ANCHYLOSIS

Anchylosis (ang-ki-lo'sis), n. Same as Ankylovis.

Anchylotic (ang-ki-lot'ik), a. Same as Ankylotic

Anciency (an'shen-si), n. Antiquity. Ancient (an'shent), a. [Fr ancien, Pr. ancian, LL antianus, from L. ante, before. See ANTE] 1. That happened or existed in former times, usually at a great distance of time, associated with, or bearing marks of, antiquity; of long standing; old: as opposed to modern; as, ancient authors; ancient records-2 Having lasted from a remote period; having been of long duration; of great age old; as, an ancient city; an ancient forest: generally, but not always, applied to things.

And hence arises ancient men's report. That days are tedious, and that years are short. Crabbe. 3 Past; former.

If I longer stay. We shall begin our ancient bickerings. Shak. -Ancient, Old, Antique, Antiquated, Obsolete. Ancient and old are generally applied only to things subject to decay. We do not say the old or ancient sun, stars, angels, nor an old river or mountain. Old refers to the duration of the thing itself; ancient, to the period with which it is associated. An old dress, custom, &c., is one which has lasted a long time, and which still exists; an ancient dress, custom, &c., is one which prevailed in former ages, and in idea is still associated with them, but which may or may not now exist. An oldlooking man is one apparently advanced in years; an ancient-looking man, one whose quaint appearance is suggestive of bygone ages. We may apply, therefore, either adjective to an object still existing, as we may regard its age or its associations. Thus we may say an old picture, statue, author (regarding the last as living in his works), or an ancient picture, &c. When the object no longer exists we more properly use ancient; as, the ancient republics of Greece and Rome. Ancient is opposed to modern; ald, to young, new, fresh. Antique is applied to style or fashion. An ancient temple is one built by the ancients; an antique temple is one built in the style of the ancients Antiquated is old, opposed to what is in fashion or established by custom; obsolete, out of use, opposed to what is current, as language, statutes, &c.-SYN. Old, primitive, pristine, antique, antiquated, oldfashioned, obsolete.

Ancient (an'shent), n. [See the adjective.] 1. One who lived in former ages; a person living at an early period of the world's history: generally used in the plural, and as opposed to moderns.-2. A very old man; and hence an elder or person of influence; a governor or ruler, political or ecclesiastical. The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancants of his people. Is. iii. 14. 3 A senior. In Christianity they were his ancients.' Hooker.-4. In the Inns of Court and Chancery, one having a certain standing or seniority; thus in Gray's Inn the society consists of benchers, ancients, barristers, and students under the bar, the ancients being of the oldest barristers. Wharton-Ancient of days, the Almighty in reference to his existence from eternity. I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as Dan. vii. 9. -Council of ancients, in French hist. one of the two assemblies composing the legislative body in 1795. It consisted of 250 members, each of whom was at least forty years of age. It was put an end to by the revolution of 18th Brumaire (9th Nov. 1799). Ancient (an'shent), n. (Corrupted from ensign (which see).1 1. A flag, banner, or standard; an ensign, especially the flag or streamer of a ship. More dishonourable raged, than an old faced (that is, patched up) ancient. Shak.-2. The bearer of a flag, a standard-bearer; an ensign.

1200.

Shak.

This is Othello's ancient, as I take it. Anciently (an'shent-li), adv. In old times; In times long since past; as, Rome was ancently more populous than at present.

The colewort is not an enemy, though that were antly received, to the vine only; but it is an enezy to any other plant. Bacon.

Ancientness (an'shent-nes), n. The state of being ancient; antiquity; existence from old times Dryden

Ancientry (an'shent-ri), n. 1. Dignity of birth; the honour of ancient lineage. His father being a gentleman of more ancientry

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than estate. Fuller.-2. Character or imitation of antiquity; something belonging to ancient times.

They (the last lines) contain not one word of ancientry. West.

Ancientyt (an'shent-i), n. Age; antiquity; ancientness; seniority. Of ancienty above a thousand years ago.' Dr. Martin. Ancile (an-sile), n. [L] Among the ancient Romans, the sacred shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven, or one of the shields made in imitation of it.

Ancillary (an'sil-la-ri), a. [L. ancillaris, from ancilla, a maid-servant.] Subservient, as a maid-servant; aiding; auxiliary; subordinate.

The convocation of York seems to have been always considered as inferior, and even ancillary, to the greater province. Hallam. Ancille,t n. [L. ancilla, a maid-servant.] A maid-servant. Chaucer. Ancipital, Ancipitous (an-sip'it-al, an-sip'it-us), a. [L. anceps, ancipitis, two-headed, ambiguous-an for amb, on both sides, and caput, the head.] Doubtful or double; ambiguous; double-faced or double-formed. Ancipitous stem, in bot. a two-edged stem, compressed and forming two opposite thin edges like the stem of the iris. Ancle (ang'kl), n. Same as Ankle. Ancome (an'kum), n. [A. Sax. an-cuman, to come on or in; comp. Sc. income.] A small ulcerous swelling arising suddenly. Ancon (an'kon), n. pl. Ancones (an-kō'nēz). [L. ancon, Gr. angkōn, the elbow.] 1. In anat. the olecranon; the upper end of the ulna or elbow.-2. A carved drinking-cup or horn.-3. In arch. a console, cantilever, corbel, or other stone projection contrived for supporting cornices or other structural parts of a building. The projections cut upon the key-stones of arches to support busts or other ornaments are ancones. Ancon (an'kon), n. The name of a celebrated breed of sheep in Massachusetts, with short crooked legs and long back like a turnspit, and hence unable to leap fences. They originated in 1791 from a ram of this shape expressly selected to found a breed free from this vicious propensity so annoying to American farmers. Called also the Otter Breed.

Anconal (an-ko'nal), a. Pertaining to the ancon or elbow.

Anconeus (an-ko-nē'us), n. A name given to any of the muscles attached to the ancon or olecranon.

Anconoid (an'kon-oid), a. [Gr. angkōn, the elbow, and eidos, likeness.] Elbow-like: applied to a process of the forearm. Ancony (an'ko-ni), n. [Probably from Gr. angkön, the elbow, from its resemblance to the arm.] In iron-work, a piece of halfwrought iron in the shape of a bar in the middle, but rude and unwrought at the ends. A piece of cast-iron is melted off and hammered at a forge into a mass of 2 feet long and square, which is called a bloom; then carried to a finery, and worked into an ancony.

Ancylotome (an-sil'o-tom), n. [Gr. angkyle, a bend, and temno, to cut.] In surg. a crooked knife or bistoury; also, a knife for dividing the frænum linguæ in tongue-tied persons, as well as other adhesions and contractions.

And (and), conj. [A. Sax. and, ond, O.E. and, ant, an, D. en, ende, G. und, O.H.G. anti, all signifying and; Icel. enda, and yet, and if, en, but. This word is probably really the same as that treated in next article.] A particle joining words and sentences, and expressing the relations of connection or addition. In Scripture especially it often opens a narrative, where the connection with anything going before is not obvious; thus, And the Lord called unto Moses,' Num. i. 1; Ex. xxiv. 1. It is also sometimes used as a particle introducing interrogative and other clauses, expressive of surprise, or surprise conjoined with incredulity, joy, indignation; as, And shall I see him again? And you dare thus address me! It is also found used by a Latinism for both; as, 'thrones and civil and divine.' Sylvester, Du Bartas. By the figure hendiadys it is made to connect two notions of which the one is modificatory of the other, both together forming a single idea; as, with dances and delight=delightful dances; The tediousness and process of my travel' (= tedious process); Thy fair and outward character' (=outwardly fair). Shak. In old popular songs it is sometimes

ANDIRON

a mere redundant expletive; when that I was and a tiny little boy.' Shak. [In and if, and is the word treated in next article.] Andt (and), conj. [This word may be the same as and the connecting conjunction, only used with a different meaning, or an, and, if, may be a distinct word, in which case an is the proper form; comp. A. Sax. ono, if, Goth. an, L. an, interrogative particles.] If. And I suffer this, may I go graze. Beau. & Fl. [In older writers it was frequently used redundantly before if. 'But and if that servant say.' Luke xii. 45.] Anda (an'da), n. A genus of plants, nat. order Euphorbiaceae, the only known species of which, A. braziliensis, is a Brazilian tree with large yellow flowers, and an angular fruit about the size of an orange, containing two rounded seeds like small chestnuts. The seeds yield a fine drying oil, and are strongly cathartic, and the green outer portion or rind of the shell is astringent, and used in diarrhoea.

Andabatismt (an'da-ba-tizm), n. [L. andabata, a gladiator who fought blindfolded.] Uncertainty; ambiguity; doubt. Shelford. Andalusite (an-da-lu'sit), n. A pellucid mineral of the garnet family, of a gray, green, bluish, flesh or rose-red colour; sometimes found crystallized in imperfect foursided prisms, nearly or quite rhombic; consisting of anhydrous silicate of alumina with iron peroxide. Its hardness is nearly equal to that of corundum. It has its name from Andalusia in Spain, where it was first discovered.

Andante (an-dän'tā), a. [It. andante, walking moderately, from andare, to go.] In music, moving with a moderate, even, graceful, onward progression.

Andante (an-dän'tā), n. In music, a movement or piece composed in andante time; as, the andante in Beethoven's fifth symphony.

Andantino (an-dan-te'no), a. [It.] In music, applied to a movement quicker than andante.

Andaquies-wax (an-da-ke'as-waks), n. The wax of a bee found near the Orinoco and Amazon rivers, and used as a substitute for ordinary bees'-wax in making candles, &c. Andarac (an'da-rak), n. [Corruption of Sandarac.] Red orpiment.

Andean (an-de'an), a. Pertaining to the Andes, the great chain of mountains extending through South America. Andesin (an'dez-in), n. A mineral resembling felspar in external appearance, but differing from it essentially in composition. It contains 60 per cent. silica, 25 alumina, 7 soda, 6 lime, 1 potash, and 1 magnesia. It was originally obtained from the Andes, but has since been found in the Vosges and other localities.

Andesite (an'dez-it), n. A name given by Gustavus Rose to a trachytic rock of the Andes, containing andesin, glassy felspar (orthoclase), and hornblende, disseminated through a dark-coloured base. Andira (an-di'ra), n. [Brazilian name of the cabbage-tree.] A genus of trees, nat. order Leguminosa, with fleshy plum-like fruits. The wood is well fitted for building. One species is the A. inermis, or cabbagetree, the bark of which is narcotic, and is used as an anthelminthic in medicine under the name of Worm-bark. Andira-guacu (an-de'ra-gwa'ku), n. In South America, the popular name of the vampyre-bat (Vampyrus spectrum). Andiron (and'i-ern), n. [Probably for wendiron-wend, to turn, and iron. Wedgwood

Called also Fire-dog and End-iron. Andra (an'dra), n. A North African species of gazelle.

[Gr.

Andranatomy (an-dra-nat'o-mi), n. aner, andros, a man, and anatome, dissection.] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male; androtomy. Andreæaceæ (an-dre'e-a"se-e), n. pl. [After J. Andreae, a German botanist.] A nat. order, or, according to some, a distinct tribe of mosses. They do not, however, differ essentially from the true mosses, being distinguished mainly by the longitudinal splitting of the valves at maturity. The plants are mostly alpine, and four are found in Britain. All the species are of a peculiar dark hue, and the leaves, which are of a close texture, are of a beautiful yellow or golden brown under the microscope.

Andrenidæ (an-dren'i-de), n. pl. [Typical genus Andrena, from Gr. anthrene, a bee.] A family of solitary bees in which the tongue is short and the chin elongated. The female forms burrows in sandy ground, provisioning them with pollen and honey, in the midst of which she deposits her eggs. Every nest contains several such masses, each provided with an egg, and separated from its neighbours by small partitions of earth. The Andrenidæ consist only of males and females.

Andreolite (an'dre-o-lit), n. A mineral, harmotome or cross-stone. See CROSS-STONE.

Androecium (an-dre'si-um), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, a male, and oikos, a house.] In bot. the male system of a flower; the assemblage of the stamens.

Androgynal, Androgynous (an-droj'in-al, an-droj'in-us), a. (Gr. androgynos-common to man and woman-aner, andros, a man, and gyně, woman.] 1. Having two sexes; being male and female; hermaphroditical. (a) In bot. having male and female flowers in the same inflorescence, as in some species of Carex. (b) In zool. applied to animals with both sexes in the same individual, as the snail.-2. Having or partaking of the mental characteristics of both sexes.

The truth is, a great mind must be androgynous. Coleridge. Androgynally (an-droj'in-al-li), adv. With the parts of both sexes. Sir T. Browne. Androgynet (an-dro-jin'), n. [Fr., from Gr. aner, andros, a man, and gyne, a woman.] An hermaphrodite.

Plato... tells a story how that at first there were three kinds of men, that is, male, female, and a third mixt species of the other two, called, for that reason, androgynes. Chilmead.

What shall I say of these vile and stinking androgynes, that is to say, these men-women, with their curled locks, their crisped and frizzled hair?

Harmar.

Android, Androides (an'droid, an-droi'dēz). n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and eidos, form. ] A machine in the human form, which, by certain springs, imitates some of the natural motions of a living man. Andromeda (an-drom'e-da),n. [Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus king of Ethiopia, and wife of Perseus; after death placed as a constellation in the heavens.] 1. A northern constellation, behind Pegasus, Cassiopeia, and Perseus, supposed to represent the figure of a woman chained. The stars in this constellation in Flamsteed's catalogue are eighty-four.-2. A genus of plants, nat. order Ericaceæ. The species are hardy shrubs or trees, natives of Europe, Asia, and North America. A. polifolia is found in peat bogs in Britain; it is an acrid narcotic, hurtful to sheep. Narcotic properties have also been observed in several foreign species. A. floribunda is an evergreen ornamental shrub cultivated in gardens. Andron (an'dron), n. [Gr. andron, from aner, andros, a man.] In Greek antiq. the apartment in a dwelling-house appropriated to males. It was in the lower part of the house.

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Andropetalous (an-dro-pet'al-us), a. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and petalon, a petal.] In bot. an epithet applied to double flowers produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as in the garden ranunculus. Androphagi (an-drof'a-ji), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and phago, to eat.] Maneaters; anthropophagi. Androphagous (an-drof'a-gus), a. Pertaining or addicted to cannibalism. Androphore (an'dro-fōr), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and phero, to bear.] 1. In bot. a stalk supporting the stamens, often formed by a union of the filaments.-2. In zool. the medusiform zoöid in which the male elements are developed, and which differs in form from the gynophore, or that bearing

the female elements.

Andropogon (an-dro-pogon), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and pōgōn, the beard.] A large genus of grasses, mostly natives of warm countries. A lemon-scented fragrant oil is yielded by A. Schoenanthus, the sweetscented ginger or lemon-grass of Malabar and our conservatories. A. muricatus, the Indian khus, is used to make covers for palanquins, screens, &c., and yields a fragrant attar called khus-khus. Ginger-grass

oil is obtained from A. Nardus. Androsphinx (an'dro-sfingks), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and sphingx, a sphinx.] In

Egyptian Androsphinx.

anc. sculp. a sphinx with a human head, as distinguished from one with the head of a ram or a hawk. See SPHINX.

Androspore (an'dro-spor), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and spore, seed.] In bot. a spore of some algae, from which proceed a large number of small bodies having male functions.

Androtomy (an-drot'o-mi), n. [Gr. aner, andros, a man, and tome, a cutting.] Dissection of the human body, as distinguished from zootomy.

Androus (an'drus), a. [Gr. aner, andros, a man. ] In bot. producing stamens only, without pistils; staminate; male. Aneal + (a-nel'), v.t. Same as Anele. Anear (a-ner), adv. or prep. Near.

Dark-browed sophist, come not anear. Tennyson. Much more is needed, so that at last the measure of misery anear us may be correctly taken. Is. Taylor. Anecdotage (an'ek-dot-aj), n. 1. Anecdotes collectively; matter of the nature of anecdotes.

[Rare.]

All history, therefore, being built partly, and some of it altogether, upon anecdolage, must be a tissue of lies. De Quincey.

2. [With a punning allusion to dotage.] The later part of one's life, when he is supposed to be garrulous and fond of telling anecdotes. [Colloq.]

Anecdotal (an'ek-dot-al), a. Pertaining to or consisting of anecdotes. 'Conversation, argumentative or declamatory, narrative or anecdotal.' Prof. Wilson. Anecdote (an'ek-dot), n. [Gr. anekdotos, not published-a, neg., ek, out, and dotos, given, from didomi, to give.] A short story or narrative, being the relation of a particular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature; a biographical incident; a single passage of private life.-Anecdote, Story. An anecdote is the relation of an interesting or amusing incident, generally of a private nature, and is always reported as true. A story may be true or fictitious, and generally has reference to a series of incidents so arranged and related as to be entertaining. Anecdotic, Anecdotical (an-ek-dot'ik, anek-dot'ik-al), a. Pertaining to anecdotes; consisting of or of the nature of anecdotes; anecdotal. Anecdotical traditions, whose authority is unknown.' Bolingbroke. Anecdotist (an'ek-dot-ist), n. One who deals

in anecdotes.

Anelace, Anlace (an'e-las, an'lás), n. [Pos

ANEMONE

sibly O.H.G. an, on, and laz, the side.] A broad knife or dagger, from 18 inches to 2 feet long, worn at the girdle. It appears to have been used from an early period.

ところ

1, Anelace (time of Edward IV.). 2, Anelace (time of Henry VII.).

Anele + (a-nel), v. t. pret. & pp. aneled; ppr. aneling. [A. Sax. onelan, to anoint-prefix on, and ele, al, oil] To administer extreme unction to.

He was housled and aneled, and had all that a Christian man ought to have. Morte d'Arthur. Anelectric (an-e-lek'trik), a. [Gr. an, priv., and E. electric (which see).] Having no electric properties; non-electric. Anelectrode (an-e-lek'trod), n. The positive Anemograph (a-nem'o-graf), n. pole of a galvanic battery. See ELECTRODE [Gr. anemos, the wind, and grapho, to write, to describe.] An instrument for measuring and recording the force and direction of the wind. Anemography (an-e-mog'ra-fi), n. [See ANEMOGRAPH.] A description of the winds. Anemology (an-e-mol'o-ji), n. [Gr. anemos, wind, and logos, discourse.] The doctrine of

or a treatise on winds.

Anemometer (an-e-mom'et-ér), n. [Gr. anemos, wind, and metron, a measure.] An instrument or machine for measuring the force and velocity of the wind. There are various kinds of anemometers, as Lind's, Osler's, Robinson's. Casella, by an elaborate combination of Robinson's, with some more recent modifications, has produced an instrument capable of registering the direction and velocity of the wind with greater precision than any of its predecessors. The engraving shows Robinson's anemometer in its simplest form. Four hemispherical hollow cups A A are extended upon strong metal arms, with their concave surfaces facing the same way, upon a vertical axis B, which has at its lower extremity an endless screw D. The axis is strengthened and supported at c. The endless screw is placed in gear with a train of

wheel-work; and the indication is given by a hand which moves round a dial, or, in some instruments, by several hands moving round different dials like those of a gas-meter. Anemometry (an-e-mom'et-ri), n. The process of determining the pressure or force of the wind by means of an anemometer. Anemone (a-nem'o-ne), n. [Gr. anemone, the wind-flower, from anemos, the wind: so named from being easily stripped of its

ANEMONIC

native; it has white flowers, sometimes tinged with purple on the outside. A. ranunculoides, a common European plant, naturalized in a few places in Britain, has bright yellow flowers, but is otherwise like the wood anemone. A. apennina, a native of southern Europe, also naturalized in a few British localities, has the flowers bright blue on the inside of the sepals, which are narrow and more numerous than in the other two; the root-stalk is also shorter and thicker. Some species are cultivated in gardens for their elegant double flowers. A. vitifolia, vine-leaved anemone, a native of Nepal, with its charming foliage and the freshness of its large pure white flower, is one of the loveliest of all our garden plants. -Sea-anemone. See ACTINIA Anemonic (an-e-mon'ik), a. Of or pertaining to anemone; obtained from anemonin; as, anemonic acid, an acid obtained by the action of baryta upon anemonin. Anemonin, Anemonine (a-nem'o-nin), n. A crystalline substance extracted from some species of anemone. Anemony (a-nem'o-ni) n. Same as Ane

mone.

Anemophilous (an-e-mof'il-us),a. [Gr. anemos, the wind, and phileo, to love.] Lit. loving the wind; specifically, in bot. denominative of flowers whose pollen is conveyed from the anther to the stigma by the agency of the wind: contradistinguished from entomophilous (which see). Sachs. Anemoscope (a-nem'o-skop), n. [Gr. anemos, wind, and skopeo, to view.] A contrivance which shows the direction of the wind; a weathercock; a wind-vane; especially, a contrivance for conveying the indications of the vane to a dial in a chamber on the ground.

Anemosis (an-e-mo'sis), n. [Gr. anemos, the wind] In bot. the condition of being wind

shaken: an occasional condition of the timber of exogenous trees, in which the annual layers are separated from each other, caused, it is supposed, by the action of strong gales. Many doubt, however, whether the condition is due to wind, and believe that it should be referred rather to frost or lightning. An-end (an-end), a. [An, on, and end.] 1. On end; in an upright position. 'Make each particular hair to stand an-end.' Shak. [Hardly used now except as a nautical term.1-2f Lastly.

Anenst (a-nenst), prep. [O.E. and Sc.] Same as Anent "And right anenst him a dog snarling B. Jonson

Anent (a-nent), prep. [Also written anentis, anenst, in O.E. anence, anendes, anent, anen, from A. Sax. on efn, on emn; that is, on even Comp. G. an eban (lit. on even), neben, nebent, by the side of. The termination is similar to that in against, amongst.] 1. Opposite; over against; as, he lives anent the town-house. [Provincial English and Scotch 1-2 About; respecting. [Old English and Scotch.]

I cannot but pass you my judgment anent those six considerations which you offered to invalidate those authorities that I so much reverence. King Charles I. Anent is a Scotch word which has been made English by the Scotch novels. Byron. Anentera (an-en'tér-a), n. pl. [See ANENTEROUS] An obsolete name for the Infusoria, from a belief that they had several stomachs round the mouth but no intestines.

Anenterous (an-en'tèr-us), a. [Gr. an, priv., and entera, bowels, from entos, within.] Destitute of intestines; having no alimentary canal.

Such species have no intestines, no anus, and are said to be anenterous. Owen. Aneroid (an'é-roid), n. Same as Android (which see)

Aneroid (an'é-roid), a. [Gr. a, priv., neros, moisture, and eidos, form; from containing no mercury or other fluid.] Dispensing with fluid, as with quicksilver.-Aneroid barometer, an instrument for indicating the pressure of the atmosphere, the invention of M. Vidi of Paris, for whom a patent was obtained in England by M. FontaineMoreau in 1844. It answers the purpose of the ordinary mercurial barometer, but less perfectly. It is, however, very handy and portable. The engraving represents the latest improved mechanism of an aneroid. The outer casing and face of the instrument are removed, but the index-hand is left attached to the arbor F. A is the corrugated vacuum box, which has been ex

ANGELICA

human affairs: usually applied to a good spirit, but sometimes to an evil spirit.

Angels are bright still, though the brightest fell. Shak. They had a king over them, which is the angel of the bottomless pit. Rev. ix. 11. 3. A person, generally a woman, of adorable qualities.

Sir, as I have a soul, she is an angel. Shak. 4. A gold coin, formerly current in England, varying in value from 68. 8d. to 108., so called from its bearing on its obverse a figure of the archangel Michael piercing a

Angel of Queen Elizabeth.

dragon. It continued to be coined down to the time of the Commonwealth.

Cousin, away for England; haste before, and, ere our coming, see thou shake the bags of hoarding abbots; angels imprisoned set thou at liberty. Shak.

Angel (an'jel), a. Resembling angels; angelic. In angel whiteness. Shak. Angelage (an'jel-aj), n. Existence or state of angels. Beau. & Fl. Angel-bed (an'jel-bed), n. without posts.

An open bed Angelet (an'jel-et), n. 1. An old English gold coin, equal to half an angel. See ANGELOT.-2. A little or young angel. [Rare.] And with the noise of those subdued soundings the angelet sprang forth, fluttering its rudiments of pinions.

Angel-fish (an'jel-fish), n. A plagiostomous fish, Squatina angelus, nearly allied to the

sharks, very ugly and voracious, preying on other fish. It is from 6 to 8 feet long, with a large head, teeth broad at the base, but slender and sharp above, disposed in five rows all around the jaws. The fish takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large, extending horizontally like wings when spread. This fish connects the genus of rays with that of sharks, partaking of the characters of both; but it differs from both in this, that its mouth is placed at the extremity of the head. It is common on the south coasts of Britain, and is also called Monk-fish and Fiddle-fish.

Angel-gold + (an'jel-göld), n. 1. Gold used for coining angels, of a finer quality than crown-gold.-2. Gold coin stamped with the figure of an angel.

Having angel-gold, strung on white ribbon, on his
Fuller.

Angelic, Angelical (an-jel'ik, an-jel'ik-al), a. Resembling or belonging to, or partaking of, or suitable to, the nature and dignity of angels.

Here, happy creature, fair angelic Eve. Milton Others more mild, Retreated in a silent valley, sing, With notes angelical to many a harp. Angelica (an-jel'ik-a), n. [From the supposed angelic virtues possessed by some of the species, for not only were they believed to be a remedy against poison, the plague, all kinds of infection, and malaria, but they were believed to be invaluable against witchcraft and enchantments. ] 1. A genus of umbelliferous plants found in the northern temperate regions and in New Zealand. One species, A. sylvestris, common in Britain, was formerly greatly prized for its supposed virtues. Its powdered seeds are used in some parts of Europe to kill lice, and its roots and seeds are used in preparing gin and bitters.-2. The garden name for Archangelica officinalis, a native of the banks of rivers and wet ditches in the northern parts of Europe, and found naturalized in similar

ANGELICALLY

situations in England. It has a large fleshy aromatic root, and a strong-furrowed branched stem as high as a man. It is cultivated on the Continent for the sake of its agreeable aromatic odour and carminative properties. Its blanched stems, candied with sugar, form a very agreeable sweetmeat, possessing tonic and stomachic qualities. The roots were formerly employed in scrofulous diseases, as diuretics and sudorifics.

Angelically (an-jel'ik-al-li), adv. In an angelic manner; like an angel.

Angelicalness (an-jel'ik-al-nes), n. The quality of being angelic; the nature or character of an angel; excellence more than hu

man.

Angelica - tree (an-jel'ik-a-trē), n. The American name of Aralia spinosa, nat, order Araliaceae (which see), a prickly, small, simple-stemmed tree, 8 to 12 feet high, the berries of which are used in an infusion of wine or spirits for relieving rheumatic pains and violent colic.

Angelicize (an-jel'i-sīz), v.t. To make angelic or like an angel. Angelify (an-jel'i-fi), v. t. To make like an angel. "The soul refined and angelified.' Farringdon. Angelite (an'jel-it), n. [So called from Angelium in Alexandria, where the first meetings were held.] Eccles. one of a sect of heretics near the close of the fifth century, who held the persons of the Trinity not to be the same, nor to exist by their own nature, but each to be a God, existing by participating of a deity common to them all. Angelize (an'jel-iz), v.t. To make an angel of; to raise to the state of an angel.

David alone, whom with heav'n's love surpriz'd, To praise thee there, thou now hast angeliz'd. Sylvester, Du Bartas. Angelology (an-jel-ol'o-ji), n. [Angel, and Gr. logos. A discourse on angels, or the doctrine of angelic beings. [Rare.]

The same mythology commanded the general consent; the same angelology, demonology. Milman. Angelophany (an-jel-of'a-ni), n. [Angel, and Gr. phaino, to appear.] The manifestation of an angel or angels to man by actual appearance.

If God seeks to commune more fully with a man, his messenger appears and speaks to him. The nar ratives of such angelophanies vary in detail.

Prof. W. R. Smith. Angelot (an'jel-ot), n. [Fr., from L. L. angelotus, dim. of L. angelus, an angel] 1. An ancient English coin, of the value of half an angel, struck at Paris while under the dominion of England: so called from the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of the arms of England and France.-2. A small rich sort of cheese made in Normandy, so called because it formerly bore the figure of the coin, probably to indicate its price.3. An instrument of music somewhat resembling a lute.

Angel-shot (an'jel-shot), n. [Fr. ange, an angel, also a chain-shot. The latter sense is probably a grimly humorous modification of that of heavenly messenger.] Chain-shot (which see under CHAIN).

Angelus (an'jel-us), n. In the Rom. Cath. Ch. (a) a solemn devotion in memory of the incarnation, consisting mainly of versicles and responses, the angelic salutation three times repeated, and a collect, so named from the word with which it commences, Angelus Domini' (Angel of the Lord). (b) The bell tolled in the morning, at noon, and in the evening to indicate to the faithful the time when the angelus is to be recited. Angel-watert (an'jel-wa-tèr), n. A mixture of rose, orange-flower, and myrtle water, musk and ambergris, used as a perfume and cosmetic in the seventeenth century.

I met the prettiest creature in New Spring Garden. ... Angel-water was the worst scent about her. Sedley.

Anger (ang'ger), n. [From a widely-spread root, ang, expressive of compression, tightness, and hence annoyance, distress. The word entered English apparently from the Scandinavian; comp. Icel. angr, grief, sorrow, angra, to grieve, annoy, or make angry; Dan. anger, sorrow, repentance; the same root also appears in A. Sax. ange, vexation; Goth. aggvus, G. enge, narrow; L. ango, to squeeze, to trouble, angor, vexation, angustus, narrow (whence anguish); Gr. angchō, to choke.] 1.† Pain or smart, as of a sore or swelling.

I made the experiment, setting the moxa where the first violence of my pain began, and where the greatest anger and soreness still continued.

Sir W. Temple.

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2. Grief; sorrow; trouble. [Old English.] 3. A violent passion or emotion of the mind, excited by a real or supposed injury to one's self or others.

Anger is, according to some, a transient hatred, or at least very like it. South.

4. An individual fit of anger; an expression of anger, as a threat: in this sense it may be used in the plural.

Whose voices, angers, and terrors, and sometimes howlings also, he said he often heard. Abp. Usher. -Anger, Wrath. Anger is a sudden, keen feeling of displeasure arising from injury, real or supposed, done to ourselves or others. It is not necessarily accompanied by any outward manifestation. Wrath is a stronger feeling of this nature, and is accompanied by external signs and a desire to take vengeance. Wrath often implies a forgetfulness of the consequences to ourselves and others of what we do while under its influence.SYN. Resentment, wrath, rage, fury, passion, ire, gall, choler, indignation, displeasure, vexation, grudge, spleen.

Anger (ang'gér), v.t. 1. To make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame; as, to anger an ulcer. Bacon.-2. To excite to anger; to rouse resentment in.

There were some late taxes and impositions introduced, which rather angered than grieved the people. Clarendon.

SYN. To irritate, enrage, inflame, provoke, exasperate, rouse, incite. Angerly (ang'gėr-li), adv. In an angry manner; angrily.

Tennyson.

Then in madness and in bliss, If my lips should dare to kiss Thy taper fingers amorously, Again thou blushest angerly. Angerness t (ang'ger-nes), n. The state of being angry. Hail, innocent of angerness. MS. cited by T. Warton.

Angina (an-ji'na), n. [L., from ango, to choke. See ANGER.] In med. any inflammatory affection of the throat or fauces, as quinsy, malignant sore throat, croup, mumps, &c. -Angina pectoris, a disease characterized by an extremely acute constriction felt generally in the lower part of the sternum, and extending along the whole side of the chest and into the corresponding arm. It is usually brought on by violent exercise, excessive eating, or strong mental emotion, and has been known to result from excessive use of tobacco. It often proves fatal. Called also Breast-pang.

Angiocarpous (an'ji-ō-kär''pus), a. [Gr. angeion, a case or capsule, and karpos, fruit.] In bot. (a) having a fruit whose seed-vessels are inclosed within a covering that does not form a part of themselves, as the filbert covered by its husk, or the acorn seated in its cupule. (b) Having the seeds or spores covered, as certain lichens.

Angiography (an-ji-og'ra-fi), n. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, and graphe, description.] In med. a description of the vessels of the human body.

Angiology (an-ji-ol'o-ji), n. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, and logos, discourse.] In med. a treatise or discourse on the vessels of the human body, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, &c. Angiomonospermous (an'ji -ō-mon'ōsperm"us), a. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, monos, alone, and sperma, seed.] In bot. producing one seed only in a pod. Angiopteris (an-ji-op'tèr-is), n. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, and pteris, a fern.] A genus of ferns, nat. order Marattiaceæ, found in India, Ceylon, and the islands of the Eastern Archipelago, some of whose species are cultivated in our hothouses. A. evecta, the original species, is used by the Sandwich Islanders to perfume their cocoa-nut oil. Angioscope (an'ji-ō-skop), n. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, and skopeo, to view.] An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of a body.

Angiosperm (an'ji-o-sperm), n. [Grangeion, a vessel, and sperma, seed. In bot, a plant which has its seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel. In modern classification exogens are divided into those whose seeds are inclosed in a seed-vessel, and those with seeds produced and ripened without the production of a seed-vessel. The former are angiosperms, and constitute the principal part of the species; the latter are gymnosperms, and chiefly consist of the Coniferæ and Cycadacea. Angiospermia (an'ji-ó-spèrm'i-a), n. pl. [See ANGIOSPERM.] The second order of the Linnæan class Didynamia, having numerous seeds inclosed in an obvious seed-vessel, as in Digitalis.

ANGLE

Angiospermous (an'ji-o-spêrm"us), a. Having seeds inclosed in a seed-vessel, such as the pea, apple, and the great mass of flowering plants: opposed to gymnospermous, or naked-seeded.

Angiosporous (an-ji-os'põ-rus), a. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, and spora, a seed.] In bot a term applied to such fungi as have their spores inclosed in a bag, as Lycoperdon. Angiotomy (an-ji-ot'o-mi), n. [Gr. angeion, a vessel, and tome, a cutting.] In anat. dissection of the vessels of a body, especially of the human body. Angle (ang'gl), n. [L. angulus, a corner. ] The point where two lines meet, or the meeting of two lines in a point; a corner. In geom. a plain rectilineal angle is the mutual inclination of two straight lines which meet one another, but are not in the same straight line; or a rectilineal angle is the degree of opening or divergence of two straight lines which meet one another. The point where the lines meet is called the vertex of the angle or the angular point, and the lines which contain the angle are called its sides or legs. A clear idea of the nature of an angle is obtained by gradually opening a carpenter's rule or a pair of compasses, as the angle made by the parts of the rule or the legs of the compasses will It become greater as the opening widens. is evident that the magnitude of the angle does not depend upon the length of the lines which form it, but merely on their relative positions. An angle is best named by a single letter placed at its vertex, unless there be more angles than one at the same point. In this case the angle is generally expressed by three letters, the middle one of which is placed at the vertex or angular point, and the other two at some other point of the lines containing it. Thus, in fig. 1, the angle contained by AB and BC

may be called the angle B, or the angle at B; but in fig. 2, where there are more angles than one at the point D, the angle contained by ED and DB is called the angle ED B. Angles are measured by an are of a circle, described from the vertex with any radius: thus the arc DE (fig. 1), described from B as a centre, is a measure of the angle ABC, and the angle ABC is said to be an angle of as many degrees, and parts of a degree, as there are in the arc DE, a circle being always supposed to be divided into 360 degrees. (See ARC and CIRCLE.) Angles receive different names, according to their magnitude, their construction, their position, and the different branches of science in which they are employed. A right angle is an angle formed by a straight or right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle which is measured by an arc of 90 degrees. When a straight line, as AB (fig. 3), standing on another straight line CD, makes the two

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4

B

B

angles A B C and A BD equal to one another. each of these angles is called a right angle An acute angle is that which is less than a right angle, as E B C. An obtuse angle is that which is greater than a right angle, as EBD. Acute and obtuse angles are both called oblique, in opposition to right angles. A rectilineal angle is that which is formed by two straight lines. A curvilineal angle is formed by two curved lines. A mixed angle is formed by a straight line with a curved line. Adjacent or contiguous angles are such as have one leg common to both angles, both together being equal to two right angles. Thus, in fig. 3, ABC and ABD, or EBC and EBD, are adjacent angles. Exterior or external angles, the angles of any rectilineal figure without it, made by producing the sides; thus, if the sides & B, BC,

ANGLE

ea of the triangle ABC (fig. 4) be produced to the points FDE, the angles CBF, ACD, BAE are called exterior angles, in opposition to the angles ABC, BCA, CAB, which are called interior angles. For exterior, interior, and alternate angles, in reference to parallel lines, ace EXTERIOR, INTERIOR, and ALTERNATE -Vertical angles. See VERTICAL. Angles of elevation and inclination. See ELEVATION and INCLINATION.- Angles of depression. See DEPRESSION. -- Angles of wcidence, reflection, and refraction. See INCIDENCE, REFLECTION, and REFRACTION. -Angle of position, in astron. See POSIION. -Angle of contact, the angle which a circle or other curve makes with a tangent at the point of contact. This term has been dis arded from mathematics, and when a curve is supposed to be composed of infinitely small rectilinear elements, the infinitely small acute angle formed by one element with the production of the next answers to the old angle of contact, and is equal to what is called the angle of curvature-Curvilinear angle, the angle at the meeting of the tangents of two curves. — Angle of direction, in mech. an angle contained by the lines of direction of two conspiring forces-Angle of friction, in mech. the angle whose tangent is equal to the coefficient of friction. The coefficient of friction F of a body resting on an inclined plane is found by observing the angle of friction (the angle at which the body begins to slide), when F is equal to .--Angle of repose, that angle at which one body will just rest upon another without slipping It varies, of course, with the natures of the bodies in contact, but is constant for the same bodies. It is called by Professor Moseley the limitung angle of resistance. - Angle of sight, in ardnance, the angle between a line drawn through the axis of a bore and a line drawn from the rear of the base-ring to the swell of the muzzle or to the top of the sight. Facial angle. See FACIAL-Solid angle, that which is made by more than two plane angles meeting in one point, and not lying in the same plane, as the angle of a cube. -Spherical angle, an angle on the surface of a sphere, contained between the arcs of two great circles which intersect each other. Thus, if AB and BC (fig. 5) be arcs of great circles intersecting one another at the point B. the angle ABC is the spherical angle which they make with one another, and it is equal to the angle of inclination formed by the planes of the great circles A B and BC Horary, or hour angle, the angle made by the are through the poles and star with the meridian-Angle capital, (a) in ane. Ionic arch. a capital on the flank column of a portico, having volutes on three sides, the exterior volute being placed at an angle of 135° (or 45") with the plane of the frieze on front and flank. (b) In modern Ionic arch. the capital of a similarly situated column, having four volutes, each of which is at an angle of 135° (or 45°) with the plane of the trieze-Angle of divergence, in bot. the angle made by two leaves on the stem, generally expressed as a fraction of the circumference of the stem, which is supposed to be a circle. Angle (ang gl), n (A. Sax. angel, angi, a fah-hook; G. angel, Icel öngull, a hook; from a root meaning crooked, seen in anchor (which see)) A hook; an apparatus for taking fish, consisting of a rod, a line, and

a hook, or of a line and hook.

Fig. 5.

Give me mine angle-we'll to the river. Shak. I am, sir, a brother of the angle. Iz. Walton. 2 One who may be easily enticed; a gull. At last I spied

An ancient angle coming down the hill. Shak. Angle (ang'gl), ai pret. and pp. angled; pur anging To fish with an angle, or with line and hook-To angle for, to fish for; to try to gain by some bait or insinuation, as men angie for fish. The hearts of all that be did angle for. Shak

Angle (ang'gl), v.t. To fish for or catch, as with an angle; to lure or entice, as by a bait He angled the people's hearts.' Sir P Sidney.

Yus have angled me on with much pleasure to the Chad house. Iz. Walton. Angle (anal), n. One of the people called Angles See ANGLES Angie-bar (ang'gl-bar), n. 1. In carp. a ver

105

tical bar at the angles or meetings of the faces of a polygonal or bow window.-2. A rolled bar of iron for forming the edges of iron safes, bridges, and ships; or to be rivetted to the corners of iron-boilers, tanks, &c., to connect the side plates. Angle-bead (ang'gl-bēd), n. In building, a piece of wood fixed vertically upon the exterior or salient angles of apartments to preserve them, and also to serve as a guide by which to float the plaster. Called also Staff-bead.

Angle-brace (ang'gl-brās), n. In carp. (a) a

of

sisting of a rectangular crank-frame like the carpenter's brace (see BRACE), but usually much stronger, and carrying a parallel toolspindle terminating in a pad a, or bit-socket the ordinary form. On this spindle is a small bevel-wheel, which gears into a second wheel on the axis of a winch-handle, by which motion is communicated to the tool. This instrument is chiefly used for boring holes in angular positions, where the ordinary revolving brace cannot be conveniently applied. For heavy work it is usually mounted in the ordinary drill-frame. Corner-drill.

Called also

Angled (ang'gld), a. Having angles: used chiefly in compounds. Angle-float (ang'gl-flōt), n. In plastering, a float made to any internal angle to the planes of both sides of a room. Angle-iron (ang'gl-i-èrn), n. A piece of iron rolled into the shape of the letter L, used for forming the joints of iron plates in girders, boilers, &c., to which it is riveted. Anglemeter (ang'gl-me-tér), n. [Angle, and Gr. metron, measure.] Any instrument for measuring angles; but more particularly, an instrument used by geologists for measuring the dip of strata. Angle-plane (ang'gl-plán), n. In carp. a plane whose bit reaches into a re-entering angle.

A, Angle-iron.

Angler (ang'glér), n. 1. One that fishes with an angle. 2. An acanthopterygious fish, family Lophiidae (the Lophius piscatorius), otherwise called the Sea-devil, Fishing-frog, Toad-fish, and Frog-fish, 3 to 5 feet long, very ugly and voracious. See LOPHIUS. Angle-rafter (ang'gl-raft-ér), n. A rafter placed in the line of meeting of the inclined planes forming a hipped roof. Called also Hip and Piend Rafter. See HIP. Angles (ang'glz), n. pl. [A. Sax. Engle, Angle.] A Low German tribe who in the earliest historical period had their seats in the district about Angeln, in the south-east of the duchy of Sleswig, and who in the fifth century and subsequently crossed over to Britain along with bands of Saxons, Jutes, and Frisians, and colonized a great part of what from them has received the name of England, as well as a portion of the Lowlands

Anglican (ang'glik-an), a. [L L. anglicus, from A. Sax. Engle, Angle. See ANGLES.] English; pertaining to England or the English nation; as, the Anglican Church. -Anglican Church, a term which strictly embraces only the Church of England and the Protestant Episcopal churches in Ireland, Scotland, and the colonies, but is sometimes made to include also the Episcopal churches of the United States.

Of all the prelates of the Anglican Church, Laud had departed farthest from the principles of the Reformation, and had drawn nearest to Rome. Macaulay. Anglican (ang'glik-an), n. A member of the Church of England. Catholics, Anglicans, or Calvinists. Burke.

Anglicanism (ang'glik-an-izm), n. 1. The principles of or adherence to the Established Church of England.-2. Partiality to England and English institutions.

Anglice (ang'gli-se). [L.] In English; in the English manner.

Anglicify (ang-glis'i-fi), v.t. To make English; to anglicize. [Rare and obsolete.] Anglicism (ang'gli-sizm), n. 1. The quality of being English.

If Addison's language had been less idiomatical it would have lost something of its genuine Anglicism. Johnson.

2. An English idiom. Anglicize (ang'gli-siz), v.t. pret. & pp. angli cized; ppr. anglicizing. To make English; to render conformable to the English idiom or to English analogies. The glaring affectation of anglicizing English words. 'T. Warton. The Anglification (ang'gli-fi-kā"shon), n. act of converting into English. Anglify (ang'gli-fi), v.t. English; to anglicize; as, to anglify French words, that is, to give them an English form in orthography, inflection, or pronunciation; to adopt into the English language and make a part of it. The act or art of Angling (ang'gling), n. fishing with a rod and line; rod-fishing.

We

To convert into

We may say of angling as Dr. Boteler said of strawberries: Doubtless God could have made a better berry, but doubtless God never did;' and so, if I might be judge, God never did make a more calm, quiet, innocent recreation than angling. Iz. Walton. Anglish (ang'glish), a. and n. Anglo-Saxon; the Anglo-Saxon or Early English language. Prof. Haldeman.

Anglo- (ang'glo), prefix. [L.L. Anglus, from Angli. See ANGLES.] A prefix signifying English, or connected with England, frequently used in composition; as, in AngloAmerican, Anglo-Indian.

Anglo-American (ang'glo-a-mer'i-kan), a. Pertaining to the descendants of Englishmen in America.

Anglo-American (ang'glo-a-mer'i-kan), n. A descendant from English ancestors born in America or the United States. Anglo-Catholic (ang'glo-kath'o-lik), n. A member of the English Protestant Church; more specifically, a ritualist; a Puseyite; a High Churchman.

Anglo-Catholic (ang'glo-kath'o-lik), a. 1. A term employed to designate those churches which adopt the principles of the English Reformation; sometimes restricted to the Anglican or Established Church of England and the allied churches.-2. A term sometimes applied to that party in the English Church which favours doctrines and the adoption of religious forms closely approaching those of the Roman Catholic Church, and otherwise known as the Ritualistic, High, or Puseyite section of the Church. Anglo-Catholicism (ang'glo-ka-thol "isizm), n. 1. The principles or doctrines of the Anglican Church as embodied in the Book of Common Prayer and the Thirty-nine Articles. 2. The principles or doctrines of the Ritualistic or High-Church section of the Anglican Church.