CHASER vessel which pursues another. (b) A chasegun; a gun in a vessel for firing when in chase or being chased; called a bow-chaser when pointed from the bow, and a sternchaser when from the stern. Chaser (chas'ér), n. 1. One who chases or enchases; an enchaser.-2. A hand tool of steel used for cutting or finishing the threads of screws; the tool used as the cutting instrument in a chasing-lathe. Chasible (chas'i-bl), n. See CHASUBLE. Chasing-lathe (chas'ing-laTH), n. A lathe adapted to screw cutting. Chasm (kazm), n. [Gr. chasma, L. chasma, from Gr. root cha, as in chasko, chaino, to open.] An opening made by disruption, as a breach in the earth or a rock; a cleft; a fissure; a gap; especially, a wide and deep cleft. That deep romantic chasm which slanted down the green hill.' Coleridge. The little elves of chasm and cleft.' Tennyson. Fig. Between the two propositions, that the gospel is true and that it is false, what a fearful chasm. Buckminster. Chasmat (kaz'ma), n. Chasmed (kazmd), a. A chasm. Dr. H. Having gaps or a Chasmy (kaz'mi), a. Abounding with chasms. The chasmy torrent's foam-lit bed.' Wordsworth. Chasselas (shas'se-las), n. [From a village of that name near Macon, France, where a fine variety is grown.] A sort of grape, highly esteemed for the table. Chasse-marée (shas-ma-ra), n. [Fr. chasse, chase, and marée, tide.] A French shallop or coasting vessel, generally lugger-rigged and with two or three masts. They seldom venture off shore. Chassepot (shas-po), n. [After Chassepot, the inventor.] The breech-loading rifle used in the French army. See RIFLE. Chasseur (shas-sér), n. [Fr., a huntsman.] 1. Milit. one of a body of soldiers, light and active, both mounted and on foot, trained for rapid movements.-2. A person dressed in a sort of military style in attendance upon persons of rank. The great chasseur who had announced her arrival.' Irving. Chassis (shas-se), n. [Fr. châssis, a frame or framework.] A kind of traversing frame or movable railway, on which the carriages of guns move backward and forward in action. Chaste (chast), a. [Fr. chaste, O. Fr. caste, chaste, pure, from L. castus, chaste, from same root as Gr. katharos, pure, Skr. gudh, to be purified.] 1. Pure from all unlawful sexual commerce; possessing chastity or sexual purity; continent; virtuous. That they may teach the young women... to be discreet, chaste, keepers at home. Tit. ii. 4. 5 That Early, bright, transient, chaste as morning dew She sparkled, was exhaled, and went to heaven. Young. 2. Free from obscenity or impurity, in thought and language. While they behold your chaste conversation coupled with fear.' 1 Pet. iii. 2.-3. In a figurative sense, (a) as applied to language and literary style, free from barbarous words and phrases, and from quaint, affected, extravagant expressions; not affected or grandiloquent. great model of chaste, lofty, and pathetic eloquence the Book of Common Prayer.' Macaulay. (b) In art, free from meretricious ornament or affectation; not gaudy. Chaste-eyed (chast'id), a. Having chaste or modest eyes. The oak-crown'd sisters, and their chaste-eyed queen.' Collins. Chastelaine,t n. [The old form of Chatelaine.] A female castellan; a chatelaine. Chastely (chast'li), adv. In a chaste manner: (a) without unlawful commerce of sexes; without obscenity. (b) Without barbarisms or unnatural phrases; as, a composition chastely written. (c) Without meretricious ornament; unmeretriciously; not gaudily; as, a picture chastely designed. Chasten (chas'n), v.t. [O. Fr. chastier (Fr. chatier), from L. castigare, to castigate or chastise, from castus, pure, whence chaste; comp. chastise.] 1. To inflict pain, trouble, or affliction on for the purpose of reclaiming from evil; to correct; to chastise; to punish: formerly it might be used of corporal punishment, but it is seldom or never so used now. If he commit iniquity, I will chasten him with the rod of men. 2 Sam. vii. 14. As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten. Rev. iii. 19. 446 And fear not, Enid, I should fall upon him, 2. To purify, as the taste; to refine. They (classics) chasten and enlarge the mind and excite to noble actions. Layard. Chastener (chas'n-ér), n. One who chastens Chasteness (chast'nes), n. The state or quality of being chaste: (a) chastity; sexual purity. (b) Freedom from meretricious ornament, gaudiness, or affectation; purity: said of mode of expression in literature and of conception in works of art; as, chasteness of style; chasteness of design. Chastening (chas'n-ing), a. Corrective by way of punishment. The father's chastening hand.' Rowe. Chaste-tree (chast'tre), n. The Vitex Agnus Castus. See AGNUS CASTUS. Chastie, tv.t. To chastise. Chaucer. Chastisable (chas-tiz'a-bl), a. Deserving of chastisement. Sherwood. [Rare.] Chastise (chas-tiz'), v. t. pret. & pp. chastised; ppr. chastising. [Same word as chasten, but with a different verbal termination; O.E. chastic, chasty. See CHASTEN.] 1. To inflict pain on by stripes or in any other manner, for the purpose of punishing and recalling to duty; to punish with view of amendment; to correct by punishment. How fine my master is! I am afraid Shak. 2. To reduce to order or obedience; to restrain; to free from faults or excesses. 'The gay social sense, by decency chastised. Thomson. more. Chastisement (chas 'tiz-ment), n. [From chustise Fr. châtiment.] Correction; punishment; pain inflicted for punishment and correction, either by stripes or otherwise. Shall I so much dishonour my fair stars, On equal terms to give him chastisement! Shak. I have borne chastisement, I will not offend any Job xxxiv. 31. Chastiser (chas-tiz'èr), n. One who chastises; a punisher; a corrector. A chastiser of too big a confidence.' Jer. Taylor. Chastity (chas'ti-ti), n. [Fr. chasteté, L. castitas. See CHASTE.] 1. The state or property of being chaste; freedom from unlawful sexual commerce; continence; sexual purity. Chastity is either abstinence or continence: abstinence is that of virgins or widows; continence of married persons. Fer. Taylor. 2. Freedom from obscenity, corruption, or impurity, as in thought, language, or conversation. That chastity of honour which felt a stain like a wound. Burke.-3. Freedom from meretricious ornament; purity in words and phrases or in conception. [In this sense chasteness is more commonly used.] Chastye,tv.t. To chastise. Chasuble (chas'u-bl), n. [Fr. chasuble, from A, Ancient form of Chasuble: 1, Apparel of the neck, 2 2 2 2, Chasuble. 33. Orphreys of the chasuble. 4. The stole. 55. The alb. 6, Apparel of the alb. 7. The maniple. B. Modern form of Chasuble. Med. L. casubula, a dim. of L. casula, a little cottage, and used by Isidore of Seville in sense of a priest's hooded garment, which covers him like a little house-a dim. of casa, a cottage.] In its first use and under CHAT-POTATOES its Latin name of casula, the chasuble was a circular garment of one piece, without sleeves or opening in front, with a hole in the centre for the head to pass through, of various materials, frequently of wool, worn by the common people, monks, &c., as a covering for the whole person, being, when furnished with a hood, at once hat and mantle. From its being retained by the clergy after other people had discarded it, it came to be regarded as a characteristic of a cleric, and in the ninth century it was the term applied to the outer vestment worn in the holy offices, and it is now regarded as the principal vestment of the Roman Catholic priest, being put on by him over the alb and stole before celebrating mass. Although the vestment was originally circular, it has been gradually retrenched during the last two centuries till it has become oblong, hanging down before and behind, but leaving the arms free. The chasuble is now made of rich materials, as silk, velvet, cloth of gold, and has a cross embroidered on the back. The Greeks still retain the circular form of the chasuble. Called also Chasible and Chesible. Chat (chat), v.i. pret. & pp. chatted; ppr. chatting. [An abbreviated form of chatter (which see).] To talk idly or in a familiar manner; to talk without form or ceremony. 'To chat awhile on their adventures passed.' Dryden. But what a fool am I to chat with you Your prattling nurse Shak. Chat (chat), n. Free, familiar talk; idle talk; prate. This bald unjointed chat of his." Shak. Chat (chat), n. [From the chattering sound of its voice.] The popular name of birds of the genus Saxicola, family Sylviada or warblers. They are small, lively birds, moving incessantly and rapidly about in pursuit of the insects on which they chiefly live. There are three species found in Britain, the stone-chat, whin-chat, and wheatear. The yellow-breasted chat of the United States is a larger bird belonging to the genus Icteria (I. polyglotta), family Turdidae or thrushes. Chat (chat), n. A twig or little stick. See CHIT. Château (sha-to), n. pl. Châteaux (shatoz). [Fr. château, O.Fr. chastel, a castle, from L. castellum. See CASTLE.] A castle; a residence in the country; a country-seat.Château en Espagne, lit. a castle in Spain; a castle in the air. The origin of this phrase is doubtful; some say that it arose from the fact that the Spaniards would not permit the erection of castles or forts in the country; and others that it originated in the bragging of Spanish adventurers in France of their lordly residences, which existed only in their imaginations. Chatelaine (shat'è-lan), n. [Fr. chatelaine, lit. a female castellan or castle-keeper.] 1. A female castellan.-2. An appendage worn by ladies. It consists of a bunch of chains depending from the waist, from each of which is suspended some article of household use, as a key, a pin-cushion, a thimble-case, a pen-knife, a cork-screw, &c. &c. Chatelet (shat-la), n. [Fr. châtelet, dim. of château, O. Fr. chastel.] A little castle. Chatellany (shä'tel-la-ni), n. [Fr. châtellanie.] The lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan or governor of a castle. Swift. Chati (sha-te), n. [Fr. chati, from chat, a cat.] A species of small leopard found in tropical America, very destructive to small quadrupeds and birds, and especially to poultry-yards, but so gentle, when domesticated, as to have gained for itself the name of Leopardus mitis, or gentle leopard. Chatoyant (sha-toi'ant, Fr. pron. sha-twayan), a. [Fr., pp. of chatoyer, to change lustre like the eye of a cat, from chat, a cat.] Having a changeable, undulating lustre or colour, like that of a cat's eye in the dark. Chatoyant (sha-toi'ant, Fr. pron. sha-twayan), n. A kind of hard stone or gem having when cut and polished a chatoyant lustre; cat's-eye. Chatoyment (sha-toi'ment, Fr. pron. shatwa-man), n. Changeable colours, or changeableness of colour, in a mineral; play of colours. Chat-potatoes (chat "po-ta'toz), n. pl. [Comp. chat, a small piece of stick, also CHATS 447 CHEAT chit] Small potatoes such as are given to pigs, &c. Chats (chats), n. pl. In mineral. (a) small heaps of ore. (b) The second stratum or centre portion of a mass of ore in the process of washing. Chattah (chat'ta), n. In India, an umbrella. Chattel (chat'tel), n. [O.E. chatel, also catel, really the same word as cattle (which see). In law, an item or article of goods, movable or immovable, except such as have the nature of freehold, often spoken of tautologically as goods and chattels. Chattels are real or personal. Chattels real are such as concern or savour of the reality, as a term for years of land, the next presentation to a church, estates by statute merchant, elegit, and the like. Chattels personal are things movable, as animals, furniture of a house, jewels, corn, &c. Chattelism (chat'tel-izm), n. The condition of holding chattels Chatter (chat'tèr), v.i. [O.E. chateren, cheateren, probably an imitative word, allied to chitter, and to D. kwetteren, Dan. kviddre, Sw. kvittra, to chirp, to chatter.] 1 To utter sounds rapidly and indistinctly, as a magpie or a monkey. Apes that mow and chatter at me.' Shak.-2. To make a noise by repeated rapid collisions of the teeth. When the wind came to make me chatter.' Shak. His teeth they chatter, chatter still. Wordsworth. 3. To talk idly, carelessly, or rapidly; to jabber. Chatter (chat'ter), v.t. To utter as one who chatters; as, to chatter nonsense. Your birds of knowledge that, in dusky air, They chattered trifles at the door. Chatter (chat'ter), n. Sounds like those of a pie or monkey; idle talk. The mimic ape began his chatter. Swift. Chatteration (chat-tér-a'shon), n. Act of chattering; disposition or habit of talking much. Johnson. [An obsolete colloquial word.] Chatter-box (chat'tér-boks), n. One that talks incessantly: applied chiefly to children. [Colloq.] Chatterer (chat'tér-ér), n. 1. One who chatters; a prater; an idle talker.-2. The popular name of birds of the family Ampelidæ, and especially of the Bohemian chatterer (Ampelis garrula) and the chatterer of Carolina (A. cedrorum). See AMPELIDÆ. Chatty (chat'ti), a. Given to free conversation; talkative. As chatty as your parrot.' Lady M. W. Montagu. Chat-wood (chat' wud), n. Little sticks; fuel. Chaud-medley (shōd'med-li), n. [Fr. chaud, hot (L. calidus), and mêlée, O. Fr. meslée, E. medley, mellay.] In law, the killing of a man in an affray in the heat of blood or passion; a word often erroneously used as synonymous with chance-medley. Mozley and Whitely. Chaudront (cha'dron), n. Add thereto a tiger's chaudron.' Shak. See CHAWDRON. Chauffer, Chaufer (shaf'ér), n. [Fr. chauffer, to heat.] In chem. a small furnace; a cylindrical box of sheet-iron, open at the top, with a grating near the bottom. Chauk-daw (chak'da), n. [Chauk=chough, and daw.] A local name for the red-legged crow or chough (Fregilus graculus). Chauldron (chal'dron or cha'dron), n. Same as Chaudron. Chaulmugra (chal-mug'ra), n. [Indian name.] A handsome East Indian tree (Gynocardia odorata), the seeds of which yield an oil that has been long known, and highly valued, in India and China, as a remedy for such diseases as arise from blood impurities. It has been introduced into this country, and is used with gratifying results in the treatment of diseases of the skin and chest. Chaumontelle (shō-mon-tel), n. [Fr.] A delicious dessert pear which is much grown and attains a large size in Jersey and Guernsey, and in the southern parts of England. Chaunt (chan), n. A gap. See YAWN. Cotgrave. Chaunt (chan), v.i. To open; to yawn. Sherwood. Chaunt (chant). See CHANT. Chaunter (chant'èr), n. 1. One who chaunts or sounds the praise of anything, especially by over-puffing it, with the design to deceive; as, a horse-chaunter, a dealer who takes worthless horses to country fairs, and Chayer, n. A chair; a professor's chair. disposes of them by artifice. Chaucer. 'Oh, him!' replied Neddy: 'he's nothing exactly. He was a horse-chaunter; he's a leg now." Dickens. 2. A street vendor of ballads or other broadsheets, who sings or bawls the contents of Chaup (chap), n. his papers. [Slang.] A stroke or blow. See CHAP. [Scotch.] Chaus (ka'us), n. A genus of Asiatic and African lynxes, including the Chaus Libyaus, or Libyan chaus, and the Chaus Caffer, or Caffre-cat. They live on birds or small quadrupeds, on which they spring like the domestic cat, than which they are somewhat larger. They have the peculiarity of being fond of the water and excellent swimmers. Chaus (chous), n. [Turk. See CHOUSE.] A Turkish messenger, interpreter, or attendant on a great man. 'Accompanied with a chaus of the court." Hackluyt. Chaussé. Chaussé (sho-sa), pp. [Fr.] A Wreath, the Base A heraldic term, which, in the common acceptation, signifies shod, and in blazon denotes a section in base. Chausses (shōs), n. pl. [Fr., breeches, hose, stockings, from L. calceus, a shoe.] The tight covering for the legs and body, reaching to the waist, formerly worn by men of nearly all classes throughout Europe. They resembled tight pantaloons with feet to them. They seem to have been of oriental origin, as the Phrygians are represented wearing them. Chaussure (sho-sür), n. Shoes; boots; stockings: a French word. Chauvin (sho-van), n. [After a very brave soldier named Nicholas Chauvin, so enthusiastically devoted to Napoleon I., and so demonstrative in his manifestations of his adoration of him, that his comrades turned him into ridicule.] One of those veterans of the first French Empire, who professed, after the fall of Napoleon, a sort of adora tion for his person and his acts; hence, a name given to any one possessed by an absurdly exaggerated patriotism or military enthusiasm, or by devotion to any cause more passionate than reasonable. Chauvinisme (sho'vin-izm), n. [See CHAUVIN.] The sentiments of a chauvin; enthusiastic, unreflecting devotion to any cause; especially absurdly exaggerated patriotism or military enthusiasm. Chavender (chav'en-dér), n. [O.Fr. cheviniau, chevesne, a chub ] The fish otherwise called the Chub or Cheven. These are a choice bait for the chub or chavender Chavica (chav'i-ka), n. [The name of the plants in the South Sea Islands.] A genus of plants, nat. order Piperaceae, including the common long pepper, Java long pepper, and betel-pepper. The species have small unisexual flowers in dense spikes springing from the stem opposite to a leaf. Chaw (cha), v.t. (A form of chew, A. Sax. ceowan. See CHEW.] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to ruminate or to chew, as the cud. He swallows us, and never chaws, He is the tyrant pike, and we the fry. Donne. [Now only a vulgar or colloquial form.]— 2. To ruminate in thought; to revolve and consider. Chawing vengeance all the way I went. Spenser.-Chawed up, demolished; discomfited. [United States slang.] Chawt (cha), n. [An old spelling of jaw, lit. that which chaws or chews. See CHAW, v.t.] The jaw. The chaws and the nape of the neck. Holland. [This form occurred twice in the original edition of the authorized version of the Scriptures, but in modern editions has been changed.] Chaw (cha), n. As much as is put in the mouth at once; a chew; a quid. [Vulgar.] Chaw-bacon (cha'ba-kn), n. A country lout; a bumpkin. [Colloq.] Chawcerst (cha'sers), n. pl. [From Fr. chaussure.] Shoes. Chawdron (cha'dron), n. [Perhaps from G. kaldaunen, entrails, bowels.] Entrails. Written also Chaudron, Chauldron. Chawmet (cham), n. [Form of chasm.] A gap; a chasm. Those chawmes and gaping gulfes.' Holland. Chay (sha), n. A chaise. Chay, Chaya-root (cha, cha'a-röt), n. Same as Shaya-root (which see). Cheap (chep),a. [Strictly a noun, being A. Sax. ceap, O.E. chepe, chep, &c., price, bargain; from the use of the phrase good cheap, as to buy a thing good cheap, that is a good bargain, the noun came to be used as an adjective. (See CHEAP, n.) The word is common to the Teutonic languages. Comp. Sc. coup, to bargain; D. koop, a purchase, koopen, to buy; Icel. kaup, a bargain; kaupa, to buy; Sw. köpa, Dan. kiöbe, G. kaufen, to buy; Goth. kaufon, to traffic. Cheapen, chop, chaffer, chapman, are from this stem.] 1. Bearing a low price in market; capable of being purchased at a low price, either as compared with the usual price of the commodity, or with the real value, or more vaguely with the price of other commodities; thus, it may be said that eggs are cheap when their price is lower than at other times, or when they are to be had in particular circumstances at a lower rate than the regular market price, or as being lower in price than other articles of diet. It is cheaper to hire the labour of freemen than to compel the labour of slaves. Bacon. The cheap defence of nations (chivalry), the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise is gone. Burke. 2. In a disparaging sense, being of small value; common; not respected; as, to make one's self cheap. May your sick fame still languish till it die, If he loses by us a'thegither, he is e'en cheap o't, he can spare it brawly. Sir W. Scott. Cheapt (chep), n. Bargain; purchase; as in the phrases good cheap, better cheap, the original phrases from which we have the adjective cheap. Though obsolete as a noun, cheap is still preserved as a placename; as, Eastcheap, East Market. Victuals shall be so good cheap upon earth, that they shall think themselves to be in good case. 2 Esdras xvi. 21. Cheap (chep), adv. Cheaply; at a low price or value; as, I hold you cheap; I bought it cheap. Cheapen (chep'n), v. t. [From cheap, A. Sax. ceap, bargain, price; ceapian, to buy, sell, negotiate. See CHEAP, a.] 1. To ask the price of; to chaffer or bargian for. [Obsolete or obsolescent.] To shops in crowds the daggled females fly, Pretend to cheapen goods, but nothing buy. Swift. 2. To beat down the price of; to lessen the value of; to depreciate. Cheapener (chêp'n-ér), n. One who cheapens or bargains. Cheap-Jack, Cheap-John (chep'jak, chep'jon), n. A travelling hawker; a seller of refuse or cheap articles; a chapman; one who sells by Dutch auction. a low rate. Cheaply (chep'li), adv. At a small price; at Cheaply bought.' Shak. Cheapness (chep'nes), n. The state or quaCheart (cher), n. and v. Same as Cheer. lity of being cheap; lowness in price. Chearent (cher'en), v. i. To grow cheerful. Spenser. Cheat (chet), v.t. [Abbrev. of escheat, to seize a thing as escheated, to act like an escheater, an officer appointed to look after lands or tenements falling to the crown, which gave great opportunities of fraud. (See ESCHEAT.) An example of the noun cheat as equivalent to escheat is given below, under the noun.] 1. To deceive and defraud; to impose upon; to trick: followed by of or out of before the thing of which one is defrauded. A sorcerer that by his cunning hath cheated me of the island.' Shak. Another is cheating the sick of a few last gasps, as he sits To pestle a poison'd poison behind his crimson lights. Tennyson. 2. To illude; to mislead. Pow'r to cheat the eye with blear illusion.' Milton.-3. To acquire by cheating; as, to cheat an estate from one. Cowley.-To cheat the gallows, to be guilty of a capital crime, and escape the due punishment. The greatest thief that ever cheated the gallows.' Dickens.-SYN. To trick, cozen, gull, chouse, fool, outwit, circumvent, beguile, impose on, deceive. Cheat (chet), v.i. To act dishonestly; to practise fraud or trickery; as, he cheats at cards. CHEAT best and goodliest cheat of their victory; but this passed all, that with one light skirmish they became fords of all the sea along those coasts. Holland. 2. A fraud committed by deception; a trick; imposition; imposture. When I consider life, 'tis all a cheat. Dryden. 3. A person who cheats; one guilty of fraud by deceitful practices; a swindler. 'No man will trust a known cheat.' South. 4. A game at cards, in which the cards are played face downwards, the player stating the value of the card he plays (which must always be one higher than that played by the previous player), and being subjected to a penalty if he is discovered stating it wrong.-5. A troublesome weed of the grass order; so called from its stimulating wheat. Called also Chess (which see). SYN. Deception, imposture, fraud, delusion, artifice, trick, deceit, imposition, guile, finesse, stratagem. Cheatt (chet), n. Same as Cheat-bread (which see). Cheatable (chet'a-bl), a. Capable of being cheated, easily cheated. Cheatableness (chet'a-bl-nes), n. Liability to be cheated. Not faith, but folly, an easy cheatableness of the heart.' Hammond. Cheat-bread (chet'bred), n. [Probably from Fr. acheté, purchased.] Bread purchased, or not made in the family. Without French wines, cheat-bread, or quails.' Eastward Hoe! (1605). Cheater (chet'ér), n. [An abbrev. of escheater, at least in second sense; in first may be direct from verb. See CHEAT, v.t.] 1. One who cheats. --2. An escheater. 'As a cheater may pick the purses of innocent people, by showing them something like the king's broad seal, which was indeed his own forgery.' Gurnall I will be cheater to them both, and they shall be exchequers to me. Shak. Cheatery (chet'ér-i), n. Fraud; imposition; deception. [Vulgar.] Cheating (chet'ing), a. 1. Given to cheat or associated with cheating; fradulent; deceptive. 'To haggle like a cheating housewife.' Froude.-2. False; made or fitted to defraud: applied to things. His cheating yardwand. Tennyson. Cheatingly (chet'ing-li), adv. In a cheating manner. Chebec, Chebacco-boat (che-bek, che-bak'kö-bot), n. A kind of fishing vessel or large boat employed in the Newfoundland fisheries, so called from the Indian name of the place where they are made, now called Essex, in Massachusetts. Check (chek), n. [Fr. échec, O. Fr. eschec, a check at chess, hence a check in general, failure (the pl. échecs is the name of the game, E. chess), from Per. shah, king, the chief piece at chess, whence checkmate, Per. shah mat, lit. the king is dead. (See CHECKMATE.) The primary meaning of the word as a noun is thus simply 'king, and, from this being called when the king was in danger, it came to have the meaning of a stoppage or obstruction. In some of the meanings below it may be an abbrev. of checker, exchequer (which ultimately have the same origin), but it is not easy to distinguish them.] 1. The act or means of checking or restraining; a stop; hinderance; restraint; obstruction. They who come to maintain their own breach of faith, the check of their consciences much breaketh their spirit. Sir F. Hayward. He was unhappily used too much as a check upon Lord Coventry. Clarendon, To behold her is an immediate check to loose be haviour; to love her was a liberal education. Steele. 2. A term or word of warning in chess when one party obliges the other either to move or guard his king.-3. A reprimand; rebuke; censure; slight. So we are sensible of a check Beau. & FIL. -To take check,t to take offence. [Rare.] Say I should wed her, would not my wise subjects Take check, and think it strange? perhaps revolt. Dryden. 4. In falconry, the act of a hawk when she forsakes her proper game to follow rooks, magpies, or other birds that cross her in her flight; as, a hawk makes a check, or flies at or on check. Hence -5. Base game, such as rooks, small birds, &c.-6. A species of chequered cloth, in which coloured lines or stripes cross each other rectangularly, making a pattern resembling the squares of a chess-board; the pattern of such cloth; as, a 448 large check, that is, one having the squares large.-7. A mark put against names or items on going over a list, in order to verify, compare, or otherwise examine it. 8. Any counter-register used as a security, as the correspondent cipher of a bank-note, a corresponding indenture, &c.; a counterfoil.9. A token given for identification, as to railway passengers, in order to identify them when they claim their luggage, or to persons who leaye a theatre, and the like, expecting to return. 10. An order for money drawn on a banker; a cheque (which see). 11. A roll or book containing the names of persons who are attendants and in the pay of a king or great personage, as domestic servants. Called also Checkroll, Checker-roll. Clerk of the check, (a) in the household of the British sovereign, an officer who has the control of the yeomen of the guard and all the ushers belonging to the royal family, the care of the watch, &c. (b) In the British royal dockyards, an officer who keeps a register of all the men employed on board her majesty's ships and vessels, and of all the artificers in the service of the navy, at the port where he is settled. Check (chek), v.t. 1. To stop or moderate the motion of; to restrain; to hinder; to curb. The good nuns would check her gadding tongue. Tennyson. 2. To rebuke; to chide or reprove. 'Check'd and rated by Northumberland.' Shak.- 3. In chess, to make a move which puts the adversary's king in check.-4. To compare with a counterfoil or something similar, with a view to ascertain authenticity or accuracy; to control by a counter-register; to test the accuracy of by comparison with vouchers or a duplicate; as, to check an account. 5. To note with a mark as having been examined, or for some other purpose; as, to check the items of a bill.-6. Naut. (a) to ease off a little of a rope which is too stiffly extended. (b) To stopper the cable. Check (chek), v.i. 1. To make a stop; to stop; to pause: with at. More especially a term of falconry. Like the haggard, check at every feather 2. To clash or interfere. Shak. They do best, who if they cannot but admit love, yet .. sever it wholly from their serious affairs and actions of life: for if it check once with business, it troubleth men's fortunes. Васон. 3. To exercise a check. I'll avoid his presence, It checks too strong upon me. Dryden. Check (chek), a. Made of check; chequered; as, a check shirt. Check-book (chek'buk), n. Same as Cheque. book. Check-clerk (chek'klärk), n. A clerk whose business it is to check the accounts of others or time of attendance at work, and the like. Checked, pp. or a. Chequered or varie gated. Spenser. Checker, v.t. See CHEQUER. Checker (chek'èr), n. 1 A draught or chess board, &c. 2. A piece in the game of draughts. 3. pl. The game of draughts. See CHEQUER. [American usages.] Checker (chek'èr), n. One who checks or restrains; a rebuker. Checker-board (chek'èr-bōrd), n. A board for playing checkers or draughts. Checkered, p. and a. See CHEQUERED. Checker-roll (chek'èr-rol), n. See CHECK, The hollow murmur of the checkless winds Marston. Shall groan again. Checkmate (chek'mât), n. [From Per. shah mat, the king is dead (shah, the king, mắt, he is dead), whence also Fr. échec et mat; G. schach-matt; E. check, and chess.] 1. In chess, the position of a king when he is in check, and cannot release himself. As it is a principle that the king cannot be captured, this brings the game to a close.2. Fig. defeat; overthrow. Love they him called, that gave me checkmate. Spenser. Checkmate (chek'mat), r.t. pret. & pp. checkmated; ppr. checkmating. 1. In chess, to put in check, as an opponent's king, so that he cannot be released. See the noun. 2. Fig. to defeat; to thwart; to frustrate. CHEEP To checkmate and control my just demands.' Ford. Check-rail (chek'rál), n. In rail. at the crossing from one line of rails to another, or at a siding-place, one of the contrivances for allowing the trains to run on or to move into the other line or siding, as it may be adjusted. Check-roll (chek'rōl), n. Same as Check, 11. Check-string (chek'string), n. A string in a coach by pulling which the occupant may call the attention of the coachman. Check-taker (chek'ták-ér), n. An official at a theatre, concert-hall, &c., who receives the checks or tickets given by the moneytaker. Checky, Chequy (chek'i), a. In her. divided by transverse lines perpendicularly and horizontally into equal parts or squares, alternately of different tinctures, like a chess-board. On ordinaries checky must consist of at least three ranges of square pieces. Checky. Cheddar (ched'děr), a. and n. A term denoting a rich fine-flavoured cheese made at Cheddar in Somersetshire. Cheddar-pink (ched'der-pingk), n. The English name of Dianthus casius, because it is found on the limestone rocks of Cheddar in Somersetshire. Cheek (chek), n. [A. Sax. ceâce, cheek. Cog. D. kaak, Sw. kek, the jaw, kak, the cheek; probably same root as chaw, jaw, chaps.] 1. The side of the face below the eyes on each side. 2. Something regarded as resembling the human cheek in position or otherwise; one of two pieces, as of an instrument, apparatus, framework, &c., which form corresponding sides or which are double and alike; as, the cheeks of a printing-press; the cheeks of a turner's lathe: the cheeks of a vice; the cheeks of a mortar and of a gun-carriage; the cheeks of a mast, which serve to sustain the trestletrees; the cheeks of a door; the cheeks of a window-frame; the cheeks of an embrasure; the cheeks of a pillow-block; in founding, one of the side parts of a flask consisting of more than two parts.-3. Cool confidence; brazen-faced impudence; impudent or insulting talk; as, he has plenty of cheek; he gave me a lot of cheek. [Colloq. or vulgar.]— 4. Share; portion; allowance. [Colloq. or vulgar.] I remember the time when I have drunk to my own cheek above two quarts between dinner and breakfast. Trollope. Cheek (chek), v. t. 1. To assail with impudent or insulting language; also, to face; to confront in a bold or impudent manner. [Slang.] What does he come here cheeking us for? Dickens. Sometimes with an indefinite it for the object. They... persuaded me to go and beg with them but I couldn't check it. Mayhew. 2. To bring up to the cheek. His pike cheek'd, to guard the tun He must not taste. Cotton. Cheek-band (chék'band), n. A strap of a head-stall; a throat-band. Cheek-bone (chek'bōn), n. The bone of the cheek. Cheek-piece (chēk’pēs), n. A piece forming a cheek, or on a cheek, as in a casque. Cheek-pouch (chek'pouch), n. A bag situated in the cheek of a monkey, by means of which it is enabled to stow away and carry off food for future consumption. Cheek-strap (chek'strap), n. In saddlery, a strap of a bridle or head-stall passing down the side of the horse's head. Cheek-tooth (chek'töth), n. A molar tooth or grinder. He hath the cheek-teeth of a great lion. Joel i 6. Cheeky (chek'i), a. Impudent; brazen-faced; presumptuous; as, he is a cheeky little fellow. [Slang.] Cheep (chép), v. i. [Imitative.] To pule or peep, as a chicken; to chirp; to squeak. The maxim of the Douglases, that it was 'better to hear the lark sing than the mouse cheep was adopted by every border chief. Sir W. Scott. Cheep (chep), v. t. To utter in a chirping or puling tone; to pipe. O Swallow, Swallow, if I could follow and light 2. State or temper of the mind; state of Son, be of good cheer; thy sins be forgiven thee. 3. A state of gladness or joy; gaiety; ani- Tennyson. Naked I go and void of cheer. 4. That which makes cheerful or promotes good spirits; provisions for a feast; viands; fare. The table was loaded with good cheer. Irving. 5. A shout of joy, encouragement, applause, or acclamation. Welcome her, thundering cheer of the street. Tennyson. Cheer (cher), v.t. 1. To dispel gloom, sorrow, or apathy from; to cause to rejoice; to gladden; to make cheerful: often with up; as, I tried to cheer him up. 'To cheer the ploughman with increaseful crops.' Shak. Cheered with wine and food.' Chapman. Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers; Prepare the way, a god, a god appears. Pope. 2. To incite; to encourage. The heart that cheers these hands to execute the like.' Shak. He cheer'd the dogs to follow her who fled. Dryden. 3. To salute with shouts of joy or cheers; to Cheer (cher), v. i 1. To grow cheerful; to How cheer'st thou, Jessica? 3. To utter a cheer or shout of acclamation or joy. And even the ranks of Tuscany Could scarce forbear to cheer. Macaulay. Cheerer (cher'ėr), n. One who cheers; he who or that which gladdens. Thou cheerer of our days.' Wotton. Prime cheerer light.' Thomson. Cheerful (cher'ful), a. 1. Of good cheer; having good spirits; gay; moderately joyful: said of persons. You do look, my son, in a moved sort, As if you were dismay'd; be cheerful, sit. Shak. 2. Characterized by or expressive of good spirits or joy; associated with agreeable feelings; lively; animated. A cheerful confidence in the mercy of God.' Macaulay. A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance. A man he seems of cheerful yesterdays And confident to-morrows. Prov. xv. 13. 3. Promoting or causing cheerfulness; gladdening; animating; genial; as, the cheerful sun. May-time and the cheerful dawn.' Wordsworth. SYN. Lively, animated, gay, joyful, lightsome, gleeful, blithe, airy, sprightly, jocund, jolly. Cheerfully (cherful-li), adv. In a cheerful manner; with alacrity or willingness; readily; with life, animation, or good spirits. Cheerfulness (cher'ful-nes), n. The state or quality of being cheerful; a state of moderate joy or gaiety; alacrity. He that showeth mercy, with cheerfulness.' Rom. xii. 8. Mirth, Cheerfulness. See under MIRTH. Cheerily (cher'i-li), adv. In a cheery manner; with cheerfulness; with good spirits; as, to set to work cheerily. Cheeriness (cher'i-nes), n. Quality or state of being cheery; cheerfulness; gaiety and good-humour; as, his cheeriness was con stant. Cheering (cher'ing), p. and a. Giving joy The sacred sun... ch, chain; ch, Sc. loch; g, go; VOL. I. There is no Christian duty that is not to be seasoned and set off with cheerishness. Milton. Shak. Cheerless (cherles), a. Without joy, glad- Milton. Oft listening how the hounds and horn Cheery (cher'i), a. 1. Showing cheerful- Come, let us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl. Gay. &c. a cracks of cheese, and lay its eggs there. The Pope. CHEILOPODA dibles, which it uses both for digging into the cheese and for moving itself, having no feet. It has two pairs of spiracles, one pair near the head and another near the tail, so that when one is obstructed the other can be used. Its leaps are performed by a jerk, first bringing itself into a circular attitude, when it can project itself twenty to thirty times its own length. Cheese-hopper (chez'hop-èr). See CHEESE FLY. Cheesemonger (chez'mung-gér), n. Cheese-press (chez'pres), n. Cheese-room (chez'röm), n. A local Eng- Cheese-scoop, Cheese-taster (chez'skup, Cheesy (chez'i), a. Having the nature, qua- Chef (shef), n. [Fr.] 1. Head or chief: spe- Cheilognatha (ki-log'na-tha), n. pl. (Gr. cheilos, a lip, and gnathos, a jaw.] An order of myriapods, represented by the hairy worms or millipeds, in which the two mandibles and the tongue are united to form a large lower lip. An insect of the Cheiloplasty (ki'lō-plas-ti), n. 29 CHEILOSTOMATA maxillipeds or foot-jaws, and a lower lip, are developed. Cheilostomata (ki-lō-stom'a-ta), n. pl. [Gr. cheilos, a lip, and stoma, mouth.] A suborder of funnel-shaped (infundibulate) marine Polyzoa, characterized by having the orifice of the cell filled with a thin membranous or calcareous plate, and a curved mouth furnished with a movable lip. Cheilostomatous (ki-lō-stom'a-tus), a. Of or pertaining to the sub-order Cheilostomata, having the mouth furnished with a movable lip. Cheir-, Chir-. See CHEIL-, CHIL-. Cheiracanthus (ki-ra-kan'thus), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and akantha, a thorn.] 1. A fossil ganoid fish of the Devonian or old red system, covered with small brightly enamelled scales, and having all its fins armed with defensive spines. It abounds at Gamrie, Banffshire.-2. See GNATHOSTOMA Cheiranthus (ki-ran'thus), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower.] A genus of plants, nat. order Cruciferæ, consisting of pubescent herbs or small shrubs with large yellow or purple sweet-scented flowers. The wall-flower (C. Cheiri) is the best known species. Cheirognomy (ki-rog'no-mi), n. Same as Chirognomy. Cheirolepis (ki-rol'e-pis), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and lepis, a scale.] A genus of fossil ganoid fishes found in the old red sandstone of Orkney and Morayshire, with very minute scales, belonging to the family Acanthodes, or spine-finned fishes, and characterized by the great development of the pectoral and ventral fins. Cheirology (ki-rolo-ji), n. Same as Chirology. Cheiromys (ki'rō-mis), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and mys, a mouse.] A genus of lemurine quadrupeds, consisting of the single species C. madagascariensis (the aye-aye). Cheironectes (ki-rō-nek'tēz), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and nechō, to swim.] 1. A genus of acanthopterygious fishes, having the pectoral fins supported, like short feet, upon peduncles, by means of which they are enabled to creep over mud and sand when left dry by the receding tide, and also to take short leaps like a frog, whence it is called frog-fish, as well as hand-fish. They are found in the estuaries of the north-east of Australia. From the structure of their gills they can live out of the water for two or three days.-2. The name given by Illiger to a Brazilian genus of opossums, in which the hinder-hands are webbed. Only one species is known, namely, C. variegatus, or C. Yapock (sometimes called the Yapock opossum, from the river of that name), a spotted marsupial quadruped, found in some parts of South America. Cheiropodist (ki-rop'od-ist), n. Same as Chiropodist Cheiropter (ki-rop'tėr), n. A mammal of the order Cheiroptera. Cheiroptera (ki-rop'tèr-a), n. pl. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and pteron, wing] An order of mammals-the bats-nearly equivalent to the Linnæan genus Vespertilio. They are characterized by the elongation of all the fingers, save the thumb, for the support of a membrane which stretches along the sides of the body, and is attached to the posterior limbs, in the majority passing across between the hind limbs and tail They have thus the power of sustained flight. See BAT. Cheiropterous (ki-rop'tér-us), a. Belonging to the Cheiroptera or bat tribe; furnished with elongated fingers or toes, for the expansion of membranes which serve as wings. Cheirostemon (ki-rō-stē’mon), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and stëmon, a stamen.] A genus of plants, nat. order Malvacea or Sterculiace. It contains a single species, C. platanoides (the hand-flower tree of Mexico). It is a tall tree with large lobed leaves and remarkable flowers, about 2 inches across, without a corolla, but with a coloured calyx, and the bright red stamens divided for about one-third of their length into five linear curved lobes, having some resemblance to the human hand. Cheirotes (ki-rō'tēz), n. [Gr. cheirōtes, provided with hands, from cheir, a hand.] A genus of lizards forming the family Cheirotidæ, and containing but one species, C. canaliculatus, an animal, so far as known, of subterranean habits like the amphisbæna. It, however, differs from the other members of the order Amphisbænia in having external 450 limbs, which consist of two small and slightly developed fore-legs, just behind the head, nearly in the place where the ears might be expected. It is about the thickness of a human little finger, and from 8 to 10 inches long. Cheirotherium (ki-rō-the'ri-um), n. [Gr. cheir, the hand, and therion, a wild beast.] Lit. hand-beast; in geol. a name given to the great unknown animal that formed the larger footsteps upon the slabs of the trias, or upper new red sandstone, and which bear a resemblance to the human hand. is supposed to be identical with the newtlike labyrinthodon. It Chekelatoun, n. A kind of rich cloth. See CHECKLATON. Cheke-mate.'t Same as Check-mate. Chau Chela (kela), n. pl. Chelæ (ke'lē). [Gr. chele, a claw. One of the prehensile claws with which some of the limbs are terminated in certain crustacea, such as the crab, lobster, &c. In many a chele Chelate (ke'lāt), a. Same as Cheliferous. Chelaundre, n. [Fr. calandre, It. calandra.] A kind of lark; the calandra. Romaunt of the Rose. Chele,t n. Chill; cold. and heat.' Gower. Chele (kè'lē), n. Same as Chela. Chelicera (kė-lis'èr-a), n. pl. Cheliceræ (ke-lis'èr-e) [Gr. chele, a claw, and keras, à horn.] A name given to the prehensile claws of the scorpion and spider, which are the homologues of antennæ. Chelididæ, Chelydidæ (ke-lid'i-dē), n. pl. [Gr. chelys, a tortoise, and eidos, resemblance.] A family of tortoises (sometimes called frog-tortoises), agreeing generally in their form and the structure of their feet with the marsh-tortoises, except that the carapace is imperfectly ossified, and the head and limbs are not completely retractile. The mouth is surrounded by soft lips, and the nose usually elongated into a proboscis. Chelidonium (kel - i-dō'ni-um), n. [Gr. chelidonion, from chelidon, a swallow. ] Celandine, a genus of plants, nat. order Papaveraceæ. One of the two known species is a native of waste grounds in the south of England (C. majus). It is a glaucous annual, with lobed leaves, small yellow flowers, and a long pod. It abounds in an acrid yellow juice, sometimes used as a caustic to destroy warts. Chelifer (kel'i-fér), n. [Gr. chēlē, a claw, and L. fero, to carry.] A genus of Arachnidæ, remarkable for the resemblance which the species bear to scorpions. See BookSCORPION. Cheliferous (ke-lif'èr-us), a. [Gr. chēlē, a claw, and L. fero, to bear.] Furnished with chelæ, as a lobster, a crab, &c. Cheliform (kel'i-form), a. [L. chela, a claw, and forma, form.] Having the form of a chela or prehensile claw, like those of the lobster, crab, &c. Chelingue (she-ling), n. A clumsy kind of boat used on the coast of Coromandel. Called also Masoola-boat (which see). Chelodine (kel'ō-din), n. [Gr. chelys, a tortoise.] An Australian river tortoise, having a long, flexible neck, and a flat, narrow, and pointed head. It is a very active animal, traversing with considerable speed the pools and rivers in which it finds its fishy prey. Cheloid (kel'oid), n. [Gr. chelys, a tortoise, and eidos, appearance. ] Same as Cancroid. Dunglison. Chelone (ke-lo'në), n. [Gr. chelone, a tortoise. ] 1. In bot. a beautiful genus of herbaceous plants, nat. order Scrophulariaceæ. The broad keeled upper lip and nearly shut mouth of the corolla suggested the name. The species are perennials, with large white or purple flowers. They are natives of America, but are frequent in our gardens. They are popularly called tortoise-flower, shell-flower, and snake-head. 2. In zool. a genus of turtles, family Chelonidæ, represented by the green turtle (Chelone mydas or viridis). Chelonia (ke-lō'ni-a), n. pl. [Gr. chelone, a tortoise.] An order of reptiles, distinguished by the body being inclosed in a double shell, out of which the head, tail, CHEMICAL and four extremities protrude, including the various species of tortoise and turtle. The order is divided into five families-the Chelididae, or frog tortoises; Testudinidæ, or land tortoises; Emydæ, the terrapins or fresh-water tortoises; Trionychida, the mud turtles or soft tortoises; Chelonidæ, or sea turtles. See TORTOISE, TURTLE. Chelonian (kē-lō'ni-an), a. [Gr. chelone, a tortoise.] Pertaining to or designating animals of the tortoise kind. Chelonian (kē-lō'ni-an), n. A member of the order Chelonia. Chelonidæ, Cheloniidæ (ke-lon'i-dě, kelo-ni'i-de), n. pl. [Gr. chelone, a tortoise, and eidos, resemblance.] A family of chelonian reptiles, distinguished by the peculiar modification of the feet for swimming; the turtles. See TURTLE. Cheluridæ (kē-lū’ri-dē), n. pl. [Gr. chèle, a claw, oura, a tail, and eidos, resemblance.] The wood-boring shrimps, a family of marine shrimps nearly as destructive to timber as the ship-worm itself by boring tunnels under the surface. Chelydidæ. See CHELIDIDÆ. Chelys (kelis), n. [Gr., a tortoise.] A genus of turtles, type of the family Chelidida. See ΜΑΤΑΜΑΤΑ. Chemic (kem'ik), n. 1. A chemist or alchemist.-2. In bleaching, a dilute solution of chloride of lime. Chemic (kem'ik), v. t. pret. & pp. chemicked; ppr. chemicking. In bleaching, to steep, as cotton goods, in a dilute solution of chloride of lime in stone vats, the liquor being pumped up and strained through the goods until the action is complete. Chemic (kem'ik), a. Same as Chemical, hut used chiefly in poetry. Chemical (kem'ik-al), a. (See CHEMISTRY.} 1. Pertaining to chemistry; as, a chemical experiment.-2. Pertaining to the phenomena with which chemistry deals and to the laws by which they are regulated; as, chemical affinity; chemical combinations; chemical changes. - Chemical affinity, chemical attraction, and elective attraction, are different names for that action by which the particles of one class of bodies, when presented to those of certain other classes, conjoin to form new compounds, making apparently a choice or election of those with which they unite. Chemical attraction, like cohesion, acts only at insensible distances, and thus differs entirely from the attraction of gravitation. It is distinguished from cohesion by being exerted between dissimilar particles only, while cohesion unites similar particles only. Chemical combination always takes place in definite proportions, that is, each element has a certain definite combining proportion, whereas mere mixture or solution may occur with very varying amounts of the same substances; the properties of the product or products of chemical action are not the mean of the properties of the substances acted upon, as is the case with mere mechanical actions; and, further, chemical action is always attended with an alteration in the temperature of the substances acted on, generally with an evolution of heat. Chemical action may take place between two elements whereby a new compound is produced, or it may cause the decomposition of a compound into two or more elementary bodies; or again, two compounds may react on one another, and by an interchange of elements produce a series of new compounds. The power of chemical force is very great, and it varies under different circumstances; thus, the force with which two bodies, say A and B, unite, is much greater than that with which A unites with a third body C under the same circumstances, but the circumstances under which combination takes place often alters entirely the relative magnitude or strength of the chemical action. - Chemical analysis, a term applied to the resolution of compound bodies into their elements. It is either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative analysis consists in the determination of the component parts merely as respects their nature, and without regard to their relative proportions. Quantitative analysis consists in the determination not merely of the components of a compound, but their relative proportions. - Chemical combination, that intimate union of two substances, whether fluid or solid, which forms a compound differing in one or more of its essential qualities from either of the constituent |