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CUT

The pleasantest angling is to see the fish Cut with her golden oars the silver stream. Shak. Far on a rocky knoll descried,

Saint Michael's chapel cuts the sky. Matt Arnold. 3. To sever and cause to fall for the purpose of removing; to hew, as wood; to mow or reap, as corn; to sever and remove, as the nails or hair.

Thy servants can skill to cut timber in Lebanon

2 Chr. ii. 8.

4. To fashion by, or as by, cutting or carving; to hew out; to carve. His grandsire cut in alabaster." Shak

I. tired out

With cutting eights that day upon the pond.

Tennyson.

5. To wound the sensibilities of; to affect deeply.

The man was cut to the heart with these consolations. Addison.

6. To divide, as a pack of cards.-7. To intersect; to cross; as, one line cuts another at right angles; the ecliptic cuts the equator. 8. To castrate; as, to cut a horse. -9. To give up; to have nothing to do with; to quit.

He swore that he would cut the service. Marryat. --To cut asunder, to cut into pieces; to divide; to sever.

He hath cut asunder the cords of the wicked. Ps. cxxix. 4. To cut down, (a) to fell; to cause to fall by severing.

Ye shall cut down their groves. (b) To humble: to shame.

Ex. xxxiv. 13.

So great is his natural eloquence that he cuts down the finest orator. Addison.

(c) To retrench; to curtail; as, to cut down the expenses. (d) Naut. to take a deck off, as for the purpose of converting a line-ofbattle ship into a frigate, &c.-To cut off, (a) to separate from the other parts; as, to cut off a finger or an arm; to cut off a letter or syllable. (b) To destroy; to extirpate; to put to death untimely.

Jezebel cut off the prophets of the Lord. 1 Ki. xviii. 4. Evil doers shall be cut off. Ps. xxxvii. 9. (c) To separate; to remove to a distance or to prevent all intercourse with; as, a man in another country or in prison is cut off from his country or his friends.

I was cut off from hope in that sad place,
Which yet to name my spirit loathes and fears.
Tennyson.

(d) To interrupt; to stop; as, to cut off communication.

The judge cut off the council very short. Bacon. (e) To intercept; to hinder from return or union; as, the troops were cut off from the ships. (f) To end; to finish; as, to cut off all controversy. To cut out, (a) to remove by cutting or carving; as, to cut out a piece from a board; to cut out the tongue. Hence, (b) To shape or form by, or as by, cutting; to fashion; to adapt; as, to cut out a garment; to cut out an image; he is not cut out for an author. 'A large forest cut out into walks. Addison. Hence, (c) To scheme; to contrive; to prepare; as, to cut out work for another day. (d)t To debar.

I am cut out from anything but common acknow. ledgments, or common discourse. Pope.

(e) To take the preference or precedence of: as, to cut out a prior judgment creditor. (f) Naut, to seize and carry off, as a vessel from a harbour or from under the guns of the enemy. To cut short, (a) to hinder from proceeding by sudden interruption.

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(b) To shorten; to abridge; as, to cut the matter short. (c) To withhold from a person part of what is due.

The soldiers were cut short of their pay. Johnson. -To cut up, (a) to cut in pieces; as, to cut up beef. (b) To eradicate; to cut off; as, to cut up shrubs (c) To criticise se verely; to censure; as, the work was terribly cut up by the reviewer (d) To wound the feelings deeply; to affect greatly; as, his wife's death cut him up terribly. --To cut a feather, among seamen, a phrase applied to a well-bowed ship, to denote that she passes so swiftly through the water that it foams before her - To cut and run, to cut the cable and set sail immediately; to be off; to be gone. To cut the sail, to unfurl it, and to let it fall down.-To cut one off with a shilling, to bequeath one's natural heir a shilling: a practice adopted by a person dissatisfied with his heir, as a proof that the disinheritance was designed and not the result of neglect, and also from the notion

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that it was necessary to leave the heir at least a shilling to make a will valid. - To cut a person, a familiar form of speech, meaning to avoid accosting or being accosted by one whom it is inconvenient or disagreeable to meet or recognize: often intensified with dead. She cut me as dead as a stone.' Thackeray. To cut capers, to leap or dance in a frolicsome manner; to frisk about. To cut a dash or figure, to make a display. To cut a joke, to joke; to crack a jest.

And jokes shall be cut in the House of Lords,

And throats in the county Kerry. Praed. -To cut a knot, to take short measures with anything: to effect an object by powerful and speedy means.

Decision by a majority is a mode of cutting a knot that cannot be untied. Sir G. C. Lewis.

-To cut one's stick, to move off; to be off at once. [Slang.]--To cut the teeth, to have the teeth pierce the gums. To cut one's eye-teeth, to become knowing, or 'wideawake.' [Slang.]-Cut and come again, take as much as you please and come back for more: used generally as a noun, for abundance, profusion, no lack.

Cut (kut), v.i. 1. To do the work of an edge tool; to serve in dividing or gashing; as, the knife cuts well.--2. To be severed by a cutting instrument; to admit of incision or severance; as, this fruit cuts easy or smooth. 3. To divide by passing through.

When the teeth are ready to cut the upper part is rubbed with hard substances. Arbuthnot.

4. To use a knife or edge-tool, as in surgical operations. His manner of cutting for the stone.' Pope. - 5. To strike the inner and lower part of the fetlock with the other foot: said of a horse.-6. To divide a pack of cards, to determine the deal or for any other purpose.-7. To move off: frequently followed by it; as, whenever we hailed them they cut it. [Slang.To cut across, to pass over or through in the most direct way; as, he cut across the common. -To cut in, (a) to divide or turn a card, for determining who are to play. (b) To join in suddenly and unceremoniously.

You think, then,' said Lord Eskdale, cutting in before Rigby, 'that the Reform Bill has done us no harm.' Disraeli.

-To cut on, to make haste forward; to move on with speed. To cut up, to be worth when cut up; to turn out: a butcher's phrase.

The only question of their Legendre, or some other of their legislative butchers, will be, how he cuts up. Burke.

-To cut up rough, to become quarrelsome or obstreperous; to become dangerous. [Slang.]

Cut (kut), p. and a. 1. Gashed; divided; hewn; carved; intersected; pierced; deeply affected; castrated.-2. Tipsy; drunk. [Slang.]

Rove not from pole to pole-the man lives here Whose razor's only equall'd by his beer; And where, in either sense, the cockney put May, if he pleases, get confounded cut. Sir W. Scott. -Cut and dry, or cut and dried, prepared for use: a metaphor from hewn timber.

Swift.

Can ready compliments supply. On all occasions cut and dry. --Cut and long tail, people of all kinds or ranks; lit. dogs with cut tails and dogs with long tails.

Shallow. He will maintain you like a gentleman. Slender. Ay, that I will, come cut and long tail, under the degree of a squire. Shak.

-Cut glass, glass having the surface shaped or ornamented by grinding and polishing. -Cut nail, a nail manufactured by being cut from a rolled plate of iron by machinery, in distinction from a wrought nail, or one made by hand.

Cut (kut), n. 1. The opening made by an edged instrument, distinguished by its length from that made by perforation with a pointed instrument; a cleft; a gash; a notch; a wound--2. A stroke or blow as with an edged instrument; a smart stroke or blow, as with a whip.--3. Anything that wounds one's feelings deeply, as a sarcasm, criticism, or act of discourtesy.

This was the most unkindest cut of all.

Shak.

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CUTLERIACEE

It should be understood, moreover, ... that the groups are not arbitrary cuts, but natural groups or types. Dana.

6. A lot made by cutting a stick, paper, straw, or the like; as, to draw cuts.-7. The surface left by a cut; as, a smooth or clean cut.-8. A near passage, by which an angle is cut off; as, a shorter cut.-9. The stamp on which a picture is carved, and by which it is impressed; also, the impression from such a stamp; as, a book illustrated with wood-cuts. 10. The act or right of dividing a pack of cards; as, whose cut is it?-11. Manner in which a thing is cut; form; shape; fashion; as, the cut of a garment.-12. In cricket, the technical name for a stroke given by the batsman to the ball, by which the ball is sent out in front of the striker and at right angles to his wicket.-13. ↑ A gelding. The collier's cut the courtier's steed will tire. Gascoigne. 14. The act of passing a person without recognizing him, or of avoiding him so as not to be recognized by him.-To draw cuts, to draw lots, as of paper, &c., cut of unequal lengths. The cut of one's jib, the form of one's profile, the cast of his countenance; as, I knew him by the cut of his jib. [Originally a nautical phrase.]

Cutaneous (ku-tā′nē-us), a. [See CUTICLE.] Belonging to the skin or cutis; existing on or affecting the skin; as, a cutaneous disease; cutaneous eruption.

Cutch (kuch), n. Catechu (which see). Cutch (kuch), n. The spawn of the oyster. Cutchery (kuch'é-ri), n. In the East Indies, a court of justice or public office.

Constant dinners, &c., and the labours of cutchery had their effect upon Waterloo Sedley. Thackeray. Cute (kút), a. [An abbrev. of acute.] Acute; clever; sharp; as, you're a very cute fellow, no doubt. [Colloq.] Cuteness (küt'nes), n. The quality or character of being cute. [Colloq.] Cutgrass (kut'gras), n. A kind of grass having very rough leaves, which, when drawn sharply through the hand, inflict a cut; spear-grass.

Cuth (kuth). A Saxon word-element signinifying known or famous; as, Cuthwin, a famous conqueror; Cuthred, a famous or knowing counsellor; Cuthbert, known bright or famous for skill.

Cuticle (kü'ti-kl), n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin.] 1. In anat. the outermost thin transparent skin which covers all the surface of the body, except the parts which correspond to the nails; the epidermis or scarf-skin. 2. In bot. the thin external covering of the bark of a plant; the outer pellicle of the epidermis.-3. A thin skin formed on the surface of liquor. Cuticular (ku-tik'ü-lér), a. Pertaining to the cuticle or external coat of the skin. Cuticularise, Cuticularize (kū-tik'ü-lêriz), v. t. To render cuticular; to give the character, nature, or composition of the cuticle to.

The outermost lamella of the epidermis-cells is always cuticularised, and usually to the extent that cellulose is not at all, or only with difficulty, to be detected in it.

Bennet.

Cutin (kü'tin), n. [L. cutis, the skin.] A peculiar modification of cellulose, contained, according to Fremy, in the epidermis of leaves, petals, and fruits, together with ordinary cellulose, albumin, pectous substances, and fat. Cutin exhibits under the microscope the aspect of an amorphous perforated film. In its composition it approaches the fats.

Cutis (kü'tis), n. [L.] In anat. a dense resisting membrane, of a flexible and extensible nature, which forms the general envelope of the body: it is next below the cuticle, and is often called the true skin. Cutlass (kutlas), n. [Fr. coutelas, aug. from O. Fr. coutel; Fr. couteau, a knife; from L. cultellus, dim. of culter, a knife.] A broad curving sword used by cavalry; a hanger, used by seamen when boarding an enemy's ship.

Cutler (kut'ler), n. [Fr. coutelier, from L. culter, a knife.] 1. One whose occupation is to make or deal in knives and other cutting instruments.-2. One who sharpens or repairs cutlery; a knife-grinder. Cutleriaceae (kut-le-ri-a'sē-ê), n. pl. A family of fucoid algae, represented by the genus Cutleria. C. multifida is a British species, with a rooting,' fan-shaped, irregularly laciniated frond from 2 to 8 inches long, the lacinia being ribbon-like, olive-coloured, with scattered sori, bearing in some plants antheridia, and in others oosporanges.

CUTLERY

Cutlery (kut'lė-ri), n. 1. The business of a cutler. 2. Edged or cutting instruments collectively.

Cutlet (kutlet), n. [Fr. cótelette, a little side or rib; côté, side.] A piece of meat, especially veal or mutton, cut for cooking; generally a part of the rib with the meat belonging to it.

Cutling (kut'ling), n. The art of cutlery. Milton.

Cut-lugged (kut'lugd), a. Crop-eared. [Scotch.]

Cut-off (kut'of), n. 1. That which cuts off or shortens, as a nearer passage or road; specifically, in steam engines, a contrivance for cutting off the steam from the steamchest to the cylinder, when the piston has made a part of its stroke, leaving the rest of the stroke to be accomplished by the expansive force of the steam already in the cylinder. It economizes steam, and thus saves fuel.-2. That which is cut off. Cutpurse (kut'pėrs), n. [Cut and purse.] One who cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents: a practice said to have been common when men wore purses at their girdles; one who steals from the person; a thief; a robber.

A cutpurse of the empire and the rule,

That from a shelf the precious diadem stole
And put it in his pocket.

Shak.

Cutte, n. A lot; a straw cut into short and long lengths, to draw lots with. Chaucer. Cutter (kut'ér), n. 1. One who cuts or hews; specifically, in tailoring, one who cuts out cloth for garments according to measure

Armed Cutter.

ments.-2. An instrument that cuts; as, a straw-cutter; the cutters of a boring machine. 3. A fore-tooth that cuts, as distinguished from a grinder; an incisor.4. Naut. (a) a small boat used by ships of war. (b) A vessel rigged nearly like a sloop, with one mast and a straight running bowsprit, which may be run in upon deck.Revenue cutter, an armed vessel of this description employed for the prevention of smuggling and the enforcement of the custom-house regulations.-5. An officer in the exchequer whose office it was to provide wood for the tallies, and to cut on them the sums paid. See TALLY.-6. A soft, yellow malm-brick, used for face work, from the facility with which it can be cut or rubbed down.-7. In mining, a term applied to cracks or fissures cutting across the strata; hence the geological phrase, 'backs and cutters,' for jointed structure. 8. In mineral. a crack in the substance of a crystal, thus destroying or greatly lessening its value, if a lapidary's stone.-9.† A ruffian; a bravo; a desperado.

He's out of cash, and thou know'st by cutter's law we are bound to relieve one another. Old play. 10. A small light sleigh. [United States.]Cutter-off, a destroyer.

Shak.

Indeed, there is fortune too hard for nature, When fortune makes nature's natural the Cutter-off of nature's wit. Cutter-bar (kut'ér-bär), n. In mech. the bar of a boring machine, in which the cutters or cutting tools are fixed, corresponding to the boring-bar of the boring-mill, for boring steam cylinders, &c. The cutters are fixed directly in recesses made in the cutter-bar, as represented by the figure, in which a is the cutter fixed in its place by the

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key b. In the case of the boring-bar the cutters are fixed round the circumference of a

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You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine. Shak. Cutting (kut'ing), a. 1. Penetrating or dividing by the edge; serving to penetrate or divide; sharp; as, a cutting tool; the cutting teeth.-2. Piercing the heart; wounding the feelings; deeply affecting with shame or remorse; pungent; piquant; satirical; severe; as, a cutting reflection: applied to persons or things.

But he always smiled; and audacious, cool, and cutting, and very easy, he thoroughly despised mankind. Disraeli.

He (Sedley) was prosecuted for a misdemeanour, was sentenced to a heavy fine, and was reprimanded by the Court of King's Bench in the most cutting Macaulay.

terms.

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2. A piece cut off; a slip; a portion of a plant from which a new individual is propagated when placed in the earth.-3. An excavation made through a hill or rising ground, in constructing a road, railway, canal, &c.-4. The action of a horse when he strikes the inner and lower part of the fetlock-joint with his hoof while travelling. 5. Division, as of a pack of cards.-6. Caper; curvet; as, changes, cuttings, turnings, and agitations of the body.' Floris. Cuttingly (kut'ing-li), adv.

manner.

In a cutting

Cuttle, Cuttle-fish (kut'tl, kut'tl-fish), n. [A. Sax. cudele, a cuttle-fish; G. kuttel-fisch.] A name for any of the Cephalopoda, more strictly applied to those of the genus Sepia and family Sepiadæ, dibranchiate cephalopodous molluscs, with a depressed body, inclosed in a sac. The shorter arms or feet, eight in number, covered with four rows of raised discs or suckers, are arranged around the mouth, and from the midst of them extend two long tentacula, also furnished with discs. These members the

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1, Cuttle-fish (Sepia officinalis): a a, Arms with suckers; bb, tentacles with suckers on the ends. 2, End of one of the tentacles, showing the suckers. 3. Cuttle-fish bone-the interior shell. 4. Upper view of central part of animal, showing the mouth (c), arms (aa), tentacles (bb). 5, The beak or mouth. 6, One of the suckers.

animal uses in walking, swimming, for attaching itself to objects, and for seizing its prey. A tube or funnel exists below the head and leads from the gills; through this funnel the water admitted to these organs is expelled; and the creature, by ejecting the water with force, can dart backwards with amazing velocity. In a sac on the back of the mantle there is a light, porous, calcareous shell formed of thin plates. The cuttle-fish has the power of ejecting a black ink-like

CYANOGEN

fluid the sepia of artists (see SEPIA)-from a bag or sac, so as to darken the water and conceal it from pursuit. The species which frequents our coasts is S. officinalis, and is often found a foot long.

Cuttlet (kut'tl), n. [Ö. Fr. coultel; Fr. couteau, from L. cultellus, a knife; or possibly cut, on type of whittle, a knife, from white, to pare.] The knife used by a thief in cutting purses.

Cuttle-bone (kut'tl-bon), n. The dorsal plate of Sepia officinalis, formerly much used in medicine as an absorbent, but now used for polishing wood, painting, varnishing, &c., as also for pounce and tooth powder. Cuttoe (kut'to), n. [Fr. couteau, a knife.] A large knife. [United States.] Cutty (kut'i), n. [Scotch.] A slut; a worthless girl; a loose woman.

Cutty (kut'i), n. [Scotch.] 1. A short spoon. It is better to sup with a cutty than want a spoon. Scots proverb. 2. A short-stemmed tobacco-pipe.

I'm no sae scant o' clean pipes, as to blaw wi' a brunt cutty. Scots proverb. Cutty (kut'ti), a. [Scotch.] Short; as, a cutty spoon. Her cutty sark o' Paisley harn.' Burns. Cutty-stool (kut'ti-stöl), n. [From cutty, a wanton.] A seat in old Scottish churches, where acknowledged female offenders against chastity were seated during three Sundays, and publicly rebuked by their minister.

Cutwal (kut'wal), n. In the East Indies, the chief police-officer of a large city. Cut-water (kut'wa-tér), n. 1. The fore part of a ship's prow, which cuts the water.2. The lower portion of the pier of a bridge, formed with an angle or edge directed up the stream, so as more effectually to resist the action of the water, ice, &c.-3. The razor-bill (Rhyncops nigra).

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Jonson.

Cut-work+ (kut'werk), n. Embroidery. B. Cutworm (kut'werm), n. Any worm or insect destructive to the young plants of cabbage, corn, beans, &c.

Cuvette (kü-vet), n. [Fr., dim. of cuve, from L. cupa, a tub.] 1. A surgical instrument shaped like a little scoop, used in taking away the opaque matter that may be left after extracting a cataract from the eye. 2. A large clay pot or crucible in which the materials of plate-glass are melted.-3. In fort. a trench dug in the middle of a large Cuzco-china, Cuzco-bark (kuz'kō-chi-na, dry ditch; a cunette. kuz'kō-bärk), n. See CUSCO-CHINA. Cwmry, Cwmric (kum'ri, kum'rik), n. and a. See CYMRY, CYMRIC. Cwt. An abbreviation of hundredweight, c being the symbol for a hundred, and wet. the contraction for weight.

Cyamidæ (si-am'i-dē), n. pl. [Gr. kyamos, a bean, and eidos, resemblance.] The family of crustaceans of which Cyamus is the sole genus. See CYAMUS.

Cyamus (si'a-mus), n. A genus of læmodipodous Crustacea, the species of which are parasites on the whale. They are called Whale-lice.

Cyanamide (si-an'a-mid), n. (CNH) A white crystalline body prepared by the action of ammonia on chloride of cyanogen.

Cyanate (si'an-at), n. A salt of cyanic acid. Cyanean (si-a'né-an), a. [Gr. kyanos, blue.] Having an azure colour. Pennant. Cyanhydric (si-an-hid’rik), @. hydrocyanic; prussic.

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In chem.

Cyanic (si-an'ik), a. Pertaining to or containing cyanogen.-Cyanic acid, a compound of cyanogen and oxygen (CNHO). Cyanide (si'an-id), n. [Gr. kyanos, blue, and eidos, resemblance.] In chem. a combination of cyanogen with a metallic base; as, the cyanide of silver, of copper, &c. Cyanin, Cyanine (si'an-in), n. 1. The blue colouring matter of certain flowers, as of the corn-flower, violet, and species of iris.2. A fugitive blue dye prepared from chinoline and iodide of amyl, used in calicoprinting.

Cyanite (si'an-it), n. Same as Kyanite. Cyanogen (si-an'o-jen), n. [Gr. kyanos, blue, and gennao, to beget] (CN) Sym. Cy. A compound radicle, composed of one atom of nitrogen and one of carbon. It is a gas of a strong and peculiar odour, resembling that of crushed peach leaves, and burning with a rich purple flame. It is obtained by heating dry cyanide of mercury. Under a pressure of between three and four atmospheres it becomes a limpid liquid, and is

CYANOMETER

highly poisonous and unrespirable. It unites with oxygen, hydrogen, and most other nonmetallic elements, and also with the metals forming cyanides.

Cyanometer (si-an-om'et-êr), n. [Gr. kyanos, blue, and metron, measure.] A meteorological instrument contrived by Saussure for estimating or measuring degrees of blueness, as of the sky. It consists of a band of paste-board divided into fifty-one numbered compartments, each of which is painted of a different shade of blue, commencing at the one end with the deepest shade, formed by a mixture of black, and ending with the faintest, formed by a mixture of white. The hue of the object is measured by its correspondence with one of these shades. Cyanopathy (si-an-op'ath-i), n. [Gr. kyanos, blue, and pathos, suffering.] Cyanosis (which see).

Cyanosis (si-an-o'sis), n. [Gr. kyanos, blue, and nosos, disease.] The blue disease; the blue jaundice of the ancients. It is usually due to malformation of the heart, whereby the venous and arterial currents mingle. Cyanotype (si-an'o-tip), n. [Cyanide, and Gr. typos, type.] A photographic picture obtained by the use of a cyanide.

Cyanurate (si-an'u-rát), n. A salt of cyanuric acid.

Cyanuret (si-an'u-ret), n. A basic compound of cyanogen and some other element or compound; a cyanide.

Cyanuric (si-an-úrik), a. In chem, noting an acid (CH.NO), the product of the decomposition of the solid chloride of cyanogen by water, of the soluble cyanates by dilute acids, of urea by heat, of uric acid by destructive distillation, &c. It is colourless, inodorous, and has a slight taste. is a tribasic acid, and its salts are termed cyanurates.

It

Cyar (si'ar), n. [Gr. kyar, a hole.] The orifice of the internal ear.

Cyatheaceous (si-ath'e-a"shus), a. Of or belonging to the Cyather.

Cyathea, Cyatheinea (si-ath'e-e', si-ath'é-in"e-e), n. pl. A subdivision or tribe of polypodiaceous ferns, distinguished by the insertion of the sporanges on a projecting axis, the annulus of the sporanges being obliquely lateral. See CYATHEA. Cyathea (si-a'the-a), n. [Gr. kyatheion, a little cup, from kyathos, a cup.] A genus of arborescent ferns, order Polypodiacere. It is characterized by having the spores, which are borne on the back of the frond, inclosed in a cup-shaped indusium. There are many species scattered over the tropical regions of the world. Some have short

stems, but in others they reach a height of

40 or 50 feet.

The stems are crowned with

a beautiful head of large fronds. C. medullaris, a fine bipinnated or tripinnated species of New Zealand and the Pacific Isles, and known in gardens as a noble tree-fern of comparatively hardy character, forms in its native country a common article of food. The part eaten is the soft, pulpy, medullary substance which occupies the centre of the trunk, and which has some resemblance to sago. Cyathiform (si-ath'iform), a. [L. cyathus, a cup, and forma, shape.]

In the form of a cup or drinking-glass, a little widened at the top: in bot. applied to cup-shaped organs, as to the circular crown of the flower of Narcissus.

Cybele (si be-le), n. In

Cyathiform.

class. myth the name under which the goddess Rhea was worshipped in Phrygia

Cybium (si'bi-um), n. [Gr. kybion, the tunnyfish.] A genus of fishes, family Scomberida. A number of species are natives of the seas of the East Indies, and some are much esteemed for the table. One species, C. Commersoni, is used in a dried as well as in a fresh state.

The

Cycad (si'kad), n. One of the Cycadaces. Cycadaceae (si-ka-da'sě-e), n. A nat. order of gymnospermous plants, resembling palms in their general appearance, and, as a rule, increasing by a single terminal bud. leaves are large and pinnate, and usually rolled up when in bud like a crozier. The microscopic structure of the wood as well as the general structure of their cones ally them with the conifers The cones are of different sexes and on different plants. The

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seeds are borne on the margins of altered leaves in Cycas, and on the inner surface of the peltate scales of a cone in the other genera. The plants of this order inhabit India, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and tropical America

Cycadaceous (si-ka-da'shus), a. In bot. belonging to the nat. order Cycadacea Cycadiform (si-kad'i-form), a. Resembling in form the cycads.

Cycadite (si'ka-dit), n. A fossil from the oolite and chalk formations, supposed to be allied to the existing Cycas. Cycas (si'kas), n. A genus of plants, nat. order Cycadacer. The species are natives of Asia, Polynesia, and Australia. They are trees with simple stems. The pollen is contained in valvate anthers on the under surface of scales, which are united into large cones. The seeds are borne on the edges of greatly altered leaves, produced in the regular series of the ordinary leaves. The starch in the large medulla is made into a coarse sago.

Cyclamen(sik'la-men), n. [From Gr. kyklikos, circular, referring to the corm or bulb-like

Cyclamen (garden variety).

root.] A genus of bulbous plants, nat. order Primulaceae. The species are low-growing herbaceous plants, with very handsome flowers. Several of them are favourite spring-flowering greenhouse plants. An autumnal flowered species (C. hederafolium) has become naturalized in the hedgebanks and copses of Kent and Sussex. The fleshy

root-stocks, though acrid, are greedily sought after by swine; hence the vulgar name Sowbread.

Cyclamine (sik'la-min), n. A vegetable principle found in the root of Cyclamen europaum. It is of a burning acrid taste, and has emetic and purgative properties. Cyclantha (sik-lan'tha), n. A genus of plants, nat. order Pandanacea. The species inhabit tropical America. They have fan-shaped leaves, and unisexual flowers arranged in spiral bands around the spadix. Cyclas (sik'las), n. In antiq. an upper garment made of a rich stuff or silk manufactured in the Cyclades. It was worn by both sexes, was somewhat similar to the surcoat, and was embroidered or interwoven with gold.

Cycle (si'kl), n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle or cycle.] 1. An imaginary circle or orbit in the hea

vens.

How gird the sphere

With centrick and concentrick, scribbl'd o'er
Cycle and epicycle, orb in orb.
Milton.

2. A round of years, or period of time, in which a certain succession of events or phenomena is completed, and at the end of which the same course begins again; a periodical space of time marked by the recurrence of something peculiar; as, the cycle of the seasons or of the year.-3. A long period of years; an age.

Better fifty years of Europe than a cycle of Cathay. Tennyson.

4. In literature, the aggregate of legendary or traditional matter accumulated round some mythical or heroic event or character, as the siege of Troy or the Argonautic expedition of antiquity, and the Round Table, the Cid, and the Nibelungs of medieval times, and embodied in epic or narrative poetry or in romantic prose narrative.

There superstition has more of interior belief and less of ornamental machinery than those to which the Amadis de Gaul and other heroes of the later cycles of romance furnished a model. Hallam

5. In bot. a term employed in the theory of spiral leaf arrangement to express a complete

CYCLOID

turn of the spire which is assumed to exist. -Cycle of the moon, or golden number, or Metonic cycle (so called from its inventor Meton), a period of nineteen years, after the lapse of which the new and full moons return on the same days of the month.Cycle of the sun is a period of twenty-eight years, which having elapsed, the dominical or Sunday letters return to their former place, and proceed in the former order, according to the Julian calendar.-Cycle of indiction, a period of fifteen years, at the end of which the Roman emperors imposed an extraordinary tax, to pay the soldiers who were obliged to serve in the army for that period and no longer.

Tennyson.

Cycle (si'kl), v.i. pret. & pp. cycled; ppr. cycling. To recur in cycles. It may be that no life is found, Which only to one engine bound Falls off, but cycles always round. Cyclic (si'klik), a. 1. Pertaining to or moving in a cycle or circle. 'All the cyclic heavens around me spin.' E. B. Browning.-2. Connected with a cycle, in the sense it has in literature: specifically applied to certain ancient Greek poets (sometimes inclusive of Homer) who wrote on the Trojan war and the adventures of the heroes connected with it.-Cyclic chorus, in ancient Greece, the chorus which performed the songs and dances of the dithyrambic odes at Athens, so called because the performers danced round the altar of Bacchus in a circle. Cyclica (si'klik-a), n.pl. [Gr. kyklos, a circle.] A family of tetramerous coleopterous insects, with bodies of a rounded or oval form. It contains the tortoise-beetles (Cassida) and Chrysomelæ.

Cyclical (si'klik-al), a. 1. Pertaining to a cycle; cyclic.

Time, cyclical time, was their abstraction of the Deity. Coleridge.

2. In bot. rolled up circularly, as many embryos.

Cyclobranchiata (si'klo-brangk'i-a"tā), n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and branchia, gills.] An order of gasteropods, in which the branchiæ or organs of respiration form a fringe around the body of the animal, between the edge of the body and the foot. The order consists principally of the limpets. Cyclogen (si'klō-jen), n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and gennao, to produce.] A dicotyledon with concentric woody circles; an exogen.

Cyclograph (si'klo-graf), n. [Gr. kyklos, circle, and grapho, to describe.] An instrument for describing the arcs of circles.

Cycloid (si'kloid), n. [Gr. kyklos, circle, and eidos, form.] 1. A curve generated by a point in the plane of a circle when the circle is rolled along a straight line, and kept always in the same plane. The genesis of the common cycloid may be conceived by imagining a nail in the circumference of a wheel; the line which the nail describes in the air while the wheel revolves in a right line is the cycloid. The cycloid is the curve of swiftest descent, that is, a heavy body descending by the force of its own gravity will move from one point of this curve to any other point in less time than it will take to move in any other curve which can be drawn between these points. Also, a body falls through any arc of an inverted cycloid in the same time whether the arc be great or small. In the figure let the circle BDA, of which the diameter is AB, make one revolution upon the straight line ABA, equal in length to its circumference, then the curved line ACA A, traced out by that point of

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the circle which was in contact with the point A in the straight line when the circle began to revolve, is called a cycloid. The following are some of its properties:-If the generating circle be placed in the middle of the cycloid, its diameter coinciding with the cycloidal axis AB, and from any point c in the curve there be drawn the tangent CF, the ordinate CDE perpendicular to the axis, and the chord AD be drawn from the upper extremity of the diameter to the point where the ordinate cuts the circle, then CD=the circular

CYCLOID

arc AD; the cycloidal arc AC double the chord AD; the semi-cycloid ACA double the diameter AB; and the tangent CF is parallel to the chord AD.-Curtate cycloid, the cycloid described when the generating point lies without the circumference of the circle: prolate or inflected cycloid, the cycloid described when the generating point lies within the circumference.-2. A fish of the order Cycloidei.

Cycloid (si'kloid), a. [Gr. kyklos, circle, and eidos, form.] 1. Resembling a circle; having a circular form.-2. In zool. belonging to the order Cycloidei.-Cycloid scale. See SCALE. Cycloidal (si'kloid-al), a. Of or pertaining to a cycloid; as, the cycloidal space, that is, the space contained between the cycloid and its base.-Cycloidal pendulum, a pendulum so constructed as to vibrate in the arc of a cycloid, instead of a circular arc like the common pendulum. The vibrations of a cycloidal pendulum are perfectly isochronous.

Cycloidei (si-kloid'ē-i), n. pl. The fourth order of fishes according to the arrangement of M. Agassiz, having smooth, round or oval scales, as the salmon and herring. The scales are formed of concentric layers, not covered with enamel and not spinous on the margins; they are generally imbricated, but are sometimes placed side by side without overlapping.

Cycloidian (si-kloid'i-an), a. Pertaining to the order of fishes termed Cycloidians. Cycloidian (si-kloid'i-an), n. A fish of the order Cycloidei.

Cyclolith (si'klo-lith), n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and lithos, a stone.] In archaeol. a circle formed by standing stones, popularly called a Druidical Circle.

Cyclometopita (si'klo-me-top'i-ta), n. pl. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and metopon, the front.] A tribe of brachyurous crustaceans, distinguished by a wide carapace, bowlike in front and narrower behind. It includes the genera Cancer, Portunus, Xantho, and Carcinus. The common edible crab is a well-known member of the tribe.

Cyclometry (si-klom'et-ri), n. [Gr. kyklos, circle, and metreō, to measure.] The art of measuring circles.

Cyclone (si'klon), n. [Intens. from Gr. kyklos, a circle.] A circular or rotatory storm of immense force, varying from 200 to 500 miles in diameter, revolving round a calm centre, which advances at a rate varying from 2 to 30 miles an hour. Cyclones occur most frequently in those parts of the world subject to monsoons, and at the seasons when the monsoons are changing, and seem to be eddies formed by the meeting of opposing currents of air, which accounts for the fact that they revolve in opposite directions in the two hemispheres --in the southern with, and in the northern against, the hands of a watch-in consequence of which, and the progression of the centre, the strength of the storm in the northern hemisphere is greater on the south of the line of progression and weaker on the north, than it would be if the centre were stationary, the case being reversed in the southern hemisphere. Cyclones are preceded by a singular calm, and a great fall of the barometer.

Cyclonic (si-klon'ik),a. Relating to a cyclone. Cyclopædia, Cyclopedia (si-klō-pe'di-a), n. [Gr. kyklos, circle, and paideia, discipline. erudition.] A work containing definitions or accounts of the principal subjects in one or all branches of science, art, or learning. See ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

Cyclopædic, Cyclopedic, Cyclopædical, Cyclopedical (si-klo-ped'ik, si-klo-pēd'ikal), a. Belonging to a cyclopædia. Cyclopædist, Cyclopedist (si'klo-ped-ist), n. A writer in a cyclopædia; a compiler of a cyclopædia.

Cyclopean (si-klō-pe'an), a. [From cyclops.] Pertaining to the Cyclops; vast; gigantic; in arch. a term applied to a very early or primitive style of building fabled to have been the work of the Cyclops. It is distinguished by the immense size of the stones and the absence of any cement. Its most frequent application was to walls of cities and fortresses. The walls of Tyrins, near Nauplia, mentioned by Homer, afford a good example of the more primitive style of Cyclopean architecture. There are three stages-in the first the stones, measuring from 6 to 9 feet long, from 3 to 4 feet wide, and from 2 to 3 feet deep, are mere rude irregular masses piled on each other; in the second they are

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polygonal, the sides of each block fitting close to those adjoining; and in the third

1, Cyclopean Walls at Paleokastron, Greece. 2, Porta Saracenica at Signia, Italy.

Ex

they are squared and laid in courses. amples occur in Greece, Italy, and Asia Minor. Called also Pelasgic. Cyclopede (si'klo-ped), n. Cyclopædia (which see).

Cyclopic (si-klop'ik), a. Pertaining to the Cyclops; gigantic; savage. Cyclopida (si-klop'i-dē), n. pl. [Gr. kyklos, a circle,ops, the eye, and eidos, resemblance. ] A family of minute one-eyed, entomostracous, marine and fresh-water crustacea, divided into many genera. They are exceedingly abundant, and are so prolific that, in one summer, a female may have become the progenitrix of more than four million descendants. They undergo many transformations before attaining maturity. Cyclops quadricornis, the common water-flea, is to be found in all our fresh-water ponds and ditches. Cyclops (si'klops), n. sing. and pl. [Gr. kyklops-kyklos, a circle, and ops, an eye.] In myth. a race of giants, the sons of Neptune and Amphitrite, who had but one circular eye in the middle of the forehead. They inhabited Sicily, and assisted Vulcan in making thunderbolts for Jupiter. Cyclosis (si-klo'sis), n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle.] In bot. that motion of fluids of plants which was supposed to pass through vessels of a peculiar kind, diffused through the system of plants without interruption. Cyclostoma (si-klos'to-ma), n. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and stoma, a mouth.] A genus of air-breathing gasteropods or snails, so called on account of the circular form of the aper

ture of the shell.

Cyclostome (si'klō-stōm), a. Cyclostomous (which see).

Cyclostome (si'klō-stōm), n. A fish of the order Cyclostomi.

Cyclostomi, Cyclostomata (si-klos'tō-mi, si-klo-stom'a-ta), n. pl. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and stoma, a mouth.] A family of fishes (Cuvier's ninth order of cartilaginous fishes), which have circular mouths, as the lamprey: synonymous with Marsipobranchii. Cyclostomidæ (si-klo-stom'i-de), n. pl. A family of pulmoniferous land-shells, of which the genus Cyclostoma is the type. See CY

CLOSTOMA.

Cyclostomous (si-klos'tom-us), a. [Gr. kyklos, a circle, and stoma, a mouth.] Having a circular mouth or aperture, as the shells of certain molluscs, and the order of fishes including the lamprey

Cyclostylar (si-klo-stil'èr), a. Composed of a circular range of columns without a core or interior building. Cyder (si'der), n. Same as Cider. Cydonia (si-do'ni-a), n. [L., a quince; from Cydonia, a town in Crete; now Canea] A genus of rosaceous plants nearly allied to the pear, but distinguished by its leafy calyx lobes, and the many-seeded cells of its fruits. The best known species is C. vulgaris (the quince). The seeds are used in medicine on account of the mucilage which they yield, and by hairdressers for preparing bandoline. C. japonica is an ornament in our gardens.

Cyesiology (si-e'si-olo-ji), n. [Gr. kyēsis, pregnancy, and logos, a discourse.] In physiol. the science which concerns itself with gestation.

CYLINDRO-CYLINDRICAL

Cygnet (sig'net), n. [Dim. of Fr. cygne, from L. cygnus, a swan.] A young swan.

Shat

So doth the swan her downy cygnets save. -Cygnet-royal, in her. a swan gorged with a ducal coronet, having a chain attached thereto and reflexed over the back Cygnina (sig-ni'ně), n. pl. The swans, a sub-family of birds, of the order Natatores, family Anatidæ.

Cygnus (sig'nus), n. 1. The swan, a genus of web-footed birds belonging to the Anatida or duck family. See SWAN.-2. A northern constellation containing eighty-one stars. The bright stars in Aquila, Lyra, and Cygnus form a remarkable triangle.

Cylinder (si'lin-dér), n. [Fr. cylindre, Gr. kylindros, from kylindo, kyleo, to roll.] 1. An elongated, round, solid body, of uniform diameter throughout its length, and terminating in two flat circular surfaces which are equal and parallel. In geom. the word has a wider signification, and may be defined as a figure of three dimensions inclosed by two flat and equal surfaces, bounded by any curve and lying in parallel planes and in similar situations, and one curved surface connecting the two in such a manner that any section of the figure parallel to either of the flat surfaces is equal and similarly situated to both. When the axis of the cylinder, that is, the line joining the centres of the two terminal surfaces, is at right angles to these the cylinder is termed right; otherwise it is an oblique cylinder.-2. In mech (a) that chamber of a steam-engine in which the force of steam is exerted on the piston. See STEAM-ENGINE. (b) The barrel of an air-pump. (c) In certain printing machines a roller by which the impression is made, and on which, in some forms of the machine, the types or stereotype plates are secured, while in other forms they are not. (d) The bore of a gun. (e) The body of a pump.-3. In oriental antiq. a cylindrical stone covered with inscriptions, worn by the Babylonians, &c., as an amulet or seal -Cylinder escapement, an escapement for watches invented by Graham. It corresponds to the dead-beat escapement in clocks. Cylinder-press (si'lin-der-pres), n In printing, a form of press in which the impression is made by means of a cylinder instead of a flat surface. See under CYLIN

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Right Cylinder.

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Cylindric, Cylindrical (si-lin'drik, si-lin'drik-al), a. Having the form of a cylinder, or partaking of its properties.-Cylindrical boiler, a boiler made in the shape of a cylinder, simple in construction, and admitting of greater resistance to the lateral action of the causes of displacement than most others, although more expensive in the matter of fuel. Cylindrical lens, (a) a lens formed by two segments of cylinders, each segment having one flat and one rounded surface, and the two segments united at their flat surfaces, with the curve of the one at right angles to that of the other: used as a reading-glass. (b) A lens having a cylindrical body and convex lens; a Stanhope lens. Cylindrical vaulting, in arch the most ancient mode of vaulting; called also a waggon, barrel, tunnel, or cradle roof. It is, as its name implies, a plain halfcylinder, without either groins or ribs. Its vertical section is the arc of a circle. Cylindrically (si-lin'drik-al-li), ade. In the manner or shape of a cylinder. Cylindricity (si-lin-dris'i-ti), n. The condition of possessing a cylindrical form Cylindricule (si-lin'drik-ül), n. cylinder. Prof. Owen. Cylindriform (si-lin'dri-form), a. Having the form of a cylinder. Cylindro-conical (si-lin'dro-kon"ik-al), a. In gun. a term applied to a shot, the body of which is cylindrical and the head conical

in form.

A small

Cylindro-conoidal (si-lin'dro-kon-oid"al). a. In gun. a term applied to a shot having a cylindrical body and conoidal head Cylindro-cylindrical (si-lin'dro-si-lin"drikal), a. A term applied to an arch formed by the intersection of a cylindrical vault with

CYLINDROID

another cylindrical vault, of greater span and height, springing from the same level. See CROSS-VAULTING. Cylindroid (si'lin-droid), n. [Gr. kylindros, a roller, and eidos, form.] A solid body, resembling a right cylinder, but having the bases elliptical, although parallel and equal.

Cylindrometric (silin-dro-met”rik), a. Belonging to a scale used in measuring cylinders.

Cylindro-ogival (si-lin’drō-ō-jiv”al), a. In gun, a term applied to a shot having a cylindrical body and ogival head.

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kinds, cyma recta,

which is concave at 1, Cyma recta. the top and convex

at the bottom; and

2

reversa.

2, Cyma

cyma reversa, which is convex at the top and concave at the bottom. Both kinds of the cyma are also called Ogee.-2. In bot. a cyme (which see).

Cymaphen (si'ma-fen), n. [Gr. kyma, a wave, and phains, to show.] An apparatus in a telephone for receiving transmitted electric waves.

Cymar (si-mar), n. A slight covering; a scarf. Written also Simar.

Her body shaded with a light cymar. Dryden. Cymatium (si-mā'shi-um), n. [L., Gr. kymation, a little wave, from kyma, a wave.] In arch. same as Cyma (which see). Cymba (sim'ba), n. (Gr. kymbe, the hollow of a vessel.] A genus of mollusca belonging to the family Volutida. The shell is obovate, tumid, ventricose, and covered with a strong epidermis and the pillar four-plaited. They are found on the African coast. Cymbal (sim'bal), n. [L. cymbalum, Gr. kymbalon, a cymbal, from kymbos, hollow.] 1. A musical instrument, circular and hollow like a dish, made of brass or bronze, two of which are struck together, producing a sharp ringing sound. 2. An instrument made of a piece of steel wire, in a triangular form, on which are passed several rings, which are touched and shifted along the triangle with an iron rod held in the right hand, while the cymbal is supported in the left by a cord.

Cymbalist (sim'bal-ist), n. One who plays the cymbals.

Cymbella (sim-bel'la), n. pl. In bot. a reproductive locomotive body, of an elliptical form, found in some algæ. Cymbidium (sim-bid'i-um), n. A genus of tropical terrestrial orchids, often having spikes of beautiful flowers, on which account several of them are favourites in the greenhouse. They are chiefly from Asia and Africa.

Cymbiform (sim'bi-form), a. [L. cymba, a boat, and forma, form.] Shaped like a boat: applied to the seeds and leaves of plants, and also to a bone of the foot usually called os naviculare.

Cyme, Cyma (sim, si'ma), n. [Gr. kyma, anything swollen, a wave, the foetus, a sprout, from kyo, to swell.] 1. In bot. an inflorescence of the defl

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secondary and other axes may be given off on both sides of the primary axis (a dichotomous cyme) or in such a way as to cause the inflorescence to assume a helicoid or scorpioid form (as in the forget-me-not).2. In arch. same as Cyma. Cymene (si'mēn), n (CH4) A hydrocarbon occurring in the volatile oil of Roman cumin, in camphor, the oil of thyme, &c. It is a colourless, strongly refracting liquid, and has a pleasant odour of lemons. Cymiferous (sim-if'er-us), a. [Gr. kyma, a sprout, and L. fero, to bear.] In bot. producing cymes.

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Cyminum (si-mi'num). See CUMIN. Cymling (sim'ling), n. A kind of squash. Cymoid (sim'oid), a. Having the form of a

cyme.

Cymol (si'mol), n. Same as Cynene. Cymophane (si'mō-fän), n. (Gr. kyma, a wave, and phainó, to show.] A siliceous gem of a yellowish-green colour, the same as Chrysoberyl (which see). Cymophanous (si-mof'an-us), a. Having a wavy floating light; opalescent; chatoyant. Cymose, Cymous (sim'ōs, sim'us), a. Containing a cyme; in the form of a cyme: applied to aggregate flowers. Cymothoada (si-mō-thō'a-dē), n. pl. [Gr. kyma, anything swollen, thoos, sharp, and eidos, resemblance.] A family of isopodous crustaceans, not unlike the wood-louse, inhabiting the northern seas. Cymothoa astrum (the common fish-louse) is parasitic upon many species of fish, clinging tightly by means of its hooked legs. Cymric, Cwmric (kim'rik), a. Of or pertaining to the Cymry.

Cymric, Cwmric (kim'rik), n. The language

of the Cymry or ancient Britons; Welsh. Cymry, Cwmry (kim'ri), n. [W. Cymmro, a Welshman, pl. Cymmry. Many conjectures have been formed regarding the origin of this word, but there seems little difficulty in assigning it to cymer, cymmer (cynver), a confluence of waters, the equivalent of Gael inver, the word thus signifying the people dwelling on or near the confluence of waters, whether of two streams or of a river with the sea. Such localities would be the natural dwelling-places of the earliest tribes, as offering the richest pasturage. For alliances and derivation of cymmer, see ABER] The name given to themselves by the Welsh. In its wider application the term is often applied to that portion of the Celtic race which appears to have at one time occupied all Britain, before they were expelled from the Highlands by the Gadhelic Scots, and from the Lowlands of Scotland and England by the Saxons and Scandinavians, and popularly known as the ancient Britons. Their longer-continued predominance in any locality is traced by the appearance of certain generic words in the place-names. Among these words are aber in place of Gaelic inver, pen for ben, a hill, dwr, water, caer, a fort, tre, town, uchel, high (as in Ochiltree, high town), pit, pitten (of uncertain meaning), llan, a church, cum, a hollow, &c. By this test we infer that Cymry tribes had peopled the east coast of Scotland from the Firth of Forth to the Moray Firth and portions of the Lowlands, as well as the mountainous regions of the North of England and Cornwall, when the Gadhelic Scots were predominant in the Highlands, and the Teutons and Scandinavians in the rest of England and the Lowlands of Scotland. The Welsh, Bretons, and Cornishmen are Cymry.

Cymry, Cwmry (kim'ri), a. Of or pertaining to the Cymry or their language. Cynanche (sin-ang'ke), n. [Gr. kynangkë, a kind of sore throat, angina-kyōn, kynos, a dog, and ancho, to suffocate.] A disease of the throat or wind-pipe, attended with inflammation, swelling, and difficulty of breathing and swallowing. It is of several kinds, and comprehends the quinsy, croup, and malignant sore throat.

Cynanchum (sin-ang'kum), n. (Gr. kyon, kynos, a dog, and ancho, to suffocatefrom its poisonous qualities.] A genus of plants, nat. order Asclepiadacer, one species of which (C. comitorium) yields the ipecacuanha of the Isle of France. C. monspeliacum yields the black scammony of Montpellier.

Cynanthropy (sin-an'thrō-pi), n. [Gr. kyōn, kinos, a dog, and anthropos, man.] A kind of madness in which a man imagines himself to be a dog, and imitates its voice and actions.

Cynara (sin'a-ra), n. (Gr. kyon, kynos, a dog the spines on the involucre being like dogs' teeth.] A genus of Compositæ, in many respects like the thistle, but having an involuere composed of thick fleshy spiny scales, and a remarkably thick fleshy receptacle covered over with numerous bristles. The two best-known species are the artichoke and the cardoon. The other species are prickly troublesome weeds. Cynaraceæ, Cynarocephalæ (sin-a-rā'së-ē, sin'a-ro-sef'a-le), n. pl. [Cynara, and Gr. kephale, the head.] One of the subdivisions of the nat. order Compositæ, of which the

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Cynarocephala, n. pl. See CYNARACEE. Cynarrhodon, Cynarrhodium (sin-ä'rodon, sin-a-ro'di-um), n. [Gr. kyōn, kynos, a dog, and rhodon, a rose.] In bot. a fruit in which the receptacle is deeply concave or urn-shaped, inclosed by the calyx, and bearing numerous bony achenes on its inner surface, as in the rose.

Cynegetics (sin-e-jet'iks), n. [Gr. kynegetes, a hunter-kyon, kynos, a dog, and hegeomai, to lead.] The art of hunting with dogs. [Rare.]

[The

Cynic, Cynical (sin'ik, sin'ik-al), a. [Gr. kynikos, canine, from kyon, kynos, a dog] 1. Having the qualities of a surly dog; snarling; sneering; captious; surly; currish; austere.--2. Pertaining to the Dog-star.-3. Belonging to the sect of philosophers called Cynics; having the qualities of a cynic; resembling the doctrines of the Cynics word in this sense may have been originally derived from Kynosarges, the name of the gymnasium in which Antisthenes, the founder of the sect, taught.]-Cynic spasm, a kind of convulsive spasm of the muscles of one side of the face, distorting the mouth, nose, &c., and causing, as it were, a grin.Cynic year, the Sothiac or Sothic year, or canicular year. See SOTHIAC.

Cynic (sin'ik), n. 1. One of an ancient sect of philosophers who valued themselves on their contempt of riches, of arts, sciences, and amusements. They are said to owe their origin to Antisthenes of Athens. - 2. A man of a currish temper; a surly or snarling man or philosopher; a sneering fault-finder; a follower of Diogenes; a misanthrope. Cynically (sin'ik-al-li), adv. In a snarling, sneering, captious, or morose manner. Cynicalness (sin'ik-al-nes), n. Moroseness; contempt of riches and amusements. Cynicism (sin'i-sizm), n. The practice of a cynic; a morose contempt of the pleasures and arts of life.

This cynicism is for the most part affected. Hallam. Cynictis (sin-ik'tis), n. [Gr. kyōn, kynos, a dog, and iktis, a kind of weasel.] A genus of carnivorous animals which form a connecting link between the family of the civets and that of the dogs. The general colour, as well as the whole external appearance, is precisely that of a small fox. The representative is found on the borders of Caffraria.

Cynipida (sin-ip'i-dě), n. pl. [L. L. cynips, the gall-fly, and Gr. eidos, resemblance.] The gall-flies, a family of hymenopterous insects, which, by means of their ovipositors, puncture plants, depositing their eggs, along, it is believed, with some irritant fluid which produces tumours on them, commonly called galls or nut-galls. The gall of commerce, the chief ingredient in the manufacture of ink, is caused by the Cynips galla tinctoria piercing a species of oak.

Cynips (si'nips), n. A genus of hymenopterous insects, one species of which by its bite produces the excrescences on rose-trees called bedegar, and another is the insect by the puncture of which oak-galls are formed. See BEDEGAR,

Cynocephalus (sin-ō-sef'a-lus), n. [Gr. kyon, kynos, a dog, and kephale, the head. The genus of baboons having a head shaped like that of a dog. See BABOON. Cynogale (sin-og'a-lë), n. [Gr. kyön, kynos, a dog, and gale, a weasel.] A genus of mammals, family Viverridæ, natives of Borneo, Malacca, and Sumatra. The species C. Bennettii, called in Borneo mampalon, is the most aquatic of all the family, its semi-retractile claws being partially webbed, and its soft fur resembling that of the otter. It inhabits damp places and banks of rivers. Cynoglossum (sin-o-glos'sum), n. [Gr. kyōn, kynos, a dog, and glossa, a tongue.] Houndstongue, a genus of plants, nat. order Boraginaceæ, consisting of herbs from the temperate zones. C. officinale and C. montanum are British plants. The former has a disagreeable smell, like that from mice, and was at one time used as a remedy in scro

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