Circumflant+ (sêr'kum-flant), a. [L. circum, round, and flans, flantis, from flo, to blow.] Blowing round. Circumflant air. Evelyn. Circumflect (sér'kum-flekt), v.t. [See CIRCUMFLEX.] 1. To bend round.-2. To place the circumflex on; to circumflex. Circumflection, Circumflexion (sér-kumflek'shon), n. 1. The act of circumflecting: (a) the act of giving anything a curved form or of bending it round something else. (b) The act of marking with the circumflex. 2. A turning; a fold; a winding about; a circuity. 'The circumflections of nature.' Feltham. Circumflex (sér ́kum-fleks), n. [L. circumflexus-circum, round, and flecto, to bend.] 1. A wave of the voice, embracing both a rise and a fall on the same syllable. Walker. 2. In gram. an accent placed only on long vowels, and indicating different things in different languages. In Greek it is marked by the signs and, in French and some other languages by the sign ^; often used as an adjective; as, a circumflex accent. Circumflex (sér'kum-fleks), a. 1. Moving or turning round. Swift. 2. Curved a term used in anatomy in the specific designation of several parts of the body.-Circumflex muscle and circumflex nerve. See CIRCUMFLEXUS (a) and (b). Circumflex (ser'kum-fleks), v. t. To mark or pronounce with the accent called a circumflex. Circumflexion. See CIRCUMFLECTION. Circumflexus (ser-kum-fleks'us), n. [L] In anat. (a) a muscle of the palate which serves to stretch it. (b) A nerve arising from the posterior part of the brachial plexus, and chiefly distributed to the posterior margin of the deltoid; the axillary nerve. Circumfluence (sér-kum'flu-ens), n. [See below.] A flowing round on all sides; an inclosure of waters. Circumfluent (ser-kum'fly-ent), a. [L. circumfluens circum, round, and fluo, to flow. [L. cir Flowing round; surrounded as a fluid. The deep circumfluent waves. Pope. Circumfluous (sér-kum'fin-us), a. cumfluus. See CIRCUMFLUENT.] Flowing round; encompassing as a fluid; circumfluent. Built on circumfluous waters calm." Milton. Circumforanean, Circumforaneous (serkum'fo-ra"ne-an, sér-kum'fo-ra"ne-us), a. [L. circumforaneus - circum, around, and forum, a market-place.] Going about, as from market-place to market-place; walking or wandering from house to house. Not borrowed from circumforaneous rogues and gipsies.' Burton. Circumfulgent (sér-kum-ful'jent), a. [L. circumfulgens, from circum, around, and fulgeo, to gleam, to shine.] Shining around. Circumfuse (sér-kum-füz), v.t. pret. & pp. circumfused; ppr. circumfusing. [L. circum fundo, circumfusus-circum, round, and fundo, fusus, to pour] To pour round: to spread round. Circumfused light.' B. Jonson. His army, circumfused on either wing.' Milton. 476 Circumfusile (sér-kum-fü'zil or ser-kumfü'zil), a. [L. circum, round, and fusilis, fusile.] Capable of being poured or spread round. Circumfusile gold.' Pope. Circumfusion (sér-kum-fu'zhon), n. act of circumfusing, that is, of pouring or spreading round; the state of being poured round. Swift. The Circumgestation (sér′kum-jes-tā”shon), n. [L. circum, round, and gestatio, a carrying, from gero, to carry.] A carrying about. Circumgestation of the eucharist.' Jer. Taylor. Circumgyrate (ser-kum-ji'rāt), v.t. and i. [L. circum, round, and gyro, to turn round, from gyrus, a circle.] To roll or turn round. 'Vessels curled, circumgyrated, and complicated together.' Ray. Circumgyration (ser-kum'ji-rā"shon), n. The act of circumgyrating, or rolling or turning. The heavenly bodies are said to delight in movement and circumgyration. Howell. Circumgyret (sér-kum-jir'), v. i. To circumgyrate. A sweet river, which after 20 miles circumgyring, or playing to and fro, discharges itself into the ocean. Sir T. Herbert. Circumincession (ser-kum'in-se"shon), n. [L. circum, about, and incessus, a walking.] In theol. the reciprocal existence in each other of the three persons in the Godhead. Circumitiont (sér-kum-i'shon), n. [L. circuitio, circumitio, from circum, round, and itio, a walking or going.] A going round. Bailey. Circumjacence, Circumjacency (ser-kumja'sens, sér-kum-jā'sen-si), n. State or condition of being circumjacent. Circumjacent (sèr-kum-jä'sent), a. [L. circumjacens circum, round, and jaceo, to lie.] Lying round; bordering on every side. The Euxine made dreadful havoc on the circumjacent coasts. Drummond. Circumjovial (sér-kum-jō'vi-al), n. [L. circum, round, and jovialis, from Jupiter, Jovis, Jupiter.] One of the planet Jupiter's moons or satellites. Derham. Circumligation (ser-kum'li-ga" shon), n. [L. circumligo, to bind round- circum, round, and ligo, to bind.] 1. The act of binding round.-2. The bond with which anything is encompassed. Bailey. [Rare in both senses.] Circumlittoral (sér-kum-lit'tō-ral), a. [L. circum, round, and litoralis, of or pertaining to the sea-shore, from litus (littus) litoris, the sea-shore.] 1. About or adjoining the shore. Specifically-2. A term applied to one of the zones into which some naturalists have divided the sea-bottom in accordance with the depth of water covering each. In regard to depth the circumlittoral is the fourth zone, reckoning from the deepest or abyssal. Circumlocution (sér-kum'lō-ků"shon), n. [L. circumlocutio-circum, round, and locutio, a speaking, loquor, to speak.] A roundabout way of speaking; a periphrasis; the use of a number of words to express an idea when a suitable term is not at hand or when a speaker chooses to avoid the use of a single term. a. I much prefer the plain Billingsgate way of calling names, because it would save abundance of time, lost by circumlocution. Swift. Circumlocutional (sér-kum'lō-kū ̋shon-al), Characterized by circumlocution; cirCircumlocutionist (sér-kumʼlō-kú"shoncuitous; periphrastic. ist), n. One who uses circumlocution; a talker of roundabout phrases. Gent. Mag. Circumlocutory (ser-kum-lok'u-to-ri), a. Exhibiting circumlocution; periphrastic. A diffused and circumlocutory manner of expressing a common idea.' Martinus Scriblerus. Circum-meridian (sér-kum'me-rid"i-an), a. [L. circum, about, and E. meridian (which see).] Situated near or around the meridian. Circummure (sér-kum-mūr′), v.t. [L. circum, round, and murus, a wall] To wall round; to encompass with a wall. He hath a garden circummured with brick. Shak. Circumnavigable (sèr-kum-nav'i-ga-bl), a. Capable of being circumnavigated or sailed round; as, America has been proved to be circumnavigable. Ray. Circumnavigate (ser-kum-nav'i-gāt), v.t. pret. & pp. circumnavigated; ppr. circumnavigating. [L. circumnavigo--circum, round, and navigo, to sail, from navis, a ship.] To sail round; to pass round by water; as, to CIRCUMSCRIPTIBLE circumnavigate the globe. 'Having circumnavigated the whole earth.' Fuller. Circumnavigation (sér-kum - nav'i - gā”shon), n. The act of sailing round; as, the circumnavigation of the globe. Circumnavigator (sér-kum-nav'i-gå-tér), n. One who circumnavigates or sails round: generally applied to one who has sailed round the globe; as, he was one of the early circumnavigators. Circumplexion† (ser-kum-plek'shon), n. [L. circum, round, and plecto, to bend, to turn.] 1. A folding around.-2. The thing folded or twined around; a girdle. It was after his fall that he (man) made himself a fig-leaf circumplexion. Feltham 3. An entangling circumstance; a complication. Circumplexions and environments.' Holland. Circumplication (sèr-kum'pli-kā"shon), n. [L. circumplico-circum, round, and plico, to fold.] A folding, winding, or wrapping round; or a state of being inwrapped. Bailey. [Rare.] Circumpolar (sér-kum-pō'lėr), a. [L. circum, round, and E. polar.] Surrounding either pole of the earth or heavens.- Circumpolar stars, those which revolve round the pole without setting. Circumposition (ser-kum'pō-zi"shon), n. [L. circum, round, and positio, a putting or placing, from pono, positus, to place.] The act of placing round about; the state of being so placed. Evelyn; Boyle. Circumrasion (sér-kum-rá'zhon), n. [L. circumrasio-circum,round, and rado, rasus, to shave. The act of shaving or paring round. Bailey. [Rare.] Circumrotary, Circumrotatory (sér-kumro'ta-ri, sér-kum-rō'tā-to-ri), a. Turning, rolling, or whirling round. Circumrotatory flourishes.' Shenstone. Circumrotate (sér-kum-ro'tat), v.i. To rotate or revolve around. [Rare.] Circumrotation (sér'kum-rô-tā"shon), n. [L. circum, round, and rotatio, rotation, from roto, to turn round.] 1. The act of rolling or revolving round, as a wheel; circumvolution; the state of being whirled round.-2. A single revolution of a rotatory body. Johnson. Circumsail (sér ́kum-sål), v.t. [L. circum, round, and E. sail.] To sail round; to circumnavigate. 'Circumsailed the earth. Warner. [Rare.] Circumscissile (sér-kum-sis'sil or sêr-kum Circumscribable (sér-kum-skrib'a-bl), a. Capable of being circumscribed. Circumscribe (sér'kum-skrib), v.t. pret. & pp. circumscribed; ppr. circumscribing. [L circumscribo-circum, round, and scribo, to write.] 1. To write or inscribe around. Ashmole. [Rare.]-2. To mark out certain bounds or limits for; to inclose within certain limits; to limit, bound, confine, restrain. From where he circumscribed with his sword, and brought to yoke the enemies of Rome.' Shak. Circumscribed by the same laws of decorum.' Burke. To circumscribe royal power.' Bancroft. In England his authority, though great, was cir cumscribed by ancient and noble laws which even the Tories would not patiently have seen him infringe. Macaulay 3. In geom. to draw round so as to touch at certain points without cutting: the converse of inscribe (which see); as, to circumscribe a circle to a polygon. Circumscribed (ser'kum-skribd), p. and a. Specifically, in pathol. a term applied to tumours whose bases are well defined and distinct from the surrounding parts. Circumscriber (ser-kum-skribër), n. who or that which circumscribes. Circumscriptible † (sér kum-skrip'ti-bl), a. Capable of being circumscribed or limited by bounds. Bullokar. One CIRCUMSCRIPTION Circumscription (ser-kum-skrip'shon), n. 1. A writing around; a circular inscription. Ashmole.-2. The act of circumscribing or state of being circumscribed; the act of bounding, settling, or defining; limitation; restraint; confinement; as, the circumscription of arbitrary power. The circumscrip tions of terrestrial nature.' Johnson. I would not my unhoused, free condition Shak 3. The exterior line which determines the form or magnitude of a body; periphery; as, the circumscription of a leaf. Circumscriptive (sér-kum-skripʼtiv), a. 1. Circumscribing or tending to circumscribe; bringing under certain limits or limitations. Milton-2. Forming or coincident with the superficies of a body. N. Grew. [Rare.] Circumscriptively (ser-kum-skrip'tiv-li), In a circumscriptive or limited manner. [Rare.] adv. The nature of a soul is not to be circumscriptively in place. Montagu. Circumscriptly (ser'kum-skript-li), adv. Narrowly; in a slavishly literal sense. [Rare.] These words taken circumscriptly much against plain equity and the mercy of religion, are just as as these words of 'Take, eat, this is my body, elementally understood, are against nature and sense. Milton. Circumseated (ser'kum-set-ed), p. and a. [L. circum, round, and E. seated.] Seated round. Clifton. [Rare.] Circumseptt (sér'kum-sept), v.t. [L. circum, round, and sepio, septus, to hedge in, from sepes, a hedge.] To hedge round. Hall. Circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), a. [L. cir cumspectus-circum, round, and specio, to look.] Lit. looking on all sides; looking round; hence, examining carefully all the circumstances that may affect a determination; watchful on all sides; wary. 'His cautious and circumspect demeanour upon the bench. Brougham. Shak High-reaching Buckingham grows circumspect. -Cautious, Prudent, Careful, Wary, Circumspect, Discreet. See under CAUTIOUS. Circumspect (ser'kum-spekt), v.t. To examine carefully; to scrutinize. To circumspect and note daily all defects.' Newcourt. [Rare.] Circumspection (sér-kum-spek'shon), n. Attention to all the facts and circumstances of a case, and to the natural or probable consequences of a measure, with a view to a correct course of conduct or to avoid danger; observation of the true position of circumstances; watchfulness; wariness; caution. Sly circumspection.' Milton. Rarely followed by a phrase introduced by way of expressing the object of attention. 'Cau tious circumspection of surrounding connec- Circumspectious+ (sér-kum-spek'shus), a. mouth. Circumspective (sér-kum-spek'tiv),a. Look- Circumspectively (ser-kum-spektiv-li), Foxe. In Circumspectly (sér'kum-spekt-li), adv. a circumspect manner; cautiously; watchfully Then judge yourself and prove your man, As circumspectly as you can. Cowper. Circumspectness (sér'kum-spekt-nes), n. The quality of being circumspect; caution; circumspection; prudence. Circumstance (ser'kum-stans), n. [L. cir. cumstantia, from circumstans, standing about-circum, around, and sto, to stand.] 1. Something attending, appendant, or relative to a fact or case; something which, though not essential to an action, in some way affects it; something incidental; often some fact giving rise to a certain presumption, or tending to afford some evidence; as, the circumstances of time, place, and persons are to be considered. 'Hath not essentially but by circumstance the name of valonr. Shak 'Inward essence and outward circumstances." Dr. Caird. If circumstances lead me, I will find where truth is hid. Shak The poet has gathered those circumstances which most terrify the imagination. 477 2. An unessential particular or detail; and, With all circumstance they tell us when and who To use too many circumstances ere one come to We ought not to conclude, that if there be rational When men are easy in their circumstances, they Circumstance (sér'kum-stans), v. t. pret. & The poet took the matters of fact as they came manner. Circumstanced (ser'kum-stanst), pp. or a Circumstantial (sér-kum-stan'shal), a. All that is merely circumstantial shall be subor- 2. Consisting in or pertaining to circum- The usual character of human testimony is sub- Circumstantial (sèr-kum-stan'shal), n. Who would not prefer a religion that differs from Circumstantiality (ser-kum-stan'shi-al "i- Of the fancy and intellect the powers are only cir 2. Minutely; exactly; with every circumstance or particular. To set down somewhat circumstantially, not only the events, but the manner of my trials.' Boyle. Circumstantiate (ser-kum-stan'shi-at), v. t. 1. To place in particular circumstances; to invest with particular accidents or adjuncts. [Rare.] If the act were otherwise circumstantiated, it 2. To place in a particular condition with A number infinitely superior and the best circum- Neither will time permit to circumstantiate these Addison. CIRCUS Circumstantly+ (sér'kum-stant-li), adv. Circumstantially; exactly. Chaloner. Circumterraneous (ser-kum'ter-rā"nē-us), a. [L. circum, about, and terra, earth.] Around the earth; being or dwelling around the earth. Hallywell. [Rare.] Circumundulate (ser-kum-un'dû-lāt), v.t. [L. circum, round, and undulatus, undulated, from unda, a wave.] To flow round, as waves. [Rare.] Circumvallate (sér-kum-val'lát), v.t. [L. circumvallo, to wall round-circum, round, and vallo, to fortify with a rampart, from vallum, a rampart.] To surround with a rampart. Johnson. Circumvallation (sér-kum'val-lā"shon), n. [See above.] In fort. (a) the art or act of casting up fortifications to protect an investing or besieging army from attacks in the rear. (b) A line of field-works consisting of a rampart or parapet with a trench, surrounding a besieged place or the camp of a besieging army. A few hours after Boufflers had entered the place the besieging forces closed round it on every side; the lines of circumvallation were rapidly formed. Circumvection † (sér-kum-vek'shon), n. [L. Macaulay. circum, about, and veho, to carry.] A carrying about. Johnson. Circumvent (sér-kum-vent'), v.t. [L. circumvenio, circumventum-circum, about, and venio, to come. ] To gain advantage over by artfulness, stratagem, or deception; to defeat or get the better of by cunning; to outwit; to overreach; as, to circumvent one's enemies. 'Circumvented thus by fraud.' Milton. It might be the pate of a politician. . . one that would circumvent God, might it not? Shak. Circumvention (ser-kum-ven' shon), n. 1. The act of circumventing; the act of outwitting or overreaching; deception; fraud; stratagem. 'A school in which he learned sly circumvention. Cowper. -2. Means of circumventing. Shak. [Rare.]-3. In Scots law, an act of fraud or deceit. Circumventive (sér-kum-vent'iv), a. Tending or designed to circumvent; deceiving by artifices; deluding. Circumventor (ser-kum-vent'èr), n. 1. One who circumvents or gains his purpose by cunning or wiles. Your majesty now of late hath found . . . the said Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex, most false and corrupt traitour, deceiver, and circum. to be the ventor against your most royal person. Bp. Burnet. 2. A surveying instrument, having a compass-box at the top for taking angles. See CIRCUMFERENTOR. Circumversion (ser-kum-ver'shon), n. circum, round, and verto, versum, to turn.] [L. Circumvest (sér-kum-vest'), v.t. [L. cirA turning about. Holland. cumvestio- circum, round, and vestio, to clothe.] To cover round, as with a garment. Reliquia Wottoniana. Circumvolation (sér-kum' võ-là"shon), n. [L. circumvolo-circum, around, and volo, to fly.] The act of flying round. [Rare.] Circumvolution (ser-kum'vo-lu ̋shon), n. [See below.] 1. The act of rolling round. Stable, without circumvolution; Eternal rest. Dr. H. More. 2. The state of being rolled round or wound into a roll. The twisting of the guts is really either a circumvolution or insertion of one part of the gut within the other. Arbuthnot. 3. One of the windings of a thing wound or twisted; a convolution.-4. Fig a winding; a roundabout method of procedure. He had neither time nor temper for sentimental circumvolutions. Disraeli. Circumvolvet (sér-kum-volv), v.t. [L. circumvolvo-circum, round, and volvo, to roll.] To turn or cause to roll round; to cause to revolve. Whene'er we circumvolve our eyes. Herrick. To ascribe to each sphere an intelligence to cir cumvolve it were unphilosophical. Glanville. Circumvolvet (sér-kum-volv'), v.i. To roll round; to revolve. Dr. E. Darwin. Circus (sér kus), n. pl. Circuses (sér'kus-ez). [L. circus; hence circle (which see).] 1. In Rom. antiq. a large oblong building, adapted for horse-races, chariot-races, and for the exhibition of athletic exercises, contests with wild beasts, &c., and furnished with rows of seats, rising one above another for the accommodation of spectators. 2. In modern times, a place of amusement, where feats of horsemanship and acrobatic CIRIC-SCEAT also the company of performers in a circus, with their equipage.-3. Inclosed space of any kind; circuit. The narrow circus of my dungeon wall. Byron. Ciric-sceat,t n. [A. Sax. church-scot.] An ancient ecclesiastical due, paid mostly in corn, on St. Martin's day; church-scot. Cirl-bunting (serl'bunt-ing), n. [It. zirlo, from zirlare, to twitter.] A bird of the genus Emberiza, the E. cirlus (Linn.). Cirque (sérk), n. [Fr., a circle, a circus.] 1. A circus. [Poetical.] See the cirque falls! the unpillar'd temple nods. Pope. 2. A circle; specifically, a circle regarded as inclosing any space or surrounding any object or group of objects. [Poetical.] Pored on its hazel cirque of shedded leaves. Keats. 3. A name often given to a kind of circular valley in mountains due to atmospheric, chiefly glacier, denudation. Cirrhopoda (sir-rop'od-a), n. pl. Same as Cirripedia (which see). Cirrhosis (sir-ro'sis), n. [Gr. kirrhos, orangetawny.] In pathol. (a) a yellow colouring matter, sometimes secreted in the tissues, especially in the liver, owing to a morbid process. (b) A disease consisting of diminution and deformity of the liver, which becomes dense, granulated, and wrinkled, and frequently of a rust-brown colour. Cirrhosis is popularly named 'nutmeg liver' from its peculiar appearance, and drunkard's liver' from this lesion being frequently caused by intemperance. Cirrhostomi, Cirrhostomidae (sir-ros'tomi, sir-ros-tom'i-de), n. pl. See CIRROSTOMI Cirrhotic (sir-rot'ik), a. Affected with or having the character of cirrhosis. Cirrhous, Cirrhose (sir'rus, sir'rös), a. [L. cirrus, a tendril.] See CIRROSE. Cirribranch, Cirribranchiate (sir'ribrangk, sir-ri-brang'ki-at), a. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and branchia, gills.] Having tendril-like gills: a term applied to certain molluscs. Cirri (sir'ri), n. pl. of cirrus. Cirriferous (sir-rif'èr-us), a. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and fero, to bear.] Possessing cirri; cirrigerous. Cirriform (sir'ri-form), a. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and forma, form.] Formed like a tendril. Cirrigerous (sir-rij'èr-us), a. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and gero, to carry.] Same as Cirriferous. Cirrigrade (sir'ri-grad), a. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and gradior, to go.] Moving by means of tendril-like appendages; as, cirrigrade Acalephæ. Carpenter. Cirriped (sir'ri-ped), n. A member of the Cirripedia. Cirripedia, Cirrhipedia (sir-ri-pe'di-a), n. pl. [L. cirrus, a tendril, and pes, pedis, the foot.] An order of lower crustaceous animals, formerly ranked among the molluscs, so called from the cirri or filaments with which their transformed feet are fringed. When young they are free and able to swim, possessing certain limbs, eyes, and organs, which they subsequently lose, and are altogether of higher organization than when adult. When adult they are affixed to some substance, either set directly on it, as in the genus Balanus; placed on a foot-stalk, as the barnacle, or goose-mussel; or sunk into the supporting substance, as the whalebarnacle. Called also Cirrhopoda. Cirro-cumulus (sir-ro-ku'mú-lus), n. cirrus, a tuft of hair, and cumulus, a heap.] A form of cloud. See CLOUD. Cirrose (sir'rös), a. [L. cirrosus, from cirrus, a curl] In bot. (a) having a cirrus or tendril; specifically, applied to a leaf tipped with a tendril. (b) Resembling tendrils or coiling like them. Written also Cirrhose, Cirrhous, and Cirrous. [L. Cirrostomi (sir-ros'to-mi), n. pl. [L. cirrus, a hair, and Gr. stoma, mouth.] A term applied to an order of fishes (otherwise named Pharyngobranchii or Leptocardii), represented by the lancelet or amphioxus, the lowest fish. In this fish the mouth is surrounded by hair-like filaments. Called also Cirrhostomida. Cirro-stratus (sir-ro-stra'tus), n. [L. cirrus, a tuft of hair, and stratus, spread flat.] A species of cloud. See CLOUD. Cirrous (sir'rus), a. Same as Cirrose. Cirrus (sir'rus), n. pl. Cirri (sir'ri). [L.] 1. In bot. a tendril; a long thread-like organ 478 by which a plant climbs.-2. In zool. a soft curled filamentary appendage to the feet of certain animals, as barnacles, and the jaws of certain fishes.-3. A form of cloud. See CLOUD. Cirsium (sér'si-um), n. (Gr. kirsion, a kind of thistle. ] See HORSE THISTLE. Cirsocele (sér'so-sel), n. [Gr. kirsos, a dilated vein, and kêle, a tumour.] A varix, or dilatation of the spermatic vein; hernia Cirrus or Tendril. varicosa. Cis (sis), n. [Gr. kis, a wood-worm.] A genus of coleopterous insects, of the family Xylophaga. Some are minute beetles which infest the various species of Boleti or mushrooms. The larvæ of others do much harm to books, furniture, wood of houses, &c., by piercing them with small holes. Those which perforate books are popularly known as book-worms. Cis (sis). A Latin preposition signifying 'on this side,' often prefixed to the names of rivers, mountains, &c., to form adjectives. Rome was considered the point of departure in words of Roman origin. Cisalpine (sis-al'pin or sis-al'pin), a. [L. cis, on this side, and Alpes, Alps, whence alpinus, alpine.] On this side of the Alps, with regard to Rome; that is, on the south of the Alps: opposed to transalpine. Cisatlantic (sis-at-lan'tik), a. Being on this side of the Atlantic Ocean. Cisco (sis'ko), n. A fish of the herring kind, found in Lake Ontario. Ciselure (sez-lür), n. [Fr. ciseler, to carve or engrave with a chisel.] 1. The art or operation of chasing. 2. Chased metal work. Fairholt. Cisleu (sis'le-ö), n. See CHISLEU. Cismontane (sis-mon'tan), a. [L. cis, on this side, and mons, a mountain.] Existing on this side of the mountain; specifically, on this side the Alps: opposed to ultramontane. Cispadane (sis'pa-dan), a. [L. cis, on this side, and Padus, the river Po, whence Padanus.] On this side of the Po, with regard to Rome; that is, on the south side. Cissampelos (sis-sam'pe-los), n. [Gr.kissos, ivy, and ampelos, a vine, because it climbs like the ivy, and has fruit like the vine.] A genus of climbing plants, nat. order Menispermaceæ, one of which, the velvet leaf (C. Pareira), yields the root called Pareira brava, used in medicine as a tonic and diuretic. Cissoid (sis'soid), n. [Gr. kissos, ivy, and eidos, form.] A curve of the second order, invented by Diocles with a view to the solution of the famous problem of the duplication of the cube, or the insertion of two mean proportionals between two given straight lines. The curve is generated in the following manner:- In the diameter, A B, of a circle described about C, take BM AN, and erect the ordinates MQ=NR, and A NCM B join AQ: the locus of the point P, in which the line AQ cuts the ordinate NR, is the cissoid. To find its equation, let A N=2, PN=y, AC=a, then since PN=y_QM=√2ax-x2 = AN=2 AM = 2a -x the equation is y2 (2a-x)=x3. The curve has an equal branch on the other side of AB; the two branches meeting in a cusp at the point A, and have the line HK as an asymptote. The area included between the curve and the asymptote is three times the i area of the generating circle. In the cissoid of Diocles the generating curve is a circle; but this term has been employed in later times to all curves described in a similar manner, where the generating curve is not a circle. Cissoidal (sis-soid'al), a. Resembling the cissoid of Diocles, applied to mechanical curves partaking of that character. Cissus (sis'sus), n. [Gr. kissos, ivy, in reference to their scrambling roots.] The wild grape, a group of plants included in the CISTERN same genus with the true vine, but having more deeply divided leaves, and the petals of the flower opening before they fall off. All the species are climbing plants, and are mostly found within the tropics, especially in Asia; a few occur in North America. Cist (sist), n. [From L. cista, Gr. kiste, a chest. Chest is simply another form of this word.] 1. A case; a chest; a basket; specifically, in archæol. (a) the term applied to the mystic baskets used in processions connected with the Eleusinian mysteries. (b) A place of interment of an early or prehistoric period, consisting of a stone chest formed of two parallel rows of stones fixed on their ends, and covered by similar flat stones. Such cists are found in barrows or mounds, inclosing bones. In rocky districts, cists were sometimes hewn in the rock itself. Cist. Called also Kist, Cistvaen, and Kistvaen.2. Same as Cyst (which see). Cistaceae (sis-ta'se-e), n. pl. [See CISTUS.] A nat. order of polypetalous exogens, consisting of low shrubby plants or herbs, with entire leaves and crumpled, generally ephemeral showy flowers. Some species exude a balsamic resin, such as ladanum, from a species of Cistus found in the countries bordering the Levant. Four species of the genus Helianthemum are found in Britain, and are commonly called rock-rose. Cistal (sis'tal), a. A term used by Lindley to designate one of his 'alliances' of plants. They are hypogynous exogens, with monodichlamydeous flowers, and include the rockroses (genus Cistus), crucifers, weldworts, and capparids. Cistella (sis-tel'la), n. [L., a casket, dim. of cista, a box.] In bot. the capsular shield of some lichens. Cistercian (sis-tér'shi-an), n. A member of a religious order, which takes its name from its original convent, Citeaux (Cistercium), near Dijon, where the society was founded in 1098 by Robert, abbot of Solesmes, under the rule of St. Benedict. They led a contemplative and very ascetic life, and, having emancipated themselves from the oversight of the bishops, formed a sort of religious republic, under the government of a high council of twenty-five members, the abbot of Citeaux being president. In France they called themselves Bernardines, in honour of St. Bernard. From the Cistercians emanated the barefooted monks, or Feuillants in France, the nuns of Port-Royal, the Recollets in Spain, and the monks of La Trappe. The French Revolution reduced the Cistercians to a few convents in Spain, Austria, Poland, and the Saxon part of Upper Lusatia. They wear a white cassock with black scapulary, but when officiating are clothed Cistercian.-Pascal's Collection des Costumes. with a large white gown, with great sleeves and a hood of the same colour. Cistern (sis'tern), n. [L. cisterna, from cista, a chest.] 1. An artificial reservoir or receptacle for holding water, beer, or other liquor, as in domestic uses, distilleries, and brew CISTIC eries.-2. A natural reservoir for water; a hollow place containing water, as a fountain or lake. The wide cisterns of the lakes.' Sir R. Blackmore. Cistic (sist'ik), a. See CYSTIC. Cistus (sis'tus), n. [Gr. kistos.] The rockrose, a genus of plants of many species, belonging to the nat. order Cistaceae, natives of Europe, or of the countries bordering the Mediterranean. Some of them are beautiful evergreen flowering shrubs, and ornamental in gardens. Gum ladanum is obtained from C creticus and C. ladaniferus. Cistvaen, Kistvaen (kist'va-en or kist'vän), n. See CIST. Cit (sit), n. [Contracted from citizen.] A citizen; an inhabitant of a city: used in disparagement. The cits of London and the boors of Middlesex. Johnson. [Colloq.] Citable (sit'a-bl), a. Capable of being cited or quoted. Citadel (sit'a-del), n. [Fr. citadelle, from It. citta, city.] A fortress or castle in or near a city, intended to keep the inhabitants in subjection, or, in case of a siege, to form a final point of defence. Troas and Ilion's columned citadel. Tennyson. Cital (si'tal), n. 1. The act of citing to appear; a summons. [Rare.]-2. Mention. [Rare.] He made a blushing cital of himself. Shak 3. Quotation; citation. Johnson. Citation (si-tà'shon), n. [L. citatio, from cito, to cite (which see).] 1. A summons; an official call or notice given to a person to appear in a court, and answer to a demand; a call or notice to appear, in various other cases, and the paper containing such notice or call. The remonstrants were ready according to their Sir M. Hale. citation. 2. The act of citing a passage from a book; or from another person, in his own words; also the passage or words quoted; quotation. It is the beauty and independent worth of the citations, far more than their appropriateness, which have made Johnson's dictionary popular even as a reading book. Coleridge. 3. Specifically, in law, a reference to decided cases or books of authority to maintain a point of law.-4.t Enumeration; mention. Harvey. Citator (si-ta'ter), n. One who cites. [Rare.] Citatory (si'ta-to-ri), a. Citing; calling: having the power or form of citation. 'Letters citatory.' Ayliffe. Cite (sit), v.t. pret. & pp. cited; ppr. citing, [Fr. citer, from L. cito, citare, freq. of cieo, to call, to summon.] 1. To call upon officially or authoritatively to appear; to summon before a person or tribunal; to give legal or official notice to appear in court to answer or defend. 479 Citharexylon (sith-a-reks'i-lon), n. [Gr. kithara, the lyre, and xylon, wood.] Fiddlewood, a genus of plants, nat. order Verbenace. The species are trees or shrubs, natives of South America and Jamaica. Citharist (sith'ar-ist), n. A player on the cithara. Citharistic (sith-ar-ist'ik), a. Pertaining to or adapted to the cithara. Cithern (sith'èrn), n. Same as Cittern (which see). Citicism + (sit'i-sizm), n. [From cit.] The manners of a cit or citizen. B. Jonson. [Rare.] Citied (sit'id), a. 1. Belonging to a city; having the qualities of a city. The loathsome airs of smoky citied towns.' Drayton. [Rare.]-2. Occupied by a city or cities; covered with cities. The citied earth." Keats. Citigrade (sit'i-grad), a. [L. citus, swift, and gradus, a step.] Swiftly moving, specifically applied to a tribe of spiders remarkable for the nimbleness of their motions. Citinert (sit'i-nér), n. One born or bred in a city; a cit. Chapman. Citizen (sit'i-zen), n. [O.E. citesein, citezein, citesain, &c., from O. Fr. citeain, citaain, citeien, &c. (Mod. Fr. citoyen), from cité, a city. The z (or s) is a corruption of the old symbol used for y. See CITY.] 1. The native of a city, or an inhabitant who enjoys the freedom and privileges of the city in which he resides; the freeman of a city, as distinguished from a foreigner, or one not entitled to its franchises.-2. Any inhabitant of a town or city, as opposed to the inhabitant of a rural district; sometimes, in disparagement, a person engaged in trade, as opposed to a person of birth and breeding. 3. A member of a state with full political privileges. If the citizens of the United States should not be free and happy the fault will be entirely their own. Washington. Citizen (sit'i-zen), a. Having the qualities of a citizen; town-bred; effeminate. [Rare.] I am not .. so citizen a wanton as to seem to die ere sick. Shak. A female Citizeness (sit'i-zen-es), n. citizen. Citizenize (sit'i-zen-iz), v.t. To make a citizen; to admit to the rights and privileges of a citizen. [Rare.] Talleyrand was citizenized in Pennsylvania when there in the form of an emigrant. T. Pickering. The state Citizenship (sit'i-zen-ship), n. of being vested with the rights and privileges of a citizen. Our citizenship, as saith the apostle, is in heaven. Horne. Citizen-soldier (sit'i-zen-sōl'jér), n. One who is both a citizen or a civilian and a soldier, as the volunteers of Great Britain. 2. To enjoin; to direct; to summon; to call; Citolet (sit'öl), n. [O.Sp. citola, a cithern.] A to order or urge; to rouse. [Rare.] And had I not been cited so by them Yet did I purpose as they do entreat. Shak. 3. To quote; to name or repeat, as a passage or the words of another, either from a book or from verbal communication. The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. Shak. 4. To refer to in support, proof, or confirmation; as, to cite an authority or a precedent in proof of a point in law.-5. To mention; to recount. We cite our faults That they may hold excused our lawless lives. 6. To bespeak; to argue; to evidence. Aged honour cites a virtuous youth.' Shak. Citee, Cite, n. A city. Chaucer. Citer (sit'èr), n. One who cites: (a) one who summons into court. (b) One who quotes. Citess (sit'es), n. [See CIT.] A city woman. Dryden. [Rare.] Cithara (sith'a-ra), n. [L., from Gr. kithara, whence cittern, gittern, guitar. ] An ancient Cithara, from an Egyptian painting. stringed instrument resembling the more modern cittern, or guitar. It is mentioned by Homer. musical instrument; a dulcimer. Citrate (sit'rät). n. [L. citrus, a citron or lemon.] In chem. a salt of citric acid. Citrean (sit'ré-an), a. Citrine. Citric (sit'rik), a. Belonging to or derived from lemons or citrons.-Citric acid (CH, 04), the acid of lemons. Citric acid is contained in several fruits, but in the largest quantity in limes and lemons, the latter containing about 54 per cent. It is colourless, inodorous, and extremely sharp in its taste. It is used as a discharge in calicoprinting, and as a substitute for lemon in making saline draughts. Citril-finch (sit'ril-finsh), n. [A corruption of the specific name meaning lemon-yellow, from L. citrus, a citron.] A beautiful songbird of Italy (Fringilla citrinella): so called from the colour of its breast. Citrination (sit-ri-na'shon), n. The process of becoming of the colour of citrine; the Citrine (sit'rin), a. [L. citrinus, from citrus, state of being so coloured. a lemon or citron.] Like a citron or lemon; of a lemon colour; yellow or greenishyellow.-Citrine ointment, the common name of the ointment of nitrate of mercury. It consists of 4 parts of mercury, 12 nitric acid, 15 prepared lead, and 32 olive-oil. Citrine (sit'rin), n. 1. Lemon colour.-2. A yellow pellucid variety of quartz. Dana. Citron (sit'ron), n. [Fr. citron; L. citreum, from citrus, the lemon or citron.] The fruit of the citron-tree, a large species of lemon; the tree itself. Citron-tree (sit'ron-tre), n. The tree which produces the citron (Citrus medica). It has an upright smooth stem, with a branchy CIVET head, rising from 5 to 15 feet, adorned with large, oval, spear-shaped leaves. Citron-water (sit'ron-wa-ter), n. A liquor distilled from the rind of citrons. Citrul, Citrule (sit'rul), n. [See CITRULLUS.] The water-melon (Cucumis Citrullus), so named from its yellow colour. Citrullus (si-trul'lus), n. [A dim. formed from the L. citrus, the citron-tree: so called from the colour of the fruit when cut.] A genus of dicotyledonous, herbaceous, annual plants, nat. order Cucurbitaceæ. C. Colocynthis yields the wellknown cathartic drug called colocynth (which see). Citrus (sit'rus), n. [L.] A genus of plants, nat. order Aurantiacere, consisting of trees, with apparently simple, ovate, acuminate leaves, which are leaflets united by a distinct joint to the leaf-like stalk. The numerous stamens are irregularly united by their filaments into several irregular bundles. The fruit is pulpy, with a spongy rind. To this genus belong the orange, lemon, citron, &c. Cittern (sit térn), n. [From L. cithara. See CITHARA.] An old instrument of the guitar kind, strung with wire instead of gut. It had frequently a head grotesquely carved at the extremity of the neck and Ånger- board, which explains several allusions in our old plays; while the fact that in barbers' shops there was regularly one or more citterns for the use of the customers explains others. Written also Cithern. Cittern, in South Kensington Museum. City (sit'i), n. [Fr. cité; It. citta; L. civitas, civitatis, a city, state, from civis, a citizen.] 1. In a general sense, a large and important town; any town holding an important position in the state in which it is situated; in a narrower sense and as regards Great Britain, a city is said to be a town corporate that is or has been the seat of a bishop and of a cathedral church. Yet (as is remarked in Stephen's Commentaries) there seems to be no necessary connection between a city and a see; possibly the words were popularly thought to be etymologically connected. In America a city is a town incorporated and governed by a mayor and aldermen. The word is often used, like town, in opposition to country.-2. The inhabitants of a city collectively. I do suspect I have done some offence That seems disgracious in the city's eyes. Shak. City (sit'i), a. Pertaining to a city; as, a city feast; city manners. City wives. Shak. A city clerk, but gently born.' Tennyson.City article, in newspapers, the editorial remarks or summary of the commercial or financial news of the day.-City editor, the journalist whose duty it is to superintend the preparation of the city article. -City court, in the United States, the municipal court of a city, consisting of the mayor or recorder and aldermen. City-ward (sit'i-ward), n. A watchman, or Cive (siv), n. [Fr. cive, L. cepa, an onion.] the collective watchmen of a city. Fairfax. A small perennial garden plant (Allium Schanoprasum), of the same genus as the leek and onion, cultivated in kitchen-gardens as a pot-herb. Written also Chive. The common chive or cive is indigenous to Britain, having been found in Oxfordshire as well as Argyleshire. W. B. Booth. Civet (siv'et), n. [Fr. civette, It. zibetto, from Ar. zabad, the unctuous substance which furnishes civet.] 1. A substance, of the consistence of butter or honey, taken from the anal glands of animals of the genus Viverra, which, from this circumstance and from their resemblance to cats, are called civet-cats. It is of a clear, yellowish or brownish colour, of a strong offensive smell when undiluted, but agreeable when a small portion is mixed with another substance. It is used as a perfume.-2. The animal itself. See CIVET-CAT.-3. In cookery, a dark, thickish stew, generally of hare or venison: so called from its scent. Civet (siv'et), v. t. To scent with civet; to perfume. Cowper. CIVET-CAT Civet-cat (siv'et-kat), n. A carnivorous mammal of the genus Viverra, having a large double gland between the anus and organs of generation, containing the peculiar odoriferous fatty substance called civet. This animal, intermediate in form between the weasel and fox, is of a cinereous colour, tinged with yellow, marked with dusky spots Civet-cat (Viverra civetta). disposed in rows, and is commonly from 2 to 3 feet long and 10 inches high. The species are found in North Africa (V. civetta), and in Asia (V. zibetha) from Arabia to Malabar and Java (V. Rasse). They are frequently kept in confinement, especially at the town of Eufras, in Abyssinia-the principal seat of the civet trade-for the sake of the perfume, which is taken from the bag twice a week, a dram being a large yield. When thus kept they are fed on raw flesh with the view of increasing the quantity of civet. Civic (siv'ik), a. [L. civicus, from civis, a citizen.] Pertaining to a city or citizen; relating to civil affairs or honours. 'At civic revel, pomp, and game.' Tennyson.-Civic crown, in Rom. antiq. a crown or garland of oak leaves bestowed on a soldier who has saved the life of a citizen in battle. Civical + (siv'ik-al), a. Civic. Sir T. Browne. Civil (siv'il), a. [L. civilis, from civis, a citizen.] 1. Relating to the community, or to the policy and government of the citizens and subjects of a state: opposed to criminal, ecclesiastical, and military or naval; as in the phrases civil rights, civil government, civil privileges, civil war, civil justice. 2. Reduced to order, rule, and government; under a regular administration; exhibiting some refinement of manners; not savage or wild; civilized; as, civil life; civil society. common law, appointing them what to do. Hooker. 3. Courteous; obliging; well bred; affable; polite. Men that are civil do lead their lives after one A civil man now is one observant of slight external courtesies in the mutual intercourse between man and man; a civil man once was one who fulfilled all the duties and obligations flowing from his position Abp. Trench. as a 'civis.' 4.† Grave; sober; not gay or showy. A civil habit oft covers a good man. Beau, & FI. -Civil death. See DEATH.-Civil engineering. See ENGINEERING.Civil law, the law of a state, city, or country; more specifically, the Roman law, the municipal law of the Roman Empire, comprised in the Institutes, Code, and Digest of Justinian, and the Novel Constitutions.-Civil list. See LIST.--Civil service, a term applied to that branch of the public service in which the non-military covenanted servants of the crown are employed, or to those persons collectively. It includes the offices or departments connected with the war-office, admiralty, post-office, customs, excise, dip lomatic corps, civil and criminal courts, prisons, British Museum, &c.-Civil state, the whole body of the citizens who are not included in the military, naval, and ecclesiastical bodies.-Civil war, a war between the people of the same state or city: opposed to foreign war-Civil year. under YEAR.-Civil, Polite, Courteous. POLITE. Civilation (siv-i-la'shon), n. [A corruption of civilization, or formed from the adjective civil.] An Irish slang word for intoxication. 'In a state of civilation.' De Quincey. Civilian (si-vil'i-an), n. 1. One who is skilled in the Roman or civil law; a professor or doctor of civil law. 480 2. A student of the civil law at a univer- 4.† One who, despising the righteousness of Civilist (siv'il-ist), n. Civility (si-vil'i-ti), n. [L. civilitas, from ci- Divers great monarchies have risen from barbarism I call my own self wild, Tennyson. But keep a touch of sweet civility. I asked him (Johnson) if 'humiliating was a good Boswell. 2. The act of rendering a criminal process Civilize (siv'il-iz), v. t. pret. & pp. civilized; We send the graces and the muses forth, To civilize and to instruct the North. Waller. Civilized (siv'il-izd), p. and a. Reclaimed vated. Such sale of conscience and duty in open market That a multitude should, without harmony, concur I will deal civilly with his poems: nothing ill is to (e)t Without gaudy colours or finery; soberly. Civil-suitedt (siv'il-sût-ed), a. Modestly, Civism (siv'izm), n. [Fr. civisme, from L. See Grew. See Clabbert (klab'ér), n. Milk turned and Clack (klak), v.i. [An imitative word; comp. CLADOCARPOUS Fr. claque, a clap or clack; W. clec, a sharp noise; D. klakken, to clap; M.H.G. klac, a crack; E. clap, crack.] 1. To make a sudden sharp noise, as by striking or cracking; to crack; to rattle; to click. The palace bang'd and buzz'd and clackt. Tennyson. 2. To utter sounds or words rapidly and continually, or with sharpness and abruptness; to let the tongue run; as, her tongue is perpetually clacking. [Colloq.] But ah! the more the white goose laid, It clack'd and cackled louder. Tennyson. Clack (klak), v.t. 1. To cause to make a sharp, short sound; to rattle; to clap; as, to clack two pieces of wood together. See CLACK-DISH.-2. To speak without thought; to rattle out. Unweighed custom makes them clack out anything their heedless fancy springs. Feltham. Clack (klak), n. [See the verb.] 1. A sharp, abrupt sound, continually repeated, such as is made by striking an object, or by bursting or cracking; as, the clack of a mill 2. The instrument that strikes the hopper of a grist-mill, to move or shake it, for discharging the corn.-3. A bell that rings when more corn is required to be put in. Johnson.-4. A ball-valve connected with the boiler of a locomotive. See BALL-VALVE and CLACK-BOX, 2.-5. A kind of small windmill set on the top of a pole to turn and clap on a board for the purpose of frightening away birds.-6. Continual talk; prattle; gossip; tattle. [Colloq.] A woman's clack, if I have skill, Sounds somewhat like a throwster's mill. Swift. Clack-box (klak'boks), n. 1. In mach. the box in which a clack-valve works.-2. In locomotives, the box fitted on to the boiler in which a ball-valve is placed to close the orifice of the feed-pipe, and prevent steam or hot water reaching the pumps. The ball of the clack is raised from its seat by the stroke of the pump-plunger forcing water against it, which water then passes into the boiler, while the instant fall of the ball prevents egress from the boiler. Clack-dish (klak'dish), n. A dish formerly used by mendicants, having a movable cover, which they clacked to excite the notice and sympathy of passengers, and also to signify that the dish was empty. His use was to put a ducat in her clack-dish. Shak. Clack-door (klak'dor), n. A plate of iron or brass covering an aperture in the side of a clack-box. It is attached by screws, and can be removed to give access to the valveseat or recess into which the valve fits. Clacker (klak'ér), n. 1. One who or that which clacks. -2. The clack of a mill; the clapper. Clack-goose (klak'gös), n. A barnacle-goose. Clack-mill (klak'mil), n. Same as Clack, 5. Clack-valve. one and a half valve opening. Clad (klad), pp. with a single flap. hinged at one edge, and consisting of a plate of leather a little larger than the valve aperture. The leather plate is strengthened above by a plate of iron a little larger than the opening, and below by another iron plate a little less than the opening. The valve box is generally times the diameter of the Called also Clapper. Clothed. Jeroboam had clad himself with a new garment. Cladium (kla'di-um), n. [Gr. kladion, a small |