modes of preparing chemical substances, of analyzing these, or of finding useful applications for such substances in the arts and manufactures. Chemistry also is often divided into such branches as organic chemistry, which has to do with organized bodies (animals and plants), inorganic chemistry, with inorganic bodies, agricultural chemis try, medical chemistry, &c. Chemistry is subservient to the various arts of life, and the several branches of manufacture which are carried on in every civilized state. Dyeing, bleaching, tanning, glass-making, the working and composition of metals, &c., are all chemical processes, and, as a science, chemistry is connected with a vast number of the phenomena of nature. It has been called in to the aid of the culinary arts; and its high importance in medicine has been long and universally acknowledged. Formerly and still sometimes written Chymistry. The same is the case also with Chemist, Chemical.

Chemitype, Chemitypy (kem'i-tip, kem'iti-pi), n. [Chemi- in chemistry and type.] A process for obtaining casts in relief from engravings. A polished zinc plate is covered with an etching ground, on which the design is etched with a point and bitten in with dilute aqua fortis. The etching ground is removed, and every particle of the acid well cleaned off. The plate, covered by the filings of a fusible metal, is heated until the metal has melted and filled the engraving. When cold it is scraped away to the level of the zinc plate in such a manner that none of it remains except what has entered the engraved lines. The plate is next submitted to the action of a weak solution of muriatic acid; and, as the one of these metals is negative and the other positive, the zinc alone is eaten away by the acid, so that the fusible metal which has entered into the hollows of the engraving is left in relief, and may be printed from by means of the typographic press. Chemitype is particularly adapted for producing maps. Chemosis (ke-mō'sis), n. [Gr. cheme, an aperture, from the appearance produced in

the eye by this affection.] An affection of the eye in which the conjunctiva is elevated above the transparent cornea. Chemy (kem'i), n. Chemistry. Dr. G. Cheyne. [Rare.] Cheng (cheng), n. A Chinese musical instrument, consisting of a series of tubes having free reeds. It is held in the hand

The

and blown into by the mouth. tubes serve only to strengthen the sound, and could be dispensed with, the pitch of the sounds being determined by the length and thickness of the reeds. The introduction of this instrument Cheng.-Carl Engel's Musical into Europe led to the invention harmonium, and other free-reed instruof the accordion,

CHERISAUNCE

of South America as the custard-apple, to which it bears a great resemblance, is in the West Indies. Also written Chirimoya. Cherisaunce,t n. [Fr.] Comfort. Romaunt of the Rose.

Cherish (cher'ish), v. t. [O. Fr. cherir, cherissant (Fr. chérir, chérissant), to hold dear, from cher, L. carus, dear.] 1. To treat with tenderness and affection; to take care of; to foster; to nurture; to support and encourage; to comfort.

We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children. 1 Thes. ii. 7.

You that do abet him in this kind Cherish rebellion and are rebels all. Shak. For what doth cherish weeds but gentle air? Shak. 2. To hold as dear; to indulge and encourage in the mind; to harbour; to cling to; as, to cherish the principles of virtue; to cherish an evil passion. Which bounteous gift thou should'st in bounty cherish.' Shak. How to cherish such high deeds.' Shak. 'To cherish virtue and humanity.' Burke. To foster, to cherish, to harbour, to indulge. foster is to sustain and nourish with care and effort. To cherish is to hold and treat as dear. To harbour is to provide with shelter and protection, so as to give opportunity for working to something that might be and often ought to be excluded. To indulge is to treat with sweetness. Angus.

Το

Cheroot (she-röt'), n. A kind of cigar of a cylindrical or often somewhat tapering shape, with both ends cut square off, in this respect differing from a cigar, which has one end pointed. Either end may be lighted. Written also Sheroot.

452

Cherry+ (che'ri), v.t. To cherish. Spenser.
Cherry-bay (che'ri-bā), n. The laurel.
Cherry-bouncet (che'ri-bouns), n. An old
popular drink, consisting of burned brandy
in which cherries had been steeped, and
sugar; or perhaps what is now termed
Cherry-brandy.

Cherry-brandy (che'ri-bran-di), n. Brandy
in which cherries have been steeped.
Cherry-cheeked (che'ri-chěkt), a. Having
ruddy cheeks. Cherry-cheeked country
girls.' Congreve.

Cherry-coal (che'ri-kōl), n. A soft coal,
abounding in Staffordshire, Derbyshire,
Nottinghamshire, near Glasgow, &c. Though
resembling caking coal it does not cake in
burning; but gives out a cheerful bright
flame and needs no stirring.
Cherry-coloured (che'ri-kul-érd), a. Col-
oured like a cherry; cerise.

She wore one of her own round-ear'd caps, and
over it a little straw-hat, lined with cherry-colour'd
silk, and tied with a cherry-colour'd ribbon.

Fielding.
Cerasin.

Cherry-gum (che'ri-gum), n.
Cherry-laurel (che'ri-la-rel), n. The Eng-
lish name of Cerasus Lauro-cerasus, nat.
order Rosacea, a native of Asia Minor. It
is commonly called laurel, but must not be
confounded with the sweet bay or other
true species of Laurus. The leaves yield by
distillation a hydrocyanated oil, nearly iden-
tical with that got from bitter almonds.
The distilled water from the leaves is used
in medicine in the same way as diluted
hydrocyanic or prussic acid. It is poisonous
in large doses.
Cherry-pepper (che'ri-pep-èr), n.
A spe-
cies of capsicum (C. cerasiforme), whose
fruit is small and cherry-shaped.
Cherry-pit (che'ri-pit), n. A child's play,
in which cherry-stones are thrown into a
hole.

'Tis not for gravity to play at cherry-pit with Satan.
Shak

Cherry-rum (che'ri-rum), n. Rum in which
cherries have been steeped.
Cherry-stick (che'ri-stik), n. A tobacco-
pipe tube made of the young stems of the
Mahaleb cherry, bored and the reddish-
brown bark retained. Sometimes these
stems are five feet long, and as straight and
smooth as if turned.
Cherry-stone (che'ri-stōn), n. The seed
of the cherry.

Cherry-stoner (che'ri-stōn-ér), n. One
who or that which removes the stones from
cherries; specifically, a domestic imple-
ment which works by introducing a forked
prong into the fruit, driving the stone out
of the pulp.

Cherry-tree (che'ri-trē), n. A tree pro-
ducing cherries. The name is mostly given
to the common cultivated trees and to that
which produces the black wild cherry. The
wood of the latter is valued for cabinet-
work. See CHERRY.
Cherry-wine (che'ri-win), n. Wine made
from cherries.
Chersonese (kér′sō-nēz), n. [Gr. chersonesos

-chersos, land, or uncultivated land, and
nėsos, an isle.] A peninsula; a tract of land
of any indefinite extent which is nearly sur-
rounded by water, but united to a larger
tract by a neck of land or isthmus; as, the
Cimbric Chersonese or Jutland; the Tauric
Chersonese or Crimea; the Thracian Cher-
sonese, the peninsula on the western side of
the Hellespont. Formerly written also Cher-

Cherry (che'ri), n. [O. E. cheri, chiri, from
Fr. cerise, L. cerasus, a cherry, from Gr.
kerasos, a cherry. Cheri or chiri was a cor-
ruption of cheris or chiris, the final s being
mistaken for the plural inflection; the same
mistake occurs in several other words, not-
ably in pea as shortened from pease (L.
pisum).' Skeat. That the tree received its
name from the town of Cerasus in Pontus
is very doubtful; possibly the derivation was
the other way.] 1. The fruit of species of
Cerasus, which is commonly regarded as
a sub-genus of Prunus; a tree producing
this fruit. The cultivated varieties prob-
ably belong to two species, C. avium and
C. vulgaris. They are numerous, as the
red or garden cherry, the red heart, the
white heart, the black cherry, the black
heart, and several others. The fruit is a
pulpy drupe inclosing a one-seeded smooth
stone. It is related that this fruit or a cul-
tivated variety of it was brought from Cera-
sus in Pontus to Italy after the defeat of
Mithridates by Lucullus, about B.C. 70, and
introduced into England by the Romans
about 120 years afterward, A.D. 55.-Barba-
does cherry is the fruit of Malpighia urens.
The berries are red, cherry-shaped, acid, and
eatable.-Bird cherry is Prunus Padus.
Cornelian cherry is the fruit of Cornus mas-
cula (cornel-tree or dog-wood). It is a small.
acid, cherry-like eatable berry. - Dwarf
cherry is the fruit of a Lonicera or honey-
suckle.-Hottentot cherry is the fruit of
Cassine Maurocenia. The fruit is a trisper-
mous berry of a dark purple colour.-Ma-
haleb cherry, the fruit of Cerasus Mahaleb,
of the south of Europe. - Marasca cherry.
See MARASCA.-Winter cherry is the fruit
of Rhysalis Alkekengi. It is a berry of the
size of a small cherry, inclosed in an inflated
bladder-like calyx. This name is also given
to a species of Solanum.-2. A cordial com-
posed of cherry juice and spirit, sweetened
and diluted. The wild cherry is most gene-
rally used for this purpose, being steeped
for some days in spirit, which extracts the
juice of the fruit; the tincture is then sweet-
ened and diluted to the taste. This cordial
is moderately bitter and astringent. It is
sometimes made of the mazard.
Cherry (che'ri), a. Like a red cherry in
colour; red; ruddy; blooming; as, a cherry Cherty (chèrt'i), a. Like chert; full of chert;
lip; cherry cheeks.

Shore's wife hath a pretty foot,

A cherry lip, a bonny eye, a passing pleasing tongue. Shak.

soness.

The sea so circles there that it becomes a cherso-
ness.
Sir T. Herbert.

Chert (chèrt), n. [Probably Celtic; comp.
Ir. ceart, a pebble.] A variety of quartz,
called also Hornstone, Petrosilex, or Rock
flint. It is less hard than common quartz;
its fracture usually conchoidal and dull,
sometimes splintery. It is more or less
translucent. Its colours are numerous and
usually dull. It is usually amorphous,
sometimes globular or in nodules. It occurs
often in veins, especially metallic, in primi-
tive mountains. The name is also applied
to other minerals besides hornstone. Thus
those siliceous concretions which occur as
nodules and layers in limestone rocks, like
flints in chalk, are called chert. The Derby-
shire miners apply the term black chert to
a fusible mineral, whereas the hornstone
above described is infusible.

flinty.
Cherub (cherub), n. pl. Cherubs (cher-
ubz). The Hebrew plural Cherubim is also
used, and sometimes the plural is written

with an n.

CHESSNER

Cherubims and Cherubins as plurals are improper. [Heb. kerub.] 1. One of an order of angels variously represented at different times, but generally as winged spirits with a human countenance, and distinguished by their knowledge from the seraphs, whose distinctive quality is love. The first mention of cherubs is in Gen. iii. 24, where the figure is not described, but their office was, with a flaming sword, to keep or guard the way of the tree of life. The cherubs, in Ezekiel's vision, had each four heads or faces, the hands of a man, and wings. The four faces were the face of a bull, that of a man, that of a lion, and that of an eagle. They had the bodily form of a man. Ezek. iv. and x. In the celestial hierarchy cherubs are represented as spirits next in order to seraphs. The hieroglyphical and emblematical figures embroidered on the veils of the tabernacle are called cherubs of curious or skilful work. Ex. xxvi. 2. A beautiful child: so called because artists have generally represented cherubs as beautiful winged children. [In this sense the plural is always cherubs.] Cherubic (che-rub'ik), a. Pertaining to or resembling cherubs; angelic. The cherubic host. Milton.

Cherubical (che-rub'ik-al), a. Same as
Cherubic. The cherubical angel.' Sheldon.
Cherubim (cher'ú-bim), n. The Hebrew
plural of cherub.

Cherubimic (cher-u-bim'ik), a. Of or be-
Cherubin + (cher'ü-bin), a. Cherubic; an-
longing to cherubim.
gelic. Her cherubin look.'
Cherubint (cher'ü-bin), n. A cherub.

Shak.

God in either eye has placed a cherubin. Dryden. This form has been used as an equivalent of the Hebrew plural Cherubim. Cherup (cher'up), n. [A form of chirrup, chirp.] A chirp or chirrup. [Colloq.] Cherup (cher'up), v.i. To chirp or chirrup. 'Cherupping birds.' Drayton.

Cherup (cher'up), v. t. To excite or urge on by chirping. [Rare.]

Cowper.

He cherups brisk his ear-erecting steed. Chervil (cher'vil), n. [A. Sax, cerfille, a contraction of L. charophyllum, from Gr. chairephyllon-chairo, to rejoice, and phyllon, leaf, from the agreeable odour of their leaves.] The popular name of plants of the genus Charophyllum, but especially of C. temulum. This is the only British species; it is a hairy herb of the nat. order Umbelliferæ, with longish grooved fruits, common in fields and waste places throughout Britain. - Garden chervil is Anthriscus Cerefolium.-Sweet chervil is Myrrhis odorata, an aromatic and stimulant umbellifer formerly used as a pot-herb.-Needle chervil is Scandix Pecten-Veneris, a cornfield weed like chervil, but with slender-beaked fruits. Chese, v.t. To choose. Chaucer.

Chesiblet (ches'i-bl), n. A chasuble. Cheslip (ches'lip), n. A wood-louse. [Provincial.]

Chesnut. See CHESTNUT.

Chess (ches), n. [From O. Fr. eschecs, Fr.
échecs, chess, really a plural, meaning lit.
kings, from Per. shah, a king, the principal
figure in the game, whence also check, check-
mate, It. scacco, D. schaak, Dan. skak, Icel
skák, G. schach, chess.] An ingenious game
played by two persons or parties with dif-
ferent pieces on a checkered board, divided
into sixty-four squares. Each party has
eight dignified pieces: a king, a queen, two
bishops, two knights, and two rooks or
castles; also eight pawns. The pieces of
the parties are of different colours. The
object of the game is to checkmate the
enemy's king. See CHECKMATE, n.
Chess (ches), n. In New England, the
Bromus secalinus, a grass which grows
among wheat, bears some resemblance to
oats, and is sometimes ground up with
wheat, when it is said to produce narcotic
effects if eaten. Called also Cheat.
Chess-apple (ches'ap-1), n. A species of
wild service, Crataegus terminalis.
Chess-board (ches bord), n. The board
used in the game of chess.
Chessel (ches'sel), n. [From cheese] A
mould or vat in which cheese is formed.
Chessex (ches'seks), n. The boards used for
the flooring of a temporary military bridge.
A piece used in
Chess-man (ches'man), n.
playing the game of chess.
Chessnert (ches'nèr), n. A chess-player.
Yonder's my game, which, like a politic chessner,
I must not seem to see.
T. Middleton.

CHESSOM

Chessom (ches'sum), n.

[Connected with O.E. chessil, chesil, A. Sax. ceosel, gravel, pebbles, sand.] A kind of sandy and clayey earth. Halliwell.

The tender chessom and mellow earth is the best, being mere mould.

Chess-player (ches' pla-ér), n.

Bacon.
One who

plays chess; one skilled in the game of chess. Chess-tree (ches'tre), n. Naut. a piece of wood bolted perpendicularly on the side, to confine the clews of the main-sail. Chessylite (ches'si-lit), n. [From Chessy, a town near Lyons, in France, where the mineral occurs, and Gr. lithos, a stone.] Same as Azurite, 1.

Chest (chest), n. [A. Sax. cyste, North. E.
and Se. kist, from L. cista, Gr. kiste, a chest,
a box.] 1. A box of considerable size, made
of wood or other material. Specifically
2. In com. a case in which certain kinds of
goods, as tea, indigo, &c., are packed for
transit; hence, the quantity such a chest
contains.-3.† A coffin.

He is now dead and nailed in his chest. Chaucer. 4. The trunk of the body from the neck to the belly; the thorax-Chest of drawers. See DRAWER.

Chest (chest), v.t. 1. To deposit in a chest;
to hoard.-2. To place in a coffin.
We chested our late commander. E. Terry.
Cheste, n. [A. Sax. ceast, strife.] Debate;
quarrel; strife; enmity. The sinne of con-
tumelie or strif and cheste.' Chaucer.
Chested (chest'ed), a. Having a chest of
this or that kind: used chiefly in composi-

tion; as, broad-chested, narrow-chested.
Chesteine, Chesteyn, n.
taigne, L. castanea.] The chestnut-tree or
[0. Fr. chas-
its fruit. Chaucer.
Chestert (ches'tèr). A town. See CASTER
Chesterfield (ches'ter-feld), n. A kind of
top-coat, named after the polished Earl of
Chesterfield.

Chest

Chest-founder (chest'found-ér), n.
foundering (which see).
Chest-foundered (chest'found-érd), a. Suf-
fering under chest-foundering: said of a
horse.

Chest-foundering (chest'found-er-ing), n.
A disease in horses. It is a rheumatic
affection of the muscles of the chest and
fore-legs, impeding both respiration and the
motion of the limbs.

In

Chest-measurer (chest'mezh-ur-ér), n. med. an instrument for determining the mobility of the chest. It is a sort of spring, which, when applied to the walls of the chest, measures the modifications of its diameters, and indicates, by the motion of the index hand on a dial, any movement of respiration to the hundredth of an inch. Chestnut (ches'nut), n. [For chesten-nut, from O.E. chesteine, chesteyne, &c., and nut, from 0. Fr. chastaigne (Mod. Fr. châtaigne). from L. castanea, the chestnut-tree, from Gr. kastanon, a chestnut (the fruit), from Castana in Pontus, where this tree abounded.] 1. The seed or nut of the chestnuttree (Castanea vesca). It is inclosed in a prickly pericarp, which contains two or more seeds.-2. The tree itself or its timber. 3. The colour of the husk of a chestnut; a reddish-brown colour.

His hair is of a good colour.-An excellent colour; your chestnut was ever the only colour. Shak. Chestnut (ches'nut), a. Being of the colour of a chestnut; of a reddish-brown colour. His chestnut curls clustered over his open brow. Chestnut-tree (ches'nut-tre), n Castanea Disraeli.

Chestnut (Castanea vesca). vesca, a tree, nat. order Corylacem, which produces the chestnut. Probably a native

ch, chain; ch, Sc. loch;

453

of Asia Minor, it has long been cultivated in
Europe, and was introduced into England
perhaps by the Romans. It is one of our
most ornamental large trees, growing freely
in Britain, producing its flowers in July and
its fruit (which is fully matured in Devon-
shire and even farther north) in the autumn.
The chestnuts of commerce are imported
from Spain and Italy, and the tree is often
called the Spanish chestnut. The timber is
not so highly prized as that of the oak, and
is more valuable when young than when old.
Cheston (ches'ton), n. [Perhaps from a re-
See CASTANEA.
semblance to the chestnut.] A species of
Chest-rope (chest'rop), n.
plum.
Chest-saw (chest'sa), n. A kind of hand-
boat-rope or warp. E. H. Knight.
Naut. a long
Chetah (che'ta), n. [Native name, meaning
saw without a back. E. H. Knight.
spotted.] The Felis jubata, or hunting
leopard of India Owing to the greater
length of its limbs it exceeds the ordinary
leopard in height. It has its specific name
(jubata, crested or maned) from a short
mane-like crest of hairs passing from the
back of the head to the shoulders. When
used for hunting it is hooded and placed
in a car.
When a herd of deer is seen, its
keeper places its head in the proper direction
and removes its hood. It slips from the car,
and approaching its prey in a stealthy man-
Chettik (chet'tik), n. [Native name.] 1. A
ner, springs on it at one bound. A variety
is found in Africa, but it is put to no use.
tree of Java, the Strychnos Tieute, yielding
a very virulent poison.-2. The poison got
from this tree, and known by the name of
Upas Tieute. It owes its properties to its
strychnine, which is an active poison, causing
tetanic spasms. It is more powerful than
the poison obtained from the upas-tree, with
which it must not be confounded.
Chetvert (chet' vért), n. [After a Russian
general of that name.] A Russian grain
measure, equal to 0-7218 of an imperial quar-
ter, or 5-77 bushels
Chevachie, n. [0. Fr. chevauchie, from
cheval, a horse.] An expedition with cav-
alry; in a wider sense, any military expe-
dition. Chaucer:
Chevaget (che vāj), n.
chiefage (which see).
Cheval (she-val), n. pl. Chevaux (she-vo).
[Fr.] A horse; cavalry.-In composition, a
support or frame; as, a cheval-glass (which
see).-A cheval, on each side so as to com-
mand any intermediate space. Troops are
arranged à cheval when they command two
roads, as the British army at Waterloo, which
being posted at the apex of two roads, com-
manded that between Charleroi and Brus-
sels as well as that to Mons.

A sort of poll-tax;

The Western Powers will assuredly never permit
Russia to place herself à cheval between the Ottoman
Empire and Persia.
Cheval-de-frise (she-val'de-frēz). 1. See
Times newspaper.
CHEVAUX-DE-FRISE.-2. A kind of trimming.
Cheval-glass (she-val'glas), n.
looking-glass mounted on a frame, and large
A swing
enough to reflect the whole figure.
Chevalier (shev-a-ler), n. [Fr., from cheval,
a horse. See CAVALRY, CAVALIER.] 1. A
horseman; a knight; a cavalier.

Mount, chevaliers, to arms!

Shak

2. In her. a horseman armed at all points.-
3. A member of certain orders of knighthood;
as, the Chevalier de St. George.-4. In ornith.
the Totanus glottis or green-shank (which
see).-Chevalier d'industrie, one who gains
a living by dishonest means; a sharper; a
swindler; a thief.

Chevaster (she-vas'ter). Same as Chevestre.
Chevauchement (she-vosh-mon), n. [Fr.,
from chevaucher, to ride on horseback, and
this from cheval, a horse, pl. chevaux.] In
surg. the riding of one bone over another
after fracture, giving rise to shortening of
the limb.

Chevaux-de-frise (she-vo'de-frēz), n. pl.
[Fr. cheval, a horse, pl. chevaux, and Frise,
Friesland, because said to have been first
employed at the siege of Gröningen, in that
province, against the enemy's cavalry. ]
Pieces of timber traversed with wooden
spikes, pointed with iron, 5 or 6 feet long,
or the whole may be of iron, used to defend
a passage, stop a breach, form an obstacle
to the advance of cavalry, &c. In the fol-
lowing extract the word seems to be rather
loosely applied to spikes on the top of a wall.
These staircases received light from sundry win-

CHEVIOT

dows placed at some distance above the floor, and looking into a gravelled area bounded by a high brick wall, with iron chevaux-de-frise at the top. Dickens.

Chevaux-de-frise.

Cheve, v.i. [0. Fr. chevir, to come to an
end. See CHEVISANCE.] To come to an
agreement or conclusion. Yvel mote he
cheve' ill may he end. Chaucer.
Cheven (chev'en), n. [Fr. chevesne, from chef.
head.] A river fish, the chub. Sir T. Browne.
Chever,t v.t. To shiver. Chaucer.

Cheverilt (shev'èr-il), n. [O. Fr. chevrel,
chevral, Fr. chevreau, a kid, dim. of chèvre,
a goat, from L. capra.] A soft pliable
leather made of kid-skin: used figuratively
in the extract.

Here's a wit of cheveril, that stretches from an inch narrow to an ell broad. Cheverilt (shev'èr-il), a. 1. Made of cheveril. Shak. A cheveril glove.' Shak.-2. Yielding; pliable, as kid-leather. Your soft cheveril Cheverilize + (shev'èr-il-iz), v.t. To make conscience.' Shak. as pliable as kid-leather.

I appeal to your own, though never so much, chev erilized consciences, my good calumniators. Cheveron (shev'èr-on). Same as Chevron. Mountagu Cheveronny (shev-ér-on'ni), a. In her. a term used of an escutcheon divided into several equal parts, by lines in the form of the chevron. It is termed cheveronny of Chevesaile,t n. A necklace or collar. Chauthe number of pieces.

cer.

Chevestre, Chevêtre (she-vestr, she-våtr).
n. [Fr. chevestre, chevêtre, from L. capis-
trum, a kind of bridle, from caput, the
head.] In surg. a bandage for the head,
used in cases of fracture or luxation of the
lower jaw. Written also Chevaster.
Chevet (she-va), n. [Fr., from L caput, the
head, so named from its situation in the
church.] In arch. a variety of the apse

Chevet, east end of Westminster Abbey, almost exclusively confined to French Gothic churches. The chevet is always inclosed by an open screen of columns on the ground floor, and opens into an aisle, which again always opens into three or more apsidal chapels, thus affording a variety of perspective and a play of light and shade unrivalled Chevetain, n. by any other arrangement.

A chieftain: occurring also as Cheventain, Chivetain Cheville (she-vel), n. [Fr.] In music, the peg of a violin, guitar, or other stringed inCheviot (che'vi-ot), n. strument. A variety of sheep, taking their name from the well-known

CHEVIOT

Border mountain range, noted for their large
carcass and valuable wool, which qualities,
combined with a hardiness second only to
that of the black-faced breed, constitute
them the most valuable race of mountain
sheep in the kingdom. The fleece weighs
from 3 to 4 lbs., and the carcass of ewes
varies from 12 to 16 lbs. per quarter, that of
wethers from 16 to 20 lbs.
Cheviot (che'vi-ot), a. A term applied to
the sheep named after the Cheviot Hills; as,
a cheviot sheep. See the noun.
Chevisance (shev'i-zäns), n. [O.Fr. chevir,
to come to the end, to perform, to prevail,
from chef, the head, whence chief, achieve.]
1. Achievement; deed; performance; en-
terprise accomplished. Fortune the foe
of famous chevisance.' Spenser.-2. In law,
(a) a making of contracts; a bargain. (b) An
unlawful agreement or contract. (c) An
agreement or composition, as an end or
order set down between a creditor and his
debtor.

Chevrette (shev-ret), n. [Fr., from chèvre,
L. capra, a goat.] A machine used in rais-
ing guns or mortars into
their carriages.
Chevron, Cheveron
(shev'run), n. [Fr., a
rafter, from chèvre, L.
capra, a goat, applied to
rafters because they are
reared on end like but-

of fret ornament common in Norman

architecture. Called also the Zigzag and Dancette.

3. Milit the distinguishing

Chevron Moulding.

marks on the sleeves of non-commissioned officers' coats, to mark the rank of the bearer. -Chevron bones, in anat. the V-shaped subvertebral arches in the caudal region of reptiles.

Chevroned (shev'rund), a. Bearing a chevron; resembling a chevron in form. Watchet cloth of silver chevroned all over with lace.' B. Jonson.

Chevronel (shev'run-el), n. In her. an ordi-
nary half the breadth of a chevron.
Chevron-work (shev'run-wèrk), n. In arch.
see CHEVRON.

Chevrotain (shev'rō-tān), n. [Fr., from
chèvre, a goat.] The Tragulus pygmæus,
family Tragulidae, a species of musk-deer
found in the forests of South India and the
Asiatic Islands. It is small, timid, and shy;
and mild and gentle in captivity.
Chevy (chev'i), v. t. To knock or force about;
to chivey (which see).

One poor fellow was chevied about among the casks in the storm for ten minutes. Times newspaper. Chew (cho), v. t. [Written also chaw, a form seldom now used; from A. Sax. ceówan, to chew; cog. with D. kaauwen, G. kauen, to chew. Jaw, jowl, chaps, chops are from the same root.] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food, to prepare it for deglutition and digestion.-2. Fig. to ruminate on in the thoughts; to meditate

on.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swal lowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Bacon.

-To chew the cud, to ruminate, and fig. to ruminate or meditate on. 'Chew'd the thriceturned cud of wrath.' Tennyson. Chew (cho), v. i. 1. To perform the act of chewing; to champ.-2. Fig. to meditate; to ruminate.

Old politicians chew on wisdom past. Pope. Chew (cho), n That which is chewed; that which is held in the mouth at once; a quid of tobacco.

Chewett (cho'et), n. A kind of pie made of chopped substances.

Chewett (cho'et), n. [Fr. chouette, an owl, a daw, a jackdaw. Cotgrave.] An impertinent chatterer. Peace, chewet, peace.' Shak.

Chewing-ball (chö'ing-bal), n. A medicinal ball for a horse, composed of the wood

454

of the bay and juniper trees, asafetida, liver
of antimony, and pellitory of Spain.
Chewstick (cho'stik, n. The twigs of Gou-
ania domingensis, used in the West Indies
for cleaning the teeth, and also powdered
as a dentifrice.

Chian (ki'an), a. Pertaining to Chios, an isle
in the Levant.

That blind bard, who on the Chian strand,
Beheld the Iliad and the Odyssey,

Rise to the swelling of the voiceful sea. Coleridge.
-Chian earth, a dense compact kind of
earth from Chios, used anciently in medi-
cine as an astringent and a cosmetic.
Chian turpentine, or Cyprus turpentine, is
procured from the Pistacia Terebinthus.
It is of the consistence of honey, clear, and
of a yellowish-white colour.
Chiaoust (chous), n. [See CHOUSE.] A Turk;
a cheat.

Chiaroscuro, Chiaro-oscuro (ki-ä'rō-sköʻ-
rõ, ki-aro-os-koro), n. [It, lit. clear-ob-
scure, from L. clarus, clear, and obscurus,
obscure; Fr. clair-obscur.] In the fine arts,
that department of painting which relates
to light and shade; the art of judiciously
distributing the lights and shadows in a
picture.

According to the common acceptation of the term
in the language of Art, chiaro-oscuro means not only
the mutable effects produced by light and shade, but
also the permanent differences in brightness and
darkness.
Fairholt

Chiasm (ki'azm), n. [Gr. chiasma, from
chiazo, to make the figure of the Greek
letter x] In anat. the central body of
nervous matter formed by the junction and
decussation of the optic nerves.

Chiasma (ki-az'ma), n. Same as Chiasm.
Chiastolite (ki-as'tō-lit), n. [Gr. chiastos,
decussated (see CHIASM), and lithos, a stone.]
A mineral of the cyanite family, generally
regarded as a variety of andalusite, and also
called Macle, whose crystals are arranged in
a peculiar manner. The form of the crys-
tals is a four-sided prism, whose bases are
rhombs, differing little from squares. But
each crystal, when viewed at its extremities
or on a transverse section, is obviously com-
posed of two very different substances, and
its general aspect is that of a black prism,
passing longitudinally through the axis of
another prism which is whitish. The term
macle, as the name of a distinct species,
applies to the whitish prisms only. It is a
silicate of aluminium (Al, Og. SiO2).
Chiastre (ki'as-tr), n. [Gr. chiazo, to form
the Greek letter x, chi] In surg. a bandage
for stopping hemorrhage from the temporal
artery, shaped like a cross or the Greek
letter x.

Chibbalt (chibbal), n. [See CIBOL] A small
sort of onion; cibol. Beau. & Fl.
Chibouque, Chibouk (shi-buk), n. [Turk.]
A Turkish pipe, sometimes adorned with
precious stones. The long chibouque's
dissolving cloud.' Byron.

Chic (shek), n. [Fr., from G. geschick, skill.]
1. In the fine arts, the faculty of producing
effective works with rapidity and ease; great
skill. 2. Easy elegance; grace.-3. Adroit-
ness; cunning; knowingness.
Chica, Chicha (che'ka, che'cha), n. [Sp.] 1. A
red colour made use of in tropical South
America by some Indian tribes to stain their
skins. It is extracted by boiling the leaves
of Bignonia Chica in water, decanting the
decoction, and allowing it to settle and cool,
when a red matter falls down which is
formed into cakes and dried. - 2. A fer-
mented liquor or beer used by the natives
of South America, derived from Indian corn.
Chica (che'ka), n. An old Spanish dance, of
which the fandango and cachuca may be
regarded as modern modifications.
Chicane (shi-kän'), n. [Fr., from Per. chau-
gan, the game of golf played on horseback;
polo. In the middle ages the game became
popular in Byzantium, and was introduced
thence into Languedoc under the name of
chicane. The series of senses are: first the
game, then the act of keeping one's own
side; lastly, the manoeuvres, &c.] The art
of protracting a contest or discussion by the
use of evasive stratagems or mean and un-
fair tricks and artifices; trickery; sophistry;
chicanery.

To cut short this chicane I propound it fairly to
your own conscience.
Berkeley.
He strove to lengthen the campaign,
Prior.
And save his forces by chicane.
Chicane (shi-kán'), v. i. (Fr. chicaner.] To
use chicane; to employ shifts, cavils, or ar-
tifices. [Rare ]

CHICK-PEA

Give me but virtuous actions, and I will not quibble and chicane about the matter. Chesterfield. Chicaner (shi-kan'èr), n. [Fr. chicaneur.} One who chicanes or uses shifts, turns, evasions, or undue artifices, in litigation or disputes; a caviller; an unfair disputant.

This is the way to distinguish a logical chicaner from a man of reason. Locke.

Chicanery (shi-kān'ér-i), n. [Fr. chicanerie ] Chicane; mean or unfair artifices to perplex a cause and obscure the truth; trickery; sophistry. 'Irritated by perpetual chicanéry.' Hallam. 'Manors got by rapine and chicanery.' Lamb.-SYN. Trickery, sophistry, quibbling, stratagem, tergiversation. Chiccory (chik'o-ri), n. Chicory (which see). Chich, Chiche, a. [Fr. chiche, poor, niggardly, from L. ciccus, a trifle or thing of no value.] Niggardly; sparing. Chaucer. Chich (chich), n. [Fr. chiche, It. cece, L. cicer, the chick-pea.] A dwarf pea Same as Chick-pea (which see). Chiches, and the other pulses." B. Googe.

Chicha (che'cha), n. [Sp.] 1. Same as Chica.
2. The seeds of Sterculia Chicha, a South
American tree.

Chichevache,t n. [Fr., lit. a lean cow.] A
starved cow, supposed to feed on patient
wives. Lest chichevache you swalwe in hir
entraille.' Chaucer.
Chichling, Chichling-vetch (chich'ling.
chich'ling-vech), n. Same as Chickling,
Chickling-vetch.

Chick (chik), v.i. [Perhaps from A. Sax.
cith, a germ or sprout.] To sprout, as seed
in the ground; to vegetate. [Provincial.]
Chick (chik), n. [Shortened from chicken.]
Same as Chicken.

Chick-a-berry (chik'a-be-ri), n. A corrup-
tion of Chequer-berry, the fruit of the Gaul-
theria procumbens. [American.]
Chicka biddy (chik'a-bid-di), n.
A young
chicken: also used as a pet name. [Provin-
cial.]
Chickadee (chik'a-dē), n. In America, a
name given to the black-cap titmouse (Parus
atricapillus) and to other allied birds, from
their peculiar note.

Chickaree (chik'a-rē), n. The Sciurus hud-
sonius, or American red squirrel, so called
from its cry.

Chicken (chik'en), n. [A. Sax. cicen, cycen,
a chicken; cog. L.G. kiken, küken, Prov. G.
küchen.] 1. A young fowl; particularly a
young domestic fowl.-2. A person of ten-
der years: generally used of females and as
in the following quotation. 'Stella is no
chicken.' Swift.-3. A child: used as a term
of endearment. - Chicken hazard, a game
at dice. See HAZARD. To count one's
chickens before they are hatched, a prover-
bial expression meaning to anticipate too
confidently the obtaining of something that
one may never receive.
Chicken-breasted (chik'en-brest-ed), a.
Pigeon-breasted; having that form of breast
resulting from a kind of malformation
known as lordosis, or from carious disease
or spinal weakness, in which the vertebral
column is curved forwards, giving rise to
projection of the sternum or breast-bone.
Chicken-grape (chik'en-grap), n. An Ame-
rican species of the vine, the Vitis cordifolia,
or heart-leaved vine; also termed Winter-
grape.

Chicken-hearted (chik'en-hart-ed), a.
Having no more courage than a chicken;
timid; cowardly.

Chicken-pox (chik'en-poks), n. A mild contagious eruptive disease, generally appearing in children.

Chicket (chik'et), n. A fastening.

Ford.

The green shutters and chickets are offensive. Chickling (chik'ling), n. [Dim. of chick.]

A small chick or chicken. Chickling, Chickling - vetch (chik'ling. chik'ling-vech), n. [Dim. of chich, the chickpea.] A vetch or pea of the genus Lathyrus (L. sativus), extensively cultivated in the south of Europe for its seed, which is eaten in the same way as the chick-pea, but is said to be of superior quality. Chick-pea (chik'pe), n. [For chich-pea See CHICH, n.] The popular name of Cicer arietinum. It grows wild around the shores of the Mediterranean and in many parts of the East, producing a short puffy pod with one or generally two small netted seeds with two swellings on one side. It is much used in olios in Spain, and is an important article in French cookery. When roasted it is the common parched pulse of the East.