CHEMICAL bodies. Chemical decomposition, the separation of the component parts of bodies from each other, or the resolution of compounds into their elements. See DECOMPOSITION.Chemical equivalents. See EQUIVALENT.Chemical formule, symbolic expressions employed to denote the composition of bodies. In the formulæ now generally adopted by chemists the names of elementary substances are indicated by the first letter or letters of their names, and to express the compounds of these the letters are arranged together, and small numbers are placed at each letter to indicate how many atoms or smaller combining parts of this element exist in the compound. Thus, H means 1 atom of hydrogen, H2O means 2 atoms of hydrogen united with 1 of oxygen, forming the compound water; KHO means 1 atom of potassium (kalium), 1 of hydrogen, and 1 of oxygen, forming the compound caustic potash; and so on. If a number is placed at the beginning of the formula it multiplies the entire formula; thus, 2 H2O means 2 parts or 2 molecules of water. See ATOM and MOLECULE.-Mechanical, Chemical. See under MECHANICAL. Chemical (kem'ik-al), n. A substance used to produce chemical effects; a chemical agent; as, the manufacture of chemicals. Chemically (kem'ik-al-li), adv. In a chemical manner; according to chemical principles; by chemical process or operation. Chemiglyphic (kem-i-glif'ik), a. chemi- in chemistry, and glyphein, to en[Gr. grave.] A term applied to anything engraved by the agency of the galvanic battery. Chemise (she-mez'), n. [Fr. chemise, L.L. camisia, a shirt, from Ar. gamis, a shirt, an under-garment of linen.] 1. A shift or under garment worn by females. 2. A wall that lines the face of an earthwork; a breast-wall. [Fr] A Chemisette (shem-i-zet'), n. How far their ready ignition on amorphous phosphorus is due to chemism or to electricity remains to be proved. Preece. Chemist (kem'ist), n. [Shortened from alchemist. See CHEMISTRY.] 1. An alchemist. 2. A person versed in chemistry; a student of chemistry; one whose business is to make chemical examinations or investigations.. 3. One who deals in drugs and medicines. Chemist and druggist, one who is registered as such under the act of July 31,1868, relating to the sale of poisons. Chemists and druggists are eligible as members of the Pharmaceutical Society, but are not entitled to a place on the register as pharmaceutical chemists. -Pharmaceutical chemist, a person who, after passing a certain examination, is registered as such by the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Applicants for the title are tested by competent examiners of the society in Latin, botany, materia medica, and pharmaceutical and general chemistry, with other cognate subjects, but not including medicine, surgery, or midwifery. Chemistical (kem-ist'ik-al), a. Relating to chemistry. Burton. Chemistry (kem'ist-ri), n. [From chemist, a shortened form of alchemist, from alchemy, alchymy,O. Fr. alchemie, from Ar. al, the, and gimia, chemistry, from L. Gr. chemeia, chemistry, from Gr. cheo, to pour, to drop.] The science which investigates matter in so far as it is acted upon by the force called chemical, the distinguishing feature of chemical action being the production of a substance or substances of quite different properties from the bodies from which they are produced. In thus studying the changes which matter undergoes the chemist arrives at a classiflcation of all matter into elements, that is, substances which he is unable to decompose, and compounds, or substances which can be broken up into simpler bodies. It becomes necessary, therefore, for the chemist to study the properties, modes of preparation, and mutual actions of both elements and compounds; and he must not overlook the relations of these bodies to physical forces other than chemical, such as heat, light, &c. A consideration of the laws which govern chemical actions, and of the bearing of these upon the general theories of matter constitutes theoretical (or pure) chemistry, while practical (or applied) chemistry is more concerned with the ch, Sc. loch; g. go: j. job: ch, chain; 451 modes of preparing chemical substances, of analyzing these, or of finding useful applications for such substances in the arts and manufactures. Chemistry also is often divided into such branches as organic chemistry, which has to do with organized bodies (animals and plants), inorganic chemistry, with inorganic bodies, agricultural chemis try, medical chemistry, &c. Chemistry is subservient to the various arts of life, and the several branches of manufacture which are carried on in every civilized state. Dyeing, bleaching, tanning, glass-making, the working and composition of metals, &c., are all chemical processes, and, as a science, chemistry is connected with a vast number of the phenomena of nature. It has been called in to the aid of the culinary arts; and its high importance in medicine has been long and universally acknowledged. Formerly and still sometimes written Chymistry. The same is the case also with Chemist, Chemical. Chemitype, Chemitypy (kem'i-tip, kem'iti-pi), n. [Chemi- in chemistry and type.] A process for obtaining casts in relief from engravings. A polished zinc plate is covered with an etching ground, on which the design is etched with a point and bitten in with dilute aqua fortis. The etching ground is removed, and every particle of the acid well cleaned off. The plate, covered by the filings of a fusible metal, is heated until the metal has melted and filled the engraving. When cold it is scraped away to the level of the zinc plate in such a manner that none of it remains except what has entered the engraved lines. The plate is next submitted to the action of a weak solution of muriatic acid; and, as the one of these metals is negative and the other positive, the zinc alone is eaten away by the acid, so that the fusible metal which has entered into the hollows of the engraving is left in relief, and may be printed from by means of the typographic press. Chemitype is particularly adapted for producing maps. Chemosis (ke-mō'sis), n. [Gr. cheme, an aperture, from the appearance produced in the eye by this affection.] An affection of the eye in which the conjunctiva is elevated above the transparent cornea. Chemy (kem'i), n. Chemistry. Dr. G. Cheyne. [Rare.] Cheng (cheng), n. A Chinese musical instrument, consisting of a series of tubes having free reeds. It is held in the hand The and blown into by the mouth. tubes serve only to strengthen the sound, and could be dispensed with, the pitch of the sounds being determined by the length and thickness of the reeds. The introduction of this instrument Cheng.-Carl Engel's Musical into Europe led to the invention harmonium, and other free-reed instruof the accordion, ments. Instruments. Chenille (she-nel'), n. [Fr., a caterpillar.] A tufted cord of silk or worsted, somewhat resembling a caterpillar, used for making Chenopodiaceae (ke-no-pod'i-å"sē-ē), n. pl. hair nets, &c. [After the typical genus Chenopodium.] A nat. order of apetalous exogens, consisting of more or less succulent herbs or shrubs, belonging to about eighty genera and 600 species. They are mostly innocent weeds, but several are employed as pot-herbs, such as spinach and beet, and others for the Chenopodium (ke-no-pod'i-um), n. [Gr. manufacture of soda. chen, chenos, a goose, and pous, podos, foot.] A genus of variable herbs, nat. order Chenopodiaceæ. They are weedy plants, common in waste places, and known by the names of goosefoot, fat-hen, good King Henry, &c. Nine species are found in Britain. Chepet (chép), n. 1. A market. -2. Cheap- Cheque (chek), n. [From chequer or exchequer, in old sense of banker's or moneychanger's office or counter. See EXCHEQUER, CHECK.] An order for money drawn on a banker or on the cashier of a bank, payable to the bearer. A book con Cheque-book (chek'buk), n. taining blank bank-cheques. Chequer, Checker (chek'er), n. [From O. Fr. eschequier, Mod. Fr. échiquier, a chessboard, an exchequer, from 0. Fr. eschecs, chess. See CHECK, CHESS.] 1. A chess or draught board. - 2. One of the squares of a chequered pattern; the pattern itself.-3. Chequer-work (which see).-4. An exchequer or treasury. "Tribute that the swoln floods render into her chequer.' W. Browne. 5. pl. In arch. stones in the facings of walls which have all their thin joints continued in straight lines without interruption or breaking joints, thus presenting the appearance of chequer-work.-6. pl. The game of draughts. (In this sense, which is far more common in America than England, more commonly written Checkers.)-7. A piece in this game. [American.]-8. A common name (now used in the plural and rather as a proper name) for such inns as had their sign-board marked with chequers, probably to announce that draughts and backgammon were played within. It is a curious fact that several houses marked with signs of this kind have been exhumed in Pompeii. Story! God bless you, I have none to tell, sir, Only last night a-drinking at the Chequers, This poor old hat and breeches, as you see, were Chequer, Checker (chek'èr), v. t. 1. To Torn in a scuffle. Canning. mark with little squares, like a chess-board, by lines or stripes of different colours; to mark with different colours. The gray-ey'd morn smiles on the frowning night, 2. Fig. to variegate with different qualities, Our minds are, as it were, chequered with truth and Chequer-board (chek'er-bord), n. A board on which chequers or draughts are played. Chequer-chambert (chek'er-cham-ber), n. Abbreviation of Exchequer-chamber. Chequered, Checkered (chek'èrd), p. and a. 1. Marked with squares or chequers like a chess-board; exhibiting squares of different colours; varied with a play of different col"The snake with shining checker'd slough.' Shak. Dancing in the chequer'd shade.' Milton.-2. Fig. variegated with different qualities, scenes, or events; crossed with good and bad fortune. His chequered life. Macaulay. ours. Yet unless I greatly deceive myself, the general effects of this chequered narrative will be to excite thankfulness in all religious minds and hope in the breasts of all parties. Chequer-work, Checker-work (chek'erMacaulay. Chequer-roll (chek'ér-rol), n. See CHECK, 11. werk), n. Chequered work; work exhibiting chequers or squares of varied colour or materials; work consisting of cross lines; fig. an aggregate of vicissitudes. A chequer-work of beam and shade.' Tennyson. Nets of checker-work and wreaths of chain-work for the chapiters which were upon the top of the pillars. 1 Ki. vii. 17. How strange a chequer-work of Providence is the Chequin, tn. life of man! Defoe. Chequy, Chequey (chek'i), a. In her. Same as Zequin or Sequin. checky (which see). Cherch, n. A church. Chaucer. Cheret (cher), n. The face; visage; counte nance; appearance; entertainment; good cheer. See CHEER. Cherif, n. Cherice,t v. t. To cherish. Cherimoyer (cher-i-moi'èr), n. [Fr. chériSame as Shereef. molier, a corruption of Cherimoles, the name of the fruit in Peru.] The fruit of Anona Cherimolia, a native of Peru. It is a heartshaped fruit with a scaly exterior and numerous seeds, buried in a delicious pulp. It is as much esteemed in the western parts CHERISAUNCE of South America as the custard-apple, to which it bears a great resemblance, is in the West Indies. Also written Chirimoya. Cherisaunce,t n. [Fr.] Comfort. Romaunt of the Rose. Cherish (cher'ish), v. t. [O. Fr. cherir, cherissant (Fr. chérir, chérissant), to hold dear, from cher, L. carus, dear.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to take care of; to foster; to nurture; to support and encourage; to comfort. We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children. 1 Thes. ii. 7. You that do abet him in this kind Cherish rebellion and are rebels all. Shak. For what doth cherish weeds but gentle air? Shak. 2. To hold as dear; to indulge and encourage in the mind; to harbour; to cling to; as, to cherish the principles of virtue; to cherish an evil passion. Which bounteous gift thou should'st in bounty cherish.' Shak. How to cherish such high deeds.' Shak. 'To cherish virtue and humanity.' Burke. To foster, to cherish, to harbour, to indulge. foster is to sustain and nourish with care and effort. To cherish is to hold and treat as dear. To harbour is to provide with shelter and protection, so as to give opportunity for working to something that might be and often ought to be excluded. To indulge is to treat with sweetness. Angus. Το Cheroot (she-röt'), n. A kind of cigar of a cylindrical or often somewhat tapering shape, with both ends cut square off, in this respect differing from a cigar, which has one end pointed. Either end may be lighted. Written also Sheroot. 452 Cherry+ (che'ri), v.t. To cherish. Spenser. Cherry-brandy (che'ri-bran-di), n. Brandy Cherry-coal (che'ri-kōl), n. A soft coal, She wore one of her own round-ear'd caps, and Fielding. Cherry-gum (che'ri-gum), n. 'Tis not for gravity to play at cherry-pit with Satan. Cherry-rum (che'ri-rum), n. Rum in which Cherry-stoner (che'ri-stōn-ér), n. One Cherry-tree (che'ri-trē), n. A tree pro- -chersos, land, or uncultivated land, and Cherry (che'ri), n. [O. E. cheri, chiri, from Shore's wife hath a pretty foot, A cherry lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue. Shak. soness. The sea so circles there that it becomes a cherso- Chert (chèrt), n. [Probably Celtic; comp. flinty. with an n. CHESSNER Cherubims and Cherubins as plurals are improper. [Heb. kerub.] 1. One of an order of angels variously represented at different times, but generally as winged spirits with a human countenance, and distinguished by their knowledge from the seraphs, whose distinctive quality is love. The first mention of cherubs is in Gen. iii. 24, where the figure is not described, but their office was, with a flaming sword, to keep or guard the way of the tree of life. The cherubs, in Ezekiel's vision, had each four heads or faces, the hands of a man, and wings. The four faces were the face of a bull, that of a man, that of a lion, and that of an eagle. They had the bodily form of a man. Ezek. iv. and x. In the celestial hierarchy cherubs are represented as spirits next in order to seraphs. The hieroglyphical and emblematical figures embroidered on the veils of the tabernacle are called cherubs of curious or skilful work. Ex. xxvi. 2. A beautiful child: so called because artists have generally represented cherubs as beautiful winged children. [In this sense the plural is always cherubs.] Cherubic (che-rub'ik), a. Pertaining to or resembling cherubs; angelic. The cherubic host. Milton. Cherubical (che-rub'ik-al), a. Same as Cherubimic (cher-u-bim'ik), a. Of or be- Shak. God in either eye has placed a cherubin. Dryden. This form has been used as an equivalent of the Hebrew plural Cherubim. Cherup (cher'up), n. [A form of chirrup, chirp.] A chirp or chirrup. [Colloq.] Cherup (cher'up), v.i. To chirp or chirrup. 'Cherupping birds.' Drayton. Cherup (cher'up), v. t. To excite or urge on by chirping. [Rare.] Cowper. He cherups brisk his ear-erecting steed. Chervil (cher'vil), n. [A. Sax, cerfille, a contraction of L. charophyllum, from Gr. chairephyllon-chairo, to rejoice, and phyllon, leaf, from the agreeable odour of their leaves.] The popular name of plants of the genus Charophyllum, but especially of C. temulum. This is the only British species; it is a hairy herb of the nat. order Umbelliferæ, with longish grooved fruits, common in fields and waste places throughout Britain. - Garden chervil is Anthriscus Cerefolium.-Sweet chervil is Myrrhis odorata, an aromatic and stimulant umbellifer formerly used as a pot-herb.-Needle chervil is Scandix Pecten-Veneris, a cornfield weed like chervil, but with slender-beaked fruits. Chese, v.t. To choose. Chaucer. Chesiblet (ches'i-bl), n. A chasuble. Cheslip (ches'lip), n. A wood-louse. [Provincial.] Chesnut. See CHESTNUT. Chess (ches), n. [From O. Fr. eschecs, Fr. CHESSOM Chessom (ches'sum), n. [Connected with O.E. chessil, chesil, A. Sax. ceosel, gravel, pebbles, sand.] A kind of sandy and clayey earth. Halliwell. The tender chessom and mellow earth is the best, being mere mould. Chess-player (ches' pla-ér), n. Bacon. plays chess; one skilled in the game of chess. Chess-tree (ches'tre), n. Naut. a piece of wood bolted perpendicularly on the side, to confine the clews of the main-sail. Chessylite (ches'si-lit), n. [From Chessy, a town near Lyons, in France, where the mineral occurs, and Gr. lithos, a stone.] Same as Azurite, 1. Chest (chest), n. [A. Sax. cyste, North. E. He is now dead and nailed in his chest. Chaucer. 4. The trunk of the body from the neck to the belly; the thorax-Chest of drawers. See DRAWER. Chest (chest), v.t. 1. To deposit in a chest; tion; as, broad-chested, narrow-chested. Chest Chest-founder (chest'found-ér), n. Chest-foundering (chest'found-er-ing), n. In Chest-measurer (chest'mezh-ur-ér), n. med. an instrument for determining the mobility of the chest. It is a sort of spring, which, when applied to the walls of the chest, measures the modifications of its diameters, and indicates, by the motion of the index hand on a dial, any movement of respiration to the hundredth of an inch. Chestnut (ches'nut), n. [For chesten-nut, from O.E. chesteine, chesteyne, &c., and nut, from 0. Fr. chastaigne (Mod. Fr. châtaigne). from L. castanea, the chestnut-tree, from Gr. kastanon, a chestnut (the fruit), from Castana in Pontus, where this tree abounded.] 1. The seed or nut of the chestnuttree (Castanea vesca). It is inclosed in a prickly pericarp, which contains two or more seeds.-2. The tree itself or its timber. 3. The colour of the husk of a chestnut; a reddish-brown colour. His hair is of a good colour.-An excellent colour; your chestnut was ever the only colour. Shak. Chestnut (ches'nut), a. Being of the colour of a chestnut; of a reddish-brown colour. His chestnut curls clustered over his open brow. Chestnut-tree (ches'nut-tre), n Castanea Disraeli. Chestnut (Castanea vesca). vesca, a tree, nat. order Corylacem, which produces the chestnut. Probably a native ch, chain; ch, Sc. loch; 453 of Asia Minor, it has long been cultivated in A sort of poll-tax; The Western Powers will assuredly never permit Mount, chevaliers, to arms! Shak 2. In her. a horseman armed at all points.- Chevaster (she-vas'ter). Same as Chevestre. Chevaux-de-frise (she-vo'de-frēz), n. pl. CHEVIOT dows placed at some distance above the floor, and looking into a gravelled area bounded by a high brick wall, with iron chevaux-de-frise at the top. Dickens. Chevaux-de-frise. Cheve, v.i. [0. Fr. chevir, to come to an Cheverilt (shev'èr-il), n. [O. Fr. chevrel, Here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad. Cheverilt (shev'èr-il), a. 1. Made of cheveril. Shak. A cheveril glove.' Shak.-2. Yielding; pliable, as kid-leather. Your soft cheveril Cheverilize + (shev'èr-il-iz), v.t. To make conscience.' Shak. as pliable as kid-leather. I appeal to your own, though never so much, chev erilized consciences, my good calumniators. Cheveron (shev'èr-on). Same as Chevron. Mountagu Cheveronny (shev-ér-on'ni), a. In her. a term used of an escutcheon divided into several equal parts, by lines in the form of the chevron. It is termed cheveronny of Chevesaile,t n. A necklace or collar. Chauthe number of pieces. cer. Chevestre, Chevêtre (she-vestr, she-våtr). Chevet, east end of Westminster Abbey, almost exclusively confined to French Gothic churches. The chevet is always inclosed by an open screen of columns on the ground floor, and opens into an aisle, which again always opens into three or more apsidal chapels, thus affording a variety of perspective and a play of light and shade unrivalled Chevetain, n. by any other arrangement. A chieftain: occurring also as Cheventain, Chivetain Cheville (she-vel), n. [Fr.] In music, the peg of a violin, guitar, or other stringed inCheviot (che'vi-ot), n. strument. A variety of sheep, taking their name from the well-known CHEVIOT Border mountain range, noted for their large Chevrette (shev-ret), n. [Fr., from chèvre, of fret ornament common in Norman architecture. Called also the Zigzag and Dancette. 3. Milit the distinguishing Chevron Moulding. marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers' coats, to mark the rank of the bearer. -Chevron bones, in anat. the V-shaped subvertebral arches in the caudal region of reptiles. Chevroned (shev'rund), a. Bearing a chevron; resembling a chevron in form. Watchet cloth of silver chevroned all over with lace.' B. Jonson. Chevronel (shev'run-el), n. In her. an ordi- Chevrotain (shev'rō-tān), n. [Fr., from One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes. Times newspaper. Chew (cho), v. t. [Written also chaw, a form seldom now used; from A. Sax. ceówan, to chew; cog. with D. kaauwen, G. kauen, to chew. Jaw, jowl, chaps, chops are from the same root.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food, to prepare it for deglutition and digestion.-2. Fig. to ruminate on in the thoughts; to meditate on. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swal lowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Bacon. -To chew the cud, to ruminate, and fig. to ruminate or meditate on. 'Chew'd the thriceturned cud of wrath.' Tennyson. Chew (cho), v. i. 1. To perform the act of chewing; to champ.-2. Fig. to meditate; to ruminate. Old politicians chew on wisdom past. Pope. Chew (cho), n That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a quid of tobacco. Chewett (cho'et), n. A kind of pie made of chopped substances. Chewett (cho'et), n. [Fr. chouette, an owl, a daw, a jackdaw. Cotgrave.] An impertinent chatterer. Peace, chewet, peace.' Shak. Chewing-ball (chö'ing-bal), n. A medicinal ball for a horse, composed of the wood 454 of the bay and juniper trees, asafetida, liver Chian (ki'an), a. Pertaining to Chios, an isle That blind bard, who on the Chian strand, Rise to the swelling of the voiceful sea. Coleridge. Chiaroscuro, Chiaro-oscuro (ki-ä'rō-sköʻ- According to the common acceptation of the term Chiasm (ki'azm), n. [Gr. chiasma, from Chiasma (ki-az'ma), n. Same as Chiasm. Chibbalt (chibbal), n. [See CIBOL] A small Chic (shek), n. [Fr., from G. geschick, skill.] To cut short this chicane I propound it fairly to CHICK-PEA Give me but virtuous actions, and I will not quibble and chicane about the matter. Chesterfield. Chicaner (shi-kan'èr), n. [Fr. chicaneur.} One who chicanes or uses shifts, turns, evasions, or undue artifices, in litigation or disputes; a caviller; an unfair disputant. This is the way to distinguish a logical chicaner from a man of reason. Locke. Chicanery (shi-kān'ér-i), n. [Fr. chicanerie ] Chicane; mean or unfair artifices to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; trickery; sophistry. 'Irritated by perpetual chicanéry.' Hallam. 'Manors got by rapine and chicanery.' Lamb.-SYN. Trickery, sophistry, quibbling, stratagem, tergiversation. Chiccory (chik'o-ri), n. Chicory (which see). Chich, Chiche, a. [Fr. chiche, poor, niggardly, from L. ciccus, a trifle or thing of no value.] Niggardly; sparing. Chaucer. Chich (chich), n. [Fr. chiche, It. cece, L. cicer, the chick-pea.] A dwarf pea Same as Chick-pea (which see). Chiches, and the other pulses." B. Googe. Chicha (che'cha), n. [Sp.] 1. Same as Chica. Chichevache,t n. [Fr., lit. a lean cow.] A Chick (chik), v.i. [Perhaps from A. Sax. Chick-a-berry (chik'a-be-ri), n. A corrup- Chickaree (chik'a-rē), n. The Sciurus hud- Chicken (chik'en), n. [A. Sax. cicen, cycen, Chicken-hearted (chik'en-hart-ed), a. Chicken-pox (chik'en-poks), n. A mild contagious eruptive disease, generally appearing in children. Chicket (chik'et), n. A fastening. Ford. The green shutters and chickets are offensive. Chickling (chik'ling), n. [Dim. of chick.] A small chick or chicken. Chickling, Chickling - vetch (chik'ling. chik'ling-vech), n. [Dim. of chich, the chickpea.] A vetch or pea of the genus Lathyrus (L. sativus), extensively cultivated in the south of Europe for its seed, which is eaten in the same way as the chick-pea, but is said to be of superior quality. Chick-pea (chik'pe), n. [For chich-pea See CHICH, n.] The popular name of Cicer arietinum. It grows wild around the shores of the Mediterranean and in many parts of the East, producing a short puffy pod with one or generally two small netted seeds with two swellings on one side. It is much used in olios in Spain, and is an important article in French cookery. When roasted it is the common parched pulse of the East. CHICK-WEED Chick-weed (chik'wēd), n. [That is, chickenweed; in Scotland it is often called chickenwort or chucken-wort.] The popular name of Stellaria media, one of the most common weeds in cultivated and waste ground everywhere in Britain, flowering throughout the year. It has a procumbent more or less hairy stem, with ovate pointed leaves, and many small white flowers. It is much used for feeding cage-birds, which are very fond both of its leaves and seeds.-Mouse-ear chickweed, the popular name of various species of Cerastium.-Winter-green chickweed, the common name of Trientalis europœa. Chicoraceous (chik-o-rá'shus), a. Cichoraceous (which see). Chicory (chik'o-ri), n. [Fr. chicorée, L. cichorium, from Gr. kichōrion, chicory.] The popular name of Cichorium Intybus, a composite plant common in waste places in England, and extending through Europe and Asia as far as India. It has a fleshy tapering root, a stem from 1 to 3 feet high, with Chicory (Cichorium Intybus), spreading branches and lobed and coarsely toothed leaves. The flowers are bright blue. The roots have been extensively employed as a substitute for coffee, or to mix with coffee, being roasted and ground for this purpose. Chicory is also cultivated for feeding cattle with its leaves, and the blanched leaves are sometimes used as a salad. Chide (chid), v.t. pret. chid [chodet]; part. chid, chidden. [A. Sax. cidan, to chide; connections unknown.] 1. To scold; to reprove; to rebuke: with a personal subject and object; as, to chide one for his faults; to chide one for his delay. 'Almost chide God for making you that countenance you Shak. are.' Last chidden for being too slow.' Shak. Chid her and forbid her to speak.' Tennyson. But Kirk was only chid for it; and it was said that he had a particular order for some military execu tions, so that he could only be chid for the manner of it. Bp. Burnet. 2. To find fault with; to take exception to: with a thing as object, especially when regarded as an agent or having activity. Chid his truant youth.' Shak. When we have chid the hasty-footed time for parting us.' Shak. 'Tis not because the ring they ride, And Lindesay at the ring rides well, But that my sire the wine will chide, If 'tis not fill'd by Rosabelle. Sir W. Scott, I chid Lucetta hence. Shak. Find him, my lord of Warwick; chide him hither. Shak. 5. To strike by way of punishment or ad- And Jacob was wroth and chode with Laban. Fig. to fret; to chafe. As doth a rock chides. Chidestert (chid'stér), n. A female scold. Chaucer. 1. A scolding; a reChiding (chid'ing), n. buke; reproof.-2. Noise or fury of wind, waves, streams, &c. The churlish chiding of the winter's wind.' Shak. The chidings of the headlong brook.' Mallet. [Rare and poetical.]-3. In hunting, the sound made by hounds in full cry. Shak. They bay'd the bear With hounds of Sparta: never did I hear Such gallant chiding. Chidingly (chîd'ing-li), adv. In a scolding or reproving manner. Chief (chef), a. [O.Fr. chef, chief (Fr. chef), the head, top, chief; from L. caput, the head.] 1. Highest in office, authority, or rank; principal; as, a chief priest; the chief butler. Gen. xl. 9. Among the chief rulers many believed on him. Jn. xii. 42. 2. Principal or most eminent, in any quality or action; such that others (things, persons, particulars of any kind) are inferior or subordinate; most important; at the head; leading; main: a word of very extensive appli cation. The hand of the princes and rulers hath been chief in this trespass. Ezra ix. 2. 3. Intimate; near; close. In this sense still used in Scotland; as, they are very chief wi' ane anither. A whisperer separateth chief friends. Prov. xvi. 28. This word, though in its own meaning a superlative, was formerly sometimes used in the superlative degree. Our chiefest courtier, cousin, and our son. Shak. Doeg, an Edomite, the chiefest of the herdmen. 1 Sam. xxi. 7. -Chief-tenant, a tenant in capite, or tenantin-chief; one who holds land directly from the crown by honourable personal services. See TENANT. SYN. Principal, leading, main, first, paramount, supreme, capital, prime, vital, especial, essential, great, grand, eminent. Chief (chef), n. 1. The person highest in authority, the head or head man; as, the chief of the foreign office. Specifically, (a) a military commander; the person who heads an army. 1 Chr. xi. 6. (b) The principal person of a clan, tribe, family, or congregation, &c. Num. iii. 24. Hail to the chief who in triumph advances! Sir W. Scott. Used collectively for more than one person. I took the chief of your tribes, wise men and known, and made them heads over you. Deut. i. 15. 2. The principal part or portion; the most or largest part of one thing or of many. The people took of the spoil sheep and oxen, the chief of the things which should have been utterly destroyed. 1 Sam. xv. 21. 3. In her. the head or upper part of the escutcheon, from side to side, cut off horizontally by a straight line, and containing properly a third part of the dimensions of the escutcheon. In blazoning arms, the chief is generally last mentioned and described. In chief, is the term used when something_borne is in this part.-To hold land in chief, to hold land directly from the sovereign by honourable personal services. Chief. -Chief, Commander, Leader, Head. Chief, lit. the head, applied to one who occupies the highest rank in military or civil matters, as an Indian chief, a military chief, the chief of a department in the civil service; commander, one who issues commands to or has power over, applied to the head of an army or fleet, as commander of the army in the East, commander of the Mediterranean fleet; leader, the head of a party or faction, or one who conducts some special undertaking the leader of the House of Commons, the leader of the Conservative party, the leader of the storming party; head, applied to the chief of a tribe or family or profession, as the head of the House of Cavendish, the head of the bar. Chief (chef), adv. Chiefly. Thomson. [Rare.] Chiefage, Chevaget (chef'āj, chē’vāj), n. CHIGRE [See CHIEF.] A tribute by the head; a polltax. Chief-baron (chef'bar-on), n. The president of the court of exchequer. Chiefdom (chef'dum), n. Sovereignty. Spenser. [Rare.] Chiefess (chef'es), n. A female chief. Carver. [Rare.] Chief-justice (chēf'jus-tis), n. The presiding judge of a court, particularly the presiding judge in the Queen's Bench and Common Pleas divisions of the High Court of Justice. The chief of the former court is called the lord chief-justice of England, while the chief of the latter is merely the lord chief-justice of the Common Pleas Chief-justiceship (chef' jus- tis-ship), n. The office of chief-justice. Chiefless (chef'les), a. Without a chief or leader. Chiefless armies.' Pope. Chiefly (chef'li), adv. 1. Principally; above all; in the first place. And chiefly thou, O Spirit, that dost prefer Before all temples th' upright heart and pure. Milton. 2. For the most part; mostly; as, his estates were chiefly situated in Scotland. - SYN. Principally, mainly, especially, eminently. Chief-rent (chef'rent), n. The same as Quitrent (which see). Chiefriet (chef'ri), n. A rent or duty paid to the lord paramount. Chieftain (chef'tan or chef'tin), n. [O. Fr. chevetaine, chieftaine, &c., from L.L. capitaneus, from caput, the head; so that it is really the same word as captain.] A captain, leader, or commander; a chief; the head of a troop, army, or clan. When used absolutely, mostly designating the chief of a Highland clan. A chieftain to the Highlands bound, Cries, Boatman, do not tarry. Campbell. Chieftaincy, Chieftainship (chef'tan-si or chef'tin-si, chef'tan-ship or chef'tin-ship), n. The rank, dignity, or office of a chieftain. Chieftainess (chef'tan-es or chef'tin-es), n. A female chieftain. Miss Sedgwick. Chieftainry+ (chef'tan-ri or chef'tin-ri), n. Chieftainship. Johnson. Chieftyt (chef'tí), n. Headship. Bp. Hall. Chiel, Chield (chel, cheld), n. (A corruption of child, which formerly was often addressed to a young man. See CHILDE] A young man; a fellow: used either in a good or bad sense. Buirdly chiels an' clever hizzies.' Burns. [Scotch.] Chierete, Chiertee,t n. Charity; tenderness; affection. Chaucer. Chievancet (chev'ans), n. [O. Fr. chevance, from chevir, to accomplish. See CHEVISANCE.] An unlawful bargain; traffie in which money is extorted as discount. Bacon. Chieve, Chivet (chev), v.i. See CHEVE. Chiff-chaff (chif'chaf), n. The white-throat (Sylvia Rufa), one of our song-birds, so called from its note. Chiffonnier (shif'o-ner), n. [Fr., a chiffonnier, a rag-picker, from chiffon, a rag.] 1. A kind of small side-board; a kind of cabinet. 2. A rag-picker: in this sense used by English writers merely as a French word; the fem. is chiffonnière. Chiffre (shef'r), n. [Fr.] In music, figures to denote the harmony, as in figured bass. Chignon (she-nyon), n. [Fr., the nape of the neck, a chignon.] The term applied to ladies' back hair when raised and folded up, usually round a pad of more or less size, in a sort of roll on the back part of the head and nape of the neck. Chigoe (chig'ō), n. [Of West Indian or South American origin.] A very curious insect (Pulex or Sarcopsylla penetrans) closely resembling the common flea, but of more minute size, found in the West Indies and South America. It burrows beneath the skin of the foot, and soon acquires the size of a pea, its abdomen becoming distended 3 with eggs. If these eggs remain to be hatched beneath the skin great irritation and even troublesome sores are sure to result. The insect must be extracted entire, and with great care, as soon as its presence is indicated by a slight itching or tingling. Written also Chegoe, Chigre, Jigger, &c. Chigre, Chiggre (chig'gèr), n. See CHIGOE. Chigoe (Pulex penetrans). 1, Male, nat. size. 2, Male, magnified. 3, Female, full of eggs (nat. size), as taken from a human toe. |