent το χόλος. 5 f. mens. s... color, etc. for his self-control is lost, and his color comes and goes. Cf. Apoll. Rhod. 3, 297 f. ἁπαλὰς δὲ μετετρωπᾶτο παρειὰς | ἐς χλόον, ἄλλοτ ̓ ἔρευθος, ἀκηδείῃσι νόοιο. Love turned her tender cheeks to pallor, again to blushing, for the weariness of her soul.'. certa sede: more closely connected with color than with mens, as its position shows. -manēt: Intr. 35.-umor: cf. Plat. Tim. 68 Α. ὕδωρ ὃ δάκρυον καλοῦμεν. 8. quam lentis: modified by penitus; slow, pervasive. Cf. Verg. A. 5, 682f. lentusque carinasest vapor. 9 f. uror: the rudeness of my rival in his cups, and the passion of his love, alike inflame me. turparunt: harmed with blows. immodicae: modified by the causal abl. mero. 15 20 6 rixae, sive puer furens impressit memorem dente labris notam. Non, si me satis audias, speres perpetuum dulcia barbare laedentem oscula, quae Venus quinta parte sui nectaris imbuit. Felices ter et amplius, quos inrupta tenet copula nec malis divolsus querimoniis suprema citius sólvet amor die. 13 f. non emphatic, like the English No, you would not,' etc. -dulcia barbare: cf. n. to I, 5, 9. Intr. 26. 16. quinta parte: simply the best part.' Cf. Meleager Anth. Pal. 12, 133 píλnua Tò VEKTάρeov Γανυμήδους . . . ψυχῆς ἡδὺ πέπωκα Méd. In their efforts to determine the degree of sweetness that Horace means to indicate here, commentators have spent an amusing amount of energy without, how 14 ever, succeeding in their attempts. We cannot be sure that Horace uses the phrase as equivalent to the Pythagorean ἡ πέμπτη οὐσία. τὸ πέμπτον ὄν, the mediaeval quinta essentia (quintessence), satisfactory as this explanation would be. 18 ff. inrupta: unbreakable. rather than unbroken'; used like invictus, etc., in the sense of an adj. in -ilis, -bilis.—divolsus amor: cf. 2, 4, 10 ademptus Hector. — suprema die: life's last day. 'O Ship of State, beware! avoid the open sea; thou art shattered by the storm just past. Put into port.' Quintilian 8, 6, 44 uses this ode as an illustration of an allegory — at åλλŋyopía quam inversionem interpretantur, aut aliud verbis aliud sensu ostendit aut etiam interim contrarium. Prius fit genus plerumque continuatis translationibus: ut 'o navis portum, totusque ille Horatii locus, quo navem pro re publica, fluctus et tempestates pro bellis civilibus, portum pro pace atque concordia dicit.' This figure is as old as Theognis, and occurs frequently in Greek literature. Horace took as his model a poem of Alcaeus of which the following verses have been preserved, Frg. 18:- ἀσυνέτημα τῶν ἀνέμων στάσιν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ἔνθεν κῦμα κυλίνδεται τὸ δ ̓ ἔνθεν· ἄμμες δ ̓ ἂν τὸ μέσσον | ναϊ φορήμεθα σὺν μελαίνα, || χείμωνι μοχθοῦντες μεγάλῳ μάλα· [ περ μὲν γὰρ ἄντλος ἰστοπέδων ἔχει, λαίφος δὲ πὰν ζάδηλον ἤδη | καὶ λάκιδες μεγάλαι κατ ̓ αὐτο· | χόλαισι aуkvλaι I do not understand the winds' strife, for the wave rolls, now from this side, now from that, and we with our black ship are carried in the midst, struggling hard with the mighty storm. For the flood surrounds the mast step, the canvas is utterly destroyed, great rents are in it; and the yard-ropes are loosened.' The most familiar modern example of this allegory is Longfellow's The Building of the Ship. Thou, too, sail on, O Ship of State!' etc. Apart from other considerations the poem is interesting as a sign that Horace's attitude toward the new government had changed from that of his student days when he served in Brutus' army (cf. v. 17 f.). The date of composition is most probably between the battle of Actium, 31 B.C., and the reorganization of the empire in 27 B.C.; in any case it was written at a time when civil war was lately past, but serious men still had reason to be anxious for the public peace; and we must remember that however lightly Horace treated many subjects, his attitude toward the state was that of earnest loyalty. See Sellar, pp. 29, 151 ff. Here Horace expresses his feeling that the state cannot endure another civil war, and that peace must be preserved. with this ode Epod. 7 and 16. Metre, 73. O navis, referent in mare te novi 1 f. in mare in antiquity sailors kept near the shore. Cf. 2, 10, 1 ff.novi fluctus: the new storms of (a possible) civil war. fortiter occupa: make a valiant effort and gain the port before the storm breaks. occupare is frequently used like the Greek p0árew; cf. Epist. 1, 6, 32 cave ne portus occupat alter. Cf. 4 ff. This passage is imitated by Claudian de sexto cons. Honor. 132 ff. qualis piratica puppis ...viduataque caesis | remigibus, scissis velorum debilis alis, | orba gubernaclis, antemnis saucia fractis ludibrium pelagi vento iaculatur et unda. remigio: oars, not rowers.' Cf. Ovid A. A. 2, 671 mare re |