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Abele, Abel-tree (a-bēl', a'bel-trē), n. [G. albele, alber; M.H.G. alber; O.H.G. albari; D. abeel; Fr. aubel, aubrelle, perhaps from L. albellus, whitish, or from L. arbor, It. albero, a tree.] The white poplar (Populus alba), so called from the white colour of its twigs and leaves. See POPLAR. Abelian (a-bel'yan), a. Of or pertaining to the mathematician Abel.- Abelian equation, an irreducible algebraic equation, one of whose roots is inexpressible as a rational function of a second, and shown by Abel to be solvable by the solution of a second equation of a lower degree.-Abelian functions, inverse Abelian integrals, analogous to functions of the amplitude of an ordinary elliptic integral, and also to inverse circular and logarithmic functions; as, sin. -x, log. -lx. -Abelian integrals, a class of ultra-elliptic integrals first investigated by Abel. Abelian (a-bel'yan), n. A member of a sect in Africa which arose in the fourth century. They married, but lived in continence, after the manner, as they maintained, of Abel, and attempted to keep up the sect by adopting the children of others. Also called Abelonian and Abelite.

Abelmoschus, Abelmosk (a-bel-moskus, a'bel-mosk), n. [Ar. habb-el-mosk, seed of musk, or abu-el-mosk, father of musk, that is, endued with musk.] A genus of plants nat. order Malvaceæ. A. moschatus, or Hibiscus abelmoschus, is an evergreen shrub of tropical Asia and America, 3 feet high. The seeds have a musky odour, for which reason the Arabs mix them with coffee. A. esculentus is an Indian annual, 4 feet high, variously called ochro, bandikai, gombo, &c. It yields a much esteemed mucilaginous fruit, used in soups and pickles in the W. Indies, Isle of France, &c. All the species yield good fibre. Abel-tree. See ABELE.

A bene placito (à bà'nā plach'e-to). [It.] In music, at pleasure; indicating that a piece is to be played in the way the performer likes best.

Aber (a'běr), n. [Cym. and Pictish equivalent of Gael. inver. There are three Welsh forms to denote meeting of waters-aber, ynver, cynver, compounded of cyn L. con, together, and ber, flowing, seen in berad, a running of water; Armor. beri, to flow. Camry, Cymry, Cumberland, Cumbraes, Humber, exhibit the word under various forms. See CYMRY, INVER.] A Celtic word prefixed to the names of many places in Great Britain, and signifying a confluence of waters, either of two rivers, or of a river with the sea; as, Aberdeen, Aberdour, Abergavenny, Aberystwith.

Aberdevine (a-ber'de-vin), n. The Fringilla spinus or siskin, a well-known songbird, belonging to the finch family (Fringillida), somewhat resembling the green variety of the canary bird. It is a native of Scandinavia, visiting Britain in autumn and winter. Aberr (ab-er'), v.i. To wander; to err.

Sir T. Browne. [Rare.] Aberrance, Aberrancy (ab-er'rans, ab-er'ran-si), n. [L. aberro, to wander from-ab, and erro, to wander.] A wandering or deviating from the right way; a deviation from truth or rectitude. Sir T. Browne. [Rare.] Aberrant (ab-er'rant), a. [L. aberrans, pp. of aberro, to wander.] 1. Wandering, straying from the right way.-2. In zool. and bot. applied to certain animals and plants which differ materially from the type of their natural group.

The more aberrant any form is, the greater must have been the number of connecting forms, which on my theory have been exterminated or utterly lost. Darwin.

Aberrate (ab-er'rât), v. i. [L. aberro, aberratum (ab and erro), to wander from.] To wander or deviate from the right way. [Rare.]

The product of their defective and aberrating vision. De Quincey. Aberration (ab-er-rå'shon), n. [L. aberratio, from aberro, aberratum-ab, from, erro, to wander.] 1. The act of wandering from; especially, in a figurative sense, the act of wandering from the right way; deviation from truth or moral rectitude; deviation from a type or standard.

So then we draw near to God, when, repenting us of our former aberrations from him, we renew our covenants with him. Bp. Hall.

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2. In astron. the difference between the true and the observed position of a heavenly body, the result of the combined effect of the motion of light and the motion of the eye of the observer caused by the annual or diurnal motion of the earth, or of the motion of light and that of the body from which the light proceeds: when the auxiliary cause is the annual revolution of the earth round the sun, it is called annual aberration, in consequence of which a fixed star may appear as much as 20"-4 from its true position; when the auxiliary cause is the diurnal rotation of the earth on its axis, it is called diurnal aberration, which amounts at the greatest to 03; and when the auxiliary cause is the motion of the body from which the light proceeds, it is called planetary aberration.-3. In optics, a deviation in the rays of light when unequally refracted by a lens, or reflected by a mirror, so that they do not converge and meet in a point or focus, but spread out, forming an indistinct and coloured image of the object. It is called spherical when the imperfection arises from the form of curvature of the lens or reflector, and chromatic when it arises from the different refrangibility of the rays composing white light, the image of the object being surrounded with prismatic colours. In the former case it produces distortion, and in the latter false colour of the object. In the eye the iris and crystalline lens prevent these aberrations. Optical instruments corrected for chromatic aberration are called achromatic.-4. In physiol. the passage of a fluid in the living body into vessels not destined to receive it, as also the determination of a fluid to an organ different from that to which it is ordinarily directed, as in vicarious hemorrhage.-5. In zool. and bot. deviation of a plant or animal from the type of its natural group.

In whichever light, therefore, insect aberration is viewed by us. . . we affirm that it does... exist. T. V. Wollaston. 6. Partial alienation of mind; mental wandering. Circle of aberration, the circle of coloured light observed in experiments with convex lenses between the point where the violet rays and that where the red rays meet. Crown of aberration, a luminous circle surrounding the disc of the sun depending on the aberration of its rays, by which its apparent diameter is enlarged. Aberuncatet (ab-e-rung'kat), v.t. [Prefix ab, and L. erunco, to weed out-e, out, and runco, to weed.] To pull up by the roots; to extirpate utterly. Bailey. Aberuncator (ab-er-rung/kät-ėr), n. An implement for extirpating weeds; a weeder or weeding-machine.

Abet (a-bet'), v.t. pret. & pp. abetted; ppr. abetting. [O. Fr. abetter, abeter, to incite, to lure, to deceive, to befool; O.Fr. abet, deceit; Norm. abet, a bait-prefix a, and root of bait, to incite, set on. See BAIT.] 1. To encourage by aid, countenance, or approval: used chiefly in a bad sense, and always with a personal object.

They abetted both parties in the civil war, and always furnished supplies to the weaker side, lest there should be an end put to these fatal divisions. Addison.

2. To maintain; to support; to uphold: in this sense sometimes with a thing for the object.

Then shall I soon, quoth he,

Abet that virgin's cause disconsolate. Spenser. 3. In law, to encourage, counsel, incite, or assist in a criminal act. In Scots law, a person is said to be abetting though he may only protect a criminal, conceal him from justice, or aid him in making his escape. Hence-4. To lead to or encourage the commission of.

Would not the fool abet the stealth

Who rashly thus exposed his wealth? Gay. SYN. To aid, assist, support, encourage, sustain, back, connive at. The act of aiding or enAbet (a-bet'), n. couraging, especially in a crime. Chaucer. Abetment (a-bet'ment), n. The act of abetting.

Abettal (a-bet'al), n. Act of abetting; aid. Bailey. [Rare.]

Abetter, Abettor (a-bet'èr), n. 1. One who abets or incites; one who aids or encourages another to commit a crime; a supporter or encourager of something bad.

But let th' abetters of the panther's crime Learn to make fairer wars another time. Dryden. [In law, an abettor, as distinguished from an accessory, is more especially one who being present gives aid or encouragement.]

ABHORRER

2. One who aids or encourages: in a good sense. Pope.

Abevacuation (ab-e-vak'ū-ā"shon), n. [L. ab and E. evacuation.] In med. (a) a partial evacuation. (b) An immoderate evacuation Ab extra (ab eks'tra). [L] From without Abeyance (a-ba'ans), n. [Norm. Fr. abbaiaunce, abbaizance, expectation, from abbayer, to listen with the mouth open, from bayer, baer, baïr, to gape, as in crying bah! See ABASH.] 1. In law, a state of expectation or contemplation; thus, the fee simple or inheritance of lands and tenements is in abeyance when there is no person in being in whom it can vest, so that it is in a state of expectancy or waiting until a proper person shall appear. If, for instance, land is leased to a man for life, remainder to another for years, the remainder for years is in abeyance till the death of the lessee for life. Titles of honour and dignities are said to be in abeyance when it is uncertain who shall enjoy them, as when a nobleman holding his dignity descendible to his heirs general dies leaving daughters, the king by his prerogative may grant the dignity to which of the daughters he pleases, or on the male issue of one of such daughters. During the time the title to the dignity is thus in suspension it is said to be in abeyance.-2. A state of suspension or temporary want of exercise.

There is such a thing as keeping the sympathies of love and admiration in a dormant state, or state of abeyance. De Quincey.

Abeyant (a-bā'ant), a. In law, being in abeyance.

Abgregatet (ab′grē-gāt), v t. [L. abgrego, to lead away from the flock-ab, away, and grex, gregis, a flock.] To separate from a herd.

Abgregation † (ab-grē-gā'shon), n. [L. L. abgregatio, from L. abgrego. See ABGREGATE.} The act of separating from a flock. Abhal (ab'hal), n. A name given in the East Indies to the berries of a species of cypress or juniper which are believed to be a powerful emmenagogue. Written sometimes Abhel.

Abhominable (ab-hom'in-a-bl), a. An old mode of spelling abominable (from its being supposed to be derived from ab homine, from or repugnant to man), ridiculed as pedantic by Shakspere in the character of the pedant Holofernes.

This is abhominable which he would call abominable. Love's Labour Lost

Abhor (ab-hor), v. t. pret. & pp. abhorred; ppr. abhorring. [L. abhorreo, to shrink back ab, from, and horreo, to shudder, to feel horror.] 1. To hate extremely or with loathing; to loathe, detest, or abominate; to feel excessive repugnance towards; to shrink from with horror.

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It doth abhor me now I speak the word. Shak -Hate, Abhor, Detest. See under HATE Abhort (ab-hor), v.i. 1. To shrink back with disgust, or fear, and shuddering. To abhorre from those vices.' Udall -2. To be inconsistent with, opposite or contrary to: followed by from.

Which is utterly abhorring from the end of all law. Milton

Abhorred (ab-hord'), p. and a. Hated extremely; detested; as, no one is more abhorred. Abhorrence (ab-hor'rens), n. Extreme hatred; detestation; great aversion.

A sensitive abhorrence of proselytism. Sir G. C. Lewis. Abhorrency (ab-hor'ren-si), n. Abhor

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ABHORRIBLE

member of the court party, afterwards called Tories. They derived their name from their professed abhorrence of the principles of the Addressers, who endeavoured to encroach on the royal prerogative. See ADDRESSER

Great numbers of abhorrers, from all parts of England, were seized by order of the Commons, and committed to custody. Ните.

Abhorrible (ab-horri-bl), a. Worthy or deserving to be abhorred. [Rare.] Abhorring (ab-hor'ing), n. 1. Feeling of abhorrence, loathing.

I find no abhorring in my appetite. Donne 2+ Object of abhorrence.

They shall be an abhorring to all flesh. Is. Ixvi. 44Abib (a'bib), n. [Heb. abib, an ear of corn, from abab, to produce the first or early fruit-root ab, a swelling.] The first month of the Jewish ecclesiastical year, called also Nisan It begins at the spring equinox, and answers to the latter part of March and beginning of April. Its name is derived from the full growth of wheat in Egypt, which took place anciently, as it does now, at that season.

Abidance (a-bid'ans), n. The act of abiding; abode; stay. Fuller. [Rare.]

Abide (a-bid'), v.i. pret. & pp. abode; ppr. abiding [A. Sax abidan, gebidan, to abide, from bidan, to bide. See BIDE.] 1. To take up one's abode; to dwell; to reside; to stay for a shorter or longer time.-2. To remain; not to depart.

Except these abide in the ship, ye cannot be saved. Acts xxvii. 31.

3 To continue in a certain condition; to remain steadfast or faithful. 1 Cor. vii. 40. 4. To inhere; to belong, as an attribute or quality; to have its seat.

Shak.

Less spirit to curse abides in me. Abide by, (a) to remain at rest beside. Abide by thy crib.' Job xxxix. 9. (b) To adhere to; to maintain; to defend; to stand to; as, to abide by a friend; specifically, in Scots law, to adhere to as true and genuine: said of the party who founds on a deed or writing which the other party desires to have reduced or declared null and void, on the ground of forgery or falsehood. (c) To await or accept the consequences of; to rest satisfied with; as, to abide by the event or

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2 To be prepared for; to await; to be in store for.

Bonds and afflictions abide me. Acts ix. 23. 3. To be able to endure or sustain, as a punishment, or judgment of God; to remain firm under.

To abide the indignation of the Lord. Joel ii. 11. 4. To put up with; to tolerate. [Colloq.]

I cannot abide the smell of hot meat. Shak. 5 [This meaning attaches to the word from a kind of confusion with aby, abie. See ABY] To pay the price or penalty for; to

suffer for.

If it be found so, some will dear abide it. Shak.
Ah me! they little know

How dearly 1 abide that boast so vain. Milton. Abider (a-bid'ér), n. One who dwells or continues.

Abiding (a-bid'ing), a. Continuing; permanent; steadfast; as, an abiding faith. Abidingly (a-bid'ing-li), adv. In such a manner as to continue; permanently. Abies (ab'i-es), n [L] The fir, a genus of trees of the sub-order Abietinæ, nat. order Coniferæ, well known for the valuable timber that is produced by many of the species. It differs from the genus Pinus in the leaves growing singly on the stem, and the scales of the cones being smooth, round, and thin. To this genus belong the silver fir (A. picea), the great Californian fir (A. grandis), the balm of Gilead fir (A. balsamifera), the large-bracted fir (A nobilis), the hemlock spruce fir (A. canadensis), sacred Mexican fir (A. religiosa), Norway spruce fir (A. excelsa), Oriental fir (A. orientalis), white spruce fr (4. alba), Douglas' fir (A. Douglasii), &c. See FIR, PINE

Abietic (ab-i-etik), a. Of or pertaining to trees of the genus Abies.Abietic acid (CHO), an acid discovered in the resin of trees of the genus Abies. Abletina (ab'i-et-i'ne), n. pl. [L. abies, the fir.] The firs and spruces, a sub-order of plants, nat order Coniferæ, having the fertile flowers in cones, with one or two in

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verted ovules at the base of each scale. It includes many valuable timber-trees, often rising 130 to 180 feet high, arranged under the genera Pinus, Abies, Picea, Larix, Cedrus, Araucaria, Dammara, &c. Abietite (ab'i-et-it), n. (CH.Og.) A sugar obtained from the needles of Abies pecti

nata.

Abietites (ab'i-et-i"tez), n. [L. abies, the fir.] A genus of fossil plants, nat. order Coniferæ, occurring in the Wealden and lower greensand strata.

Abigail (ab'i-gal), n. [From the title of handmaid assumed to herself by Abigail, wife of Nabal, when carrying provisions to David. See 1 Sam. xx. 5.] A general name for a waiting woman or lady's-maid. [Colloq.]

1 remember the time when some of our well-bred country-women kept their valet-de-chambre, because, forsooth, a man was much more handy about them than one of their own sex. I myself have seen one of these male Abigails tripping about the room with a looking-glass in his hand and combing his lady's hair a whole morning together. Spectator.

Abigeat (ab-ij'e-at), n. [L. abigeatus, cattle

stealing, from abigeus, a cattle-driver, from abigo, to drive away.] In law, (a) the crime of stealing or driving off cattle in droves. (b) A miscarriage procured by art. Abiliatet (a-bil'i-āt), v. t. [See ABLE.] To enable. Bacon. [Rare.] Abiliment† (a-bil'i-ment), n. Ability.

Ford.

Abiliment to steer a kingdom. Abiliments, n. pl. Same as Habiliments. Abilitate + (a-bil'i-tāt), v.t. To assist. Nicholas Ferrar.

Ability (a-bil'i-ti), n. [Fr. habilité, L. habilitas, ableness. See ABLE.] 1. The state or condition of being able; power, whether bodily or mental, natural or acquired, moral, conventional, or legal; skill or competence in any occupation or field of action."

They gave after their ability unto the treasure of the work. Ezra ii. 69. Alas! what poor ability's in me To do him good?

Shak.

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A draft upon my neighbour was to me the same as money; for I was sufficiently convinced of his ability. Goldsmith.

-Ability, Capacity. The former denotes rather active power or power to perform, and is used with regard to power of any kind; capacity conveys the idea of receptiveness, of the possession of resources; it is potential rather than actual, and may be no more than undeveloped ability. Ability is manifested in action, while capacity does not imply action, as when we speak of a capacity for virtue. - Abilities, Talents, Parts, &c., distinguished under GENIUS.SYN. Capacity, talent, faculty, capability, efficiency, aptitude, aptness, address, dexterity, skill.

Abilliaments (a-bil'i-a-ments), n. pl. Same as Habiliments, but applied more especially to armour and warlike stores.

And now the temple of Janus being shut, warlike abilliaments grew rusty. Wilson, Hist. James I. Abime, tn. [Fr.] An abyss. Column and base upbering from abime. Chaucer. Ab initio (ab in-i'shi-ō), n. [L] From the beginning.

Abintestate (ab-in-tes'tat), a. [L. ab, and intestatus, dying without a will-in, and testor, to bear witness.] In law, dying without making a will.

Ab intra (ab in'trä). [L.] From within: opposed to ab extra. Abiogenesis (a-bi'ō-jen"ē-sis), n. [Gr.a, priv., bios, life, and genesis, generation, production. See BIOGENESIS.] In biol. the doctrine that living matter may be produced by not living matter. In the seventeenth century this was the dominant view, sanctioned alike by antiquity and authority, and was first assailed by Redi, an Italian philosopher. Needham and Buffon, who have been regarded as the supporters of this hypothesis, held the doctrine in a very modified degree. They held that life is the indefeasible property of certain indestruc

tible molecules of matter which exist in all living things, and have inherent activities by which they are distinguished from not living matter; each individual living organ

ABJURE

ism being formed by their temporary combination, and they standing to it in the relation of the particles of water to a cascade or a whirlpool, or to a mould, into which the water is poured. See BIOGENESIS, HETEROGENESIS.

Abirritation (ab-ir'rit-a"shon), n. [L. ab, as a dim., and irritatio, irritation.] In med. a diminished condition of the vital phenomena of the tissues, inclining to debility or asthenia.

Abit, v. third person sing. of abide. Abideth. Chaucer.

Abject (ab-jekt'), v.t. [See the adjective.] 1. To throw away; to cast off or out.

For that offence only Almighty God abjected Saul that he should no more reign over Israel. Sir T. Elyot.

2. To make abject; to humiliate.

It abjected his spirit to that degree that he fell dangerously sick. Strype. What is it that can make this gallant so stoop and abject himself so basely? Fotherby.

Abject (ab'jekt),a. [L. abjectus, from abjicio, to throw away-ab, and jacio, to throw.] Sunk to a low condition; worthless, mean, despicable, low in estimation.

To what base ends, and by what abject ways, Are mortals urg'd through sacred lust of praise. Pope. SYN. Mean, base, worthless, low, grovelling. debased, despicable. Abject (ab'jekt), n. A person in a low or abject condition. Ps. xxxv. 15.

We are the queen's abjects, and must obey. Shak.

Abjectedness (ab-jekt'ed-nes), n. A very low or despicable condition. [Rare.] Abjection (ab-jek'shon), n. 1. The act of throwing away or down; the act of bringing down or humbling; overthrow. [Rare.]

The audacite and bolde speche of Daniel signifyeth the abjection of the kynge and his realme. Joye. 2. The state of being cast down or away; hence, a low state; meanness of spirit; baseness; abjectness.

That this should be termed baseness, abjection of mind, or servility, is it credible? Hooker. The just medium of this case lies between pride and abjection. L'Estrange.

Abjectly (ab'jekt-li), adv. In a contemptible manner; meanly; servilely. Abjectness (ab'jekt-nes), n. The state of being abject; meanness; servility. Abjudicatet (ab-jū'di-kāt), v. t. [L. abjudico, abjudicatum ab,away,and judico, to judge. See JUDGE.] To give away by judgment. Ash.

Abjudication (ab'jū-di-kā"shon), n. Rejection. Knowles. [Rare.]

Abjugate† (ab'jū-gāt), v.t. [L. abjugo, abjugatum, to unyoke-ab, from, and jugum, a yoke.] To unyoke. Bailey. Abjunctive (ab-jungk'tiv), a. [L. abjungo, abjunctum, to unyoke.] Isolated; exceptional. [Rare.]

It is this power which leads on from the accidental and abjunctive to the universal. Is. Taylor. Abjuration (ab-jū-rā'shon), n. [See ABJURE.] 1. The act of abjuring; a renunciation upon oath. Formerly in England felons taking refuge in a church, and confessing their guilt, could not be arrested and tried, but might save their lives by an abjuration of the realm,' that is, by swearing to leave the country, and never to return.-2. A rejection or denial with solemnity; a total abandonment; as, 'an abjuration of heresy.'-Oath of abjuration, an oath asserting the title of the present royal family to the crown of England, and abjuring allegiance to that of the Pretender. A single oath is substituted for this and the oath of allegiance and supreAbjuratory (ab-ju'ra-to-ri), a. macy by 21, 22 Vict. xlviii. to abjuration.

Pertaining

Abjure (ab-jur), v.t. pret. & pp. abjured; ppr. abjuring. [L. abjuro, to deny upon oath-ab, and juro, to swear.] 1. To renounce upon oath; to withdraw formally from; as, to abjure allegiance to a prince.-2. To renounce or reject with solemnity; to abandon; as, to abjure errors. 'Magic I here abjure.' Shak.-3. To recant or retract. [Rare.] I put myself to thy direction, and Unspeak mine own detraction, here abjure The taints and blames I laid upon myself. Shak. -Renounce, Recant, Abjure. See under RENOUNCE. SYN. To forswear, renounce, Abjure (ab-jur), vi. To renounce the realm; retract, recall, recant, revoke. to swear to forsake the country.

One Thomas Harding,... who had abjured in the year 1506, was now observed to go often into woods, &c. Bp. Burnet.

ABJUREMENT

Abjurement (ab-jūr'ment), n. The act of abjuring; renunciation. J. Hall. Abjurer (ab-jūr'èr), n. One who abjures. Abkari (ab-kär′ē), n. [Hind. abkar, a maker or seller of spirituous liquors.] Revenues in the East Indies derived from various duties or licenses on spirits, opium, and from gaming-houses, &c.

Ablactate (ab-lak'tat), v.t. [L. ablacto, to wean-ab, from, and lac, milk.] To wean from the breast. [Rare.]

Ablactation (ab'lak-tā"shon), n. [See ABLACTATE.] 1. The weaning of a child from the breast.-2. In hort. a method of grafting, in which the scion is not separated from the parent stock till firmly united to that in which it is inserted. This is now called grafting by approach or inarching. See GRAFT.

Ablaqueate (ab-lak' wē-āt), v.t. [L. ablaqueo, ablaqueatum, to turn up earth around a tree.] To lay bare, as the roots of trees. Ablaqueation (ab-lak'we-a"shon), n. A laying bare the roots of trees to expose them to the air and water. Evelyn. Ablation (ab-la'shon), n.

[See ABLATIVE.]

1. A carrying or taking away.

Prohibition extends to all injustice, whether done by force or fraud; whether it be by ablation or prevention or detaining of rights. Fer. Taylor.

2. In med. the taking from the body whatever is hurtful; an evacuation.-3. In chem. the removal of whatever is finished or no longer necessary.

Ablative (ab'la-tiv), a. [L. ablativus, from ablatus, pp. of aufero, to carry away-ab, away, and fero, to carry.] 1. Taking or tending to take away; tending to remove; pertaining to ablation. [Obsolete and rare.]

Where the heart is forestalled with mis-opinion, ablative directions are found needfull to unteach error, ere we can learne truth. Bp. Hall.

2. A term applied to a case of nouns in Sanskrit, Latin, and some other languages, originally given to the case in Latin because separation from was considered to be one of the chief ideas expressed by the case.-Ablative absolute, in Latin gram. the name given to a noun with a participle or some other attributive or qualifying word, either expressed or understood, in the ablative case, which is not dependent upon any other word in the sentence.

Ablaut (ab'lout), n. [G., from ab, off, and laut, sound. ] In philol. a substitution of one vowel for another in the body of the root of a word, to indicate a corresponding modification of use or meaning; as, bind, band, bound, bond, G. bund; more especially the change of a vowel to indicate tense-change in strong verbs, instead of the addition of a syllable (-ed), as in weak verbs; as, get, gat, got; sink, sank, sunk. It indicates also change of intransitive verbs into causative; as, sit, set; fall, fell; and verbs into nouns, as sit, seat; sing, song.

Ablaze (a-blaz), adv. or a. [Prefix a for on, and blaze (which see).] 1. On fire; in a blaze; as, the bonfire is ablaze.-2. Fig. in a state of eager excitement or desire. [Not used attributively in either sense.]

The young Cambridge democrats were all ablaze to assist Torrijos. Carlyle. -Able, -Ible, -Ble. A very common termination of English adjectives, especially those based on verbs, representing the L. -abilis, -ibilis, a termination equivalent to the adjective habilis, fit, suitable. To the bases to which it is attached it generally adds the notion of capable of, worthy of, and sometimes full of, causing; as, obtainable, capable of being obtained; tolerable, capable of being borne; laudable, worthy of praise; credible, that may be believed, or worthy of belief; forcible, full of force; horrible, terrible, full of or causing horror, terror. Many of these adjectives, such as tolerable, credible, legible, have been borrowed directly from the Latin or the French, and are in a somewhat different position from those formed by adding the termination to an already existing English word, as in the case of obtainable. Adjectives of this kind, with a passive signification, are the most numerous, and the base may be Anglo-Saxon or Latin; eatable, bearable, readable, believable, &c., are of the former kind. Of those in -able with an active signification we may mention delectable, suitable, capable. Of a neuter signification are durable, equable, conformable. All these are from verbal bases, but there are others derived from nouns, such as actionable, objectionable, peaceable, saleable, serviceable. As to when -able and when -ible is to

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be used, Mr. Fitzedward Hall remarks, 'Generally, the termination is -ible, if the base is the essentially uncorrupted stem of a Latin infinitive or supine of any conjugation but the first. To the rule given above, however, there are many objections. To all verbs, then, from the AngloSaxon, to all based on the uncorrupted, infinitival stems of Latin verbs of the first

conjugation, and to all substantives, whencesoever sprung, we annex -able only.' See his work On English Adjectives in -Able, with Special Reference to Reliable.

Able (a'bl), a. [O.E. abil, abul, habil, O. Fr. able, hable, Norm. hable, Fr. habile, skilful, fit, from L. habilis, suitable, fit, hardy, from habeo, to have, hold; from same base are ability, habiliment, &c., and suffix -able (which see).] 1. Having the power or means sufficient; as, a man able to perform military service; a child is not able to reason on abstract subjects.

Every man shall give as he is able. Deut. xvi. 17. 2. Legally entitled or authorized; having the requisite legal qualification; as, an illegitimate son is not able to take by inheritance.-3. In an absolute sense, (a) vigorous; active.

His highness came post from Marseilles, of as able body as when he numbered thirty. Shak.

(b) Having strong or unusual powers of mind, or intellectual qualifications; as, an able minister.

Provide out of all the people able men. Ex. xviii. 2. -Able for is now regarded as a Scotticism, though Shakspere has, 'Be able for thine enemy rather in power than use.'

His soldiers, worn out with fatigue, were hardly able for such a march. Principal Robertson. SYN. Capable, competent, powerful, strong, efficient, effective, skilful, qualified, clever. Ablet (a'bl), v. t. [For some time the verb able was not uncommon. Bishop Bale uses it often. Bishop Latimer, Shakspere, Dr. Donne, Chapman, &c., have it too.' Fitzedward Hall.] 1. To enable.

And life by this death abled shall controll
Death, whom thy death slew.

Donne.

ABOARD

Ablude (ab-lūd'), v.i. [L. abludo, to be unlike, to differ-ab, from, and ludo, to play.] To be unlike; to differ. [Rare.]

The wise advice of our Seneca not much abluding from the counsel of that blessed apostle. Bp. Hall. Abluent (ab'lü-ent), a. [L. abluens, ablu entis, ppr. of abluo, to wash off-ab, from, and luo, to wash.] Washing clean; cleansing by water or liquids. Abluent (ab'lu-ent), n. In med. that which purifies the blood, or carries off impurities from the system, especially the stomach and intestines; a detergent; also, that which removes filth or viscid matter from ulcers or from the skin.

Ablution (ab-lū'shon), n. [L. ablutio, a washing, from abluo, ablutum. See ABLUENT, a.] 1. In a general sense, the act of washing; a cleansing or purification by water; specifically, (a) the washing of the body as a preparation for religious duties, enjoined by Moses and still practised in many countries.

There is a natural analogy between the ablution of the body and the purification of the soul.

Fer. Taylor. (b) In chem. the purification of bodies by the affusion of a proper liquor, as water to dissolve salts. (c) In med. the washing of the body externally, as by baths; or internally, by diluting fluids. 2. The water used in cleansing.

Cast the ablutions in the main.

Pope.

3. In the R. Cath. Ch. the mixture of wine and water with which the officiating priest rinses out the chalice after mass, himself drinking the same.

Ablutionary (ab-lú'shon-a-ri), a. Pertain-
ing to ablution.

Abluvion (ab-lū'vi-on), n. [L. ablurium.
See ABLUENT.] 1. A flood.-2. That which
is washed off. Dwight. [Rare.]
Ably (a'bli), adv. In an able manner; with
ability.
Abnegate (ab'nē-gāt), v.t. [L. abnego, ah-
negatum-ab, from, and nego, to deny.] To
deny; to renounce.

A God-created man, all but abnegating the character of man. Carlyle. Abnegation (ab-nē-gā'shon), n. [L. abnegatio.] The act of abnegating; a denial; a renunciation. 'Judicious confirmation, judicious abnegation.' Carlyle. Shak.

2. To warrant or answer for. None does offend, none; I say none, I'll able 'em.

Able-bodied (a'bl-bo'did), a. 1. Having a sound, strong body; having strength sufficient for work; as, 'A dozen able-bodied men.' Addison.-2. Naut. applied to a seaman who is well skilled in seamanship, and classed in the ship's books as such. Ablegatet (ab'le-gat), v.t. [L. ablego, ablegatum, to send away-ab, away, and lego, to send as ambassador.] To send abroad. Ablegation (ab'le-gā"shon), n. The act of ablegating, that is, sending abroad or away; the act of sending out.

An arbitrarious ablegation of the spirits into this or that determinate part of the body. Dr. H. More. Ablen (ab'len), n. Same as Ablet. Ableness (a'bl-nes), n. Ability of body or mind; force; vigour.

Ablepharus (a-blef'ar-us), n. [Gr. a, priv., and blepharos, an eyelid.] A genus of harmless lizards, family Scincida, with five-toed feet and only rudimentary eyelids. Ablepsia, Ablepsy (a-blep'si-a, a-blep'si), n. [Gr. ablepsia-a, not, and blepo, to see.] Want of sight; blindness. [Rare.] Able-seaman (a'bl-se-man), n. See ABLE

BODIED, 2.

Ablet (ab'let), n. [Fr. ablette, able, L.L. abula (for albula), from L. albus, albulus, white, whitish, from its colour. The name bleak is given it for the same reason.] A small fresh-water fish, the bleak, the scales of which are used in making artificial pearls. See BLEAK. Abligatet (ab'li-gāt), v.t. [L. ab, from, and ligo, ligatum, to tie.] To tie up so as to hinder from.

Abligation (ab'li-gā"shon), n. The act of tying up so as to hinder from. Abligurition (ab-ligʻu-ri"shon), n. [L. abliguritio, a consuming in feasting.] Excess; prodigal expense for food. [Rare.] Ablins (ab'linz), adv. Perhaps; peradventure. [Scotch.] See AIBLINS. Ablocate (ab'lo-kāt), v.t. [L. abloco-ab, away, and locare, to let out, from locus, a place.] To let out; to lease. Ablocation (ab-lo-kā'shon), n. A letting to hire.

Abloom (a-blöm'), a. [Prefix a, and bloom.] In a blooming state: not used attributively. Eliot Warburton.

With abnegation of God, of his honour, and of religion, they may retain the friendship of the court. Knox

One who ab

Abnegative (ab-negʻa-tiv), a. Denying; negative. Clarke. [Rare.] Abnegator (ab"nē-gā'tėr), n. negates, denies, renounces, or opposes anything. Sir E. Sandys. Abnet (ab'net), n. [Heb.] The girdle of a Jewish priest.

Abnodate (ab'nō-dāt), v.t. [L. ab, from, and nodus, a knot.] To cut knots from, as trees. Blount.

Abnodation (ab'nō-dā"shon), n. The act of cutting away the knots of trees. Bailey. Abnormal (ab-normal), a. [L. abnormisab, from, and norma, a rule. See NORMAL] Not conformed or conforming to rule; deviating from a type or standard; irregular; contrary to system or law.

An argument is, that the above-specified breeds, though agreeing generally in constitution, habits, voice, colouring, and in most parts of their structure, with the wild rock-pigeon, yet are certainly highly abnormal in other parts of their structure.

Darwin.

Abnormality (ab-nor-mal'i-ti), n. 1. The state or quality of being abnormal; deviation from a standard, rule, or type; irregularity; abnormity.-2. That which is abnormal; that in which anything deviates from a standard, rule, or type. Abnormalities in the structure of living beings." Pop. Ency. Abnormity (ab-nor'mi-ti), n. [See ABNORMAL.] Irregularity; deformity. Abnormoust (ab-nor'mus), a. (which see).

Bailey. Abnormal

A character of a more abnormous cast than his equally suspected coadjutor. State Trials. Aboard (a-bōrd'), adv. [Prefix a for on, and board. See BOARD.] Within a ship, vessel, or boat.

He loudly called to such as were aboard. Spenser. -To go aboard, to enter a ship; to embark. To fall aboard of, to come or strike against: said of a ship which strikes against another while one or both are in motion.-To lay aboard, to board. Shak.-To get aboard, to get foul of, as a ship.-Aboard main tack, an order to draw one of the lower corners of the main sail down to the chess-tree.

ABOARD

Aboard (a-bord'), prep. 1. On board; into. We left this place, and were again conveyed aboard our ship. Fielding.

2. [In this sense perhaps from Fr. à bord, to (the opposite) bank.] From shore to shore; across; athwart

Nor iron bands aboard

Spenser.

The Pontic sea by their huge navy cast. Aboardt (a-bord'), n. [Fr. abord, approach, address] Approach.

He, at the first aboard of a stranger, would frame a right apprehension of him. Sir K. Digby. Abococked, n. [See ABACOT.] A cap of state; an abacot.

His high cap of estate, called abococked, garnished with two rich crowns, . presented to Kyng Edward at York. Hall.

Abodancet (a-bōd'ans), n. [From abode, to forebode.] An omen." Verbum valde ominatum, an ill abodance.' Dr. Jackson. Abode (a-bod), pret. of abide.

Abode (a-bod), n. [See ABIDE.] 1. Stay; continuance in a place; residence for a longer or shorter time. 'Fled away without abode Spenser.-2. A place of continuance; a dwelling; a habitation.-To make abode, to dwell or reside.-SYN. Stay, continuance, residence, dwelling, habitation, domicile.

Abodet (a-bod'), n. [See BODE.] An omen; a prognostication.

High-thundering Juno's husband stirs my spirit with Chapman. true abodes.

Abodet (a-bod), v.t. [See BODE.] To foreshow; to prognosticate; to forebode.

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Abodet (a-bod), v.i. To be an omen; to fore-
bode. This abodes sadly.' Dr. H. More.
Abodement (a-bod'ment), n. [From abode,
to forebode.] A secret anticipation of some-
thing future; prognostication; omen.
Tush! man, abodements must not now affright us.
Shak.
Abodingt (a-bōd'ing), n. Presentiment;
prognostication; foreboding. 'Strange omi
nous abodings and fears.' Bp. Bull.
Aboletet (ab-o-let), a. [From L. abolesco,
to decay, to grow out of use.] Old; obsolete.
Abolish (a-bol'ish), v.t. [Fr. abolir; L. abo-
lere, to annul, abolish-ab, from, and oleo,
olesco, to grow. For term. -ish, see -ISH.] To
do away with; to put an end to; to destroy;
to efface or obliterate; to make void; to
annul; to cancel; to annihilate; to put out
of existence; as, to abolish laws, customs,
or institutions; to abolish slavery; to abolish
Idols, Isa ii. 18; to abolish death, 2 Tim.
i. 10.

Or wilt thou thyself
Abolish thy creation, and unmake
For him what for thy glory thou hast made.

His quick instinctive hand

Milton.

Tennyson.

Caught at the hilt as to abolish him. -Abolish, Repeal, Abrogate, Annul. Abolsh, to put an end to, to do away with anything actually existing: applied especially to institutions or customs; repeal, to set aside a former legislative act by a later one; abrogate, to abolish summarily, as by royal will or authority; annul, to make void or no longer of any effect, especially applied to contracts, agreements, and the like.

For us to abolith what he hath established, were presumption most intolerable. Hooker.

I could not be sorry to find them mistaken in the point they have most at heart, by the repeal of the Swift.

test.

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SYN. To end, destroy, do away, set aside, revoke, abrogate, annul, repeal, cancel, annihilate.

Abolishable (a-bol'ish-a-bl), a. Capable of being abolished, annulled, abrogated, or destroyed, as a law, rite, custom, &c.

And yet .. hope is but deferred; not abolished, not abolishable. Carlyle.

Abolisher (a-bol'ish-ér), n. One who or that which abolishes.

Abolishment (a-bol'ish-ment), n. The act of abolishing or putting an end to; abrogation; destruction. [Now rare.]

He should think the abolishment of Episcopacy among us would prove a mighty scandal. Swift. Abolition (ab-o-li'shon), n. The act of abolishing, or the state of being abolished; an annulling; abrogation; utter destruction;

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as, the abolition of laws, decrees, ordinances, rites, customs, debts, &c.: seldom applied to physical objects.

For the amalgamation of races, and for the abolition of villenage, she (Britain) is chiefly indebted to the influence which the priesthood in the middle ages exercised over the laity. Macaulay. Abolitionism (ab'o-li"shon-izm), n. The principles of an abolitionist. Abolitionist (ab-o-li'shon-ist), n. A person who favours the abolition of anything: applied especially to those who favoured the abolition of slavery in the United States. Abolla (a-bol'a), n. [L] In Rom. antiq. a cloak of thick woollen stuff worn by soldiers, and thus opposed to the toga. It was also worn by philosophers, especially by the Stoic philosophers, who wished to affect

Romans wearing the Abolla.

great austerity of life; whence Juvenal's expression facinus majoris abolla, a crime of a deep philosopher. The form and mode of wearing it are seen in the figures annexed. Aboma (a-bo'ma), n. A large species of serpent (Boa Aboma) which inhabits the fens and morasses of South America.

Abomasus, Abomasum (ab-o-ma'sus, ab-ōma'sum), n. [Prefix ab, from, and omasum.] The fourth stomach of ruminating animals, lying next to the omasum or third stomach. Abominable (a-bom'in-a-bl), a. [See ABOMINATE.] 1. Deserving or liable to be abominated; detestable; loathsome; odious to the mind; offensive to the senses: in colloquial language especially it often means little more than excessive, extreme, annoyingly great; as his self-conceit is abominable. This infernal pit, abominable, accursed. Milton. 2. Excellent; superior.

His short-winded farmer i' the country is wondrous wealthy, a most abominable farmer, and therefore Shak. he may do it in time.

3.

Numerous; large. See BOMINABLE.SYN. Loathsome, detestable, execrable, odious, hateful, revolting. Abominableness (a-bom'in-a-bl-nes), n. The quality or state of being abominable, detestable, or odious.

In an

Abominably (a-bom'in-a-bli), adv. abominable manner or degree; execrably; detestably; sinfully: sometimes equivalent merely to excessively or disagreeably; as, he is abominably vain.

Abominate (a-bom'in-at), v.t. pret. & pp. abominated; ppr. abominating. [L. abomin or, abominatus, to deprecate, as of ill omen

ab, from, and omen, an omen (which see).] To hate extremely; to abhor; to detest. (We) do abhor, abominate, and loathe this cruelty. Southern. Abomination (a-bom'in-a"shon), n. 1. The act of abominating or state of being abominated; extreme hatred; detestation.

Who have nothing in so great abomination as those they hold for heretics.

Swift.

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ABORTIVE

from, and Fr. bord, edge, shore: lit. from the bank or shore; hence, astray.] At a loss. [Rare.]

That how t' acquit themselves unto the Lord They were in doubt, and flatly set abord. Spenser. Aboral (ab-o'ral), a. [L. ab, from, and os, oris, a mouth.] In anat. situated away from or at the opposite extremity from the mouth; as, the aboral end.

Abord (a-bord'), n. [Fr. See BORDER.] 1. Arrival; approach.-2. Manner of accosting; address; salutation.

Your abord, I must tell you, was too cold and uniform. Chesterfield. Abordt (a-bord'), v. t. [Fr. aborder.] To approach; to accost.

Aboriginal (ab'o-rij"in-al), a. [L. ab, from, and origo, origin. See ORIGIN.] First; original; as, aboriginal people are the first inhabitants of a country.

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that a people

It was soon made manifest inferior to none existing in the world had been formed by the mixture of three branches of the great Teutonic family with each other, and with the aboriginal Britons. Macaulay. Aboriginal (ab-o-rij'in-al), n. An original inhabitant; one of those found in a country at the time of the earliest known settlement.

Aboriginally (ab'o-rij'in-al-li), adv. In or at first origin; originally; from the very first.

There are hardly any domestic races... which have not been ranked... as the descendants of aboriginally distinct species. Darwin.

Ab origine (ab ō-rij'i-ne). [L.] From the origin or beginning.

Aborigines (ab-o-rij'in-ez), n. pl. [L., applied specially to the aboriginal inhabitants of Latium, the ancestors of the Roman people. See ABORIGINAL.] 1. The primitive inhabitants of a country; those found in a country at the time of the earliest known settlement.-2. The original fauna and flora of a geographical area. Aborsementt (a-bors'ment), n. [See ABORT.] Abortion. Bp. Hall.

Aborsivet (a-bor'siv). Same as Abortive.

Goodrich.

Abort (a-bort), v.i. [L. aborior, abortus, to miscarry. See ABORTION.] 1. To miscarry in giving birth. Lord Herbert.-2. To become aborted; to appear in a rudimentary or undeveloped state; as, organs liable to abort.

Abort † (a-bort'), n. An abortion. Burton. Aborted (a-bort'ed), p. and a. 1. Brought forth before its time.-2. Imperfectly developed; incapable of discharging its functions.

Although the eyes of the Cirripeds are more or less aborted in their mature state, they retain sufficient susceptibility of light to excite retraction of the cirri. Owen.

Abortient (a-bor'shi-ent), a. [L. See ABORTION.] In bot. sterile; barren. Abortion (a-bor'shon), n. [L. abortio, a miscarriage-ab, and orior, ortus, to arise, spring from. See ORIENT.] 1. The act of miscarrying, or producing young before the natural time, or before the fetus is perfectly formed; specifically, the expulsion of the human fetus after the sixth week, and before the sixth month, of pregnancy. Before the sixth week it is a miscarriage; after the sixth month, premature labour.-Criminal abortion, premeditated or intentional abortion procured by artificial means, and solely for the purpose of preventing the birth of a living child; feticide.-2. The product of untimely birth; hence, a misshapen being; a monster.3. Any fruit or produce that does not come to maturity; hence, frequently in a figurative sense, anything which fails in its progress before it is matured or perfect, as a design or project.-4. In bot. and zool. the absence or incomplete development of an organ in relation to a typical form. Abortive (a-bort'iv), a. 1. Brought forth in an immature state; rudimentary; imperfectly formed or developed, as an animal or vegetable production.

Abortive as the first-born bloom of spring, Nipped with the lagging rear of winter's frost. Milton. Hence-2. Not brought to completion or to a successful issue; failing; miscarrying; coming to nought; as, an abortive scheme. 3. Producing nothing (or perhaps bringing to nothing).

The void profound Of unessential night receives him next, Wide-gaping; and with utter loss of being Threatens him, plunged in that abortive gulf. Milton. 4. In med. producing or intended to produce abortion; as, abortive medicines.-5. Pertain

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Shak.

Thou elvish-marked, abortive, rooting hag! Thou that wast sealed in thy nativity The slave of nature and the son of hell! Abortive (a-bort'iv), n. 1. That which is produced prematurely; an abortion; a monstrous birth. Abortives, presages, and tongues of heaven.' Shak.-2. A drug causing or thought to cause abortion.

Abortively (a-bort'iv-li), adv. In an abortive manner; immaturely; in an untimely manner. If abortively poor man must die, Nor reach what reach he might, why die in dread? Young. Abortiveness (a-bort′iv-nes), n. The state of being abortive; a failing in the progress to perfection or maturity; a failure of producing the intended effect.

Abortment + (a-bort'ment), n. An untimely birth; an undeveloped fetus. The earth in whose womb those deserted mineral riches must ever lie buried as lost abortments.' Bacon.

Abote, pp. of abate. Dejected; cast down. Chaucer.

Abought, pp. of abye. [See ABY.] Endured; atoned for; paid dearly for. Chaucer. Abou-hannes (ab'o-han'nēz), n. ['Father John.'] The name given by the Arabs to the true Egyptian ibis, the Ibis religiosa. Written also Abu-hannes. See IBIS. Abound (a-bound'), v. i. [Fr. abonder, from L. abundare, to overflow-ab, and unda, a wave.] 1. To be in great plenty; to be very prevalent.

Where sin abounded, grace did much more abound. Rom. v. 20. 2. To have or possess in great quantity; to be copiously supplied: followed by with or in; as, to abound with provisions; to abound in good things.

Aboundancet (a-bound'ans), n. Old form of Abundance. Time's Storehouse. Abounding (a-bound'ing), n. State of being abundant; abundance; increase. South. About (a-bout'), prep. [A. Sax. abutan, onbutan, ymbutan, embutan, about, around -prefixes a, on, ymb, or emb, round about, and butan, without. See BUT.] 1. Around; on the outside or surface of; in a circle surrounding; round; as, two yards about the stem.

Bind them about thy neck. Prov. iii. 3; Is. 1. 11. Hence 2. Near to in place, time, size, number, quantity, &c.

Get you up from about the tabernacle. Num. xvi. 24. He went out about the third hour. Mat. xxi. 3. There fell that day about three thousand men. Ex. xxxii. 28. 3. Over or upon different parts of; here and there in; backwards and forwards in various directions in; throughout.

Where lies the pain? All about the breast? Shak. 4. Near to the person; carried by or appended to the clothes; as, everything about him is in order.

You have not the Book of Riddles about you, have you? Shak.

5. Near to in action, or near to the performance of some act; on the point of.

Paul was about to open his mouth. Acts xviii. 14. Hence-6. Concerned in; engaged in; as, what is he about?

I must be about my Father's business. Luke ii. 49. 7. Concerning; relating to; respecting; on account of. To treat about thy ransom." Milton. He is mad about his throwing into the water.' Shak-About town, frequenting the town, especially London. -A man about town, one who frequents fashionable resorts, especially in London.

About (about), adv. 1. Around the outside; in circuit; in a circle; circularly; as, the tree was six feet about.

Prithee, do not turn me about; my stomach is not
Shak.

constant.

2. By a circuitous route. To wheel three or four miles about.' Shak.-3. On all sides; around. And all about found desolate.' Milton.-4. Near to in number, time, place, quality or degree; as, about as high, or as cold.-5. On the point of: with to before a verb. [In this sense about may also be regarded as a preposition. See ABOUT, prep., 5.]

Beauty and youth about to perish, finds Such noble pity in brave English minds. Waller. 6. Here and there; around; in one place and another; in different directions.

Wandering about from house to house. 1 Tim. v. 13. 7. Sometimes used as an imperative with the

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(b) Naut. to change the course; to go on the other tack: said of a ship.-Ready about, about ship, are orders for tacking.-Turn about, week about, &c., alternately, on each alternate week, and the like.

A woman or two, and three or four undertaker's men. had charge of the remains, which they watched turn about. Thackeray.

Abouten, prep.

About. Chaucer.

About-sledge (a-bout'slej), n.

The largest

hammer employed by smiths. It is slung round near the extremity of the handle, and generally used by under workmen, called hammermen.

Above (a-buv), prep. [A. Sax. abufan, above. A triple compound of a, on, at, be, by, and ufa or ufan, high, upwards. The same root appears in A. Sax. ofer, E. over, Goth. ufar, G. auf, Icel. of, D. booven (be-ov-en), and in L. super, Gr. hyper, Skr. upari, above.] 1. In or to a higher place.

The fowls that fly above the earth. Gen. i. 20. 2. Superior in any respect: often, in a moral sense, too high for, as too high in dignity or fancied dignity; too elevated in character; as, this man is above his business, above mean actions.-3. More in number or quantity than; as, the weight is above a ton. He was seen by above five hundred brethren at once. 1 Cor. xv. 6. 4. More in degree than; in a greater degree than; beyond; in excess of.

Thou (the serpent) art cursed above all cattle. Gen. iii. 14. God... will not suffer you to be tempted above that ye are able. 1 Cor. x. 13. Above the bounds of reason. Shak. -Above all, above or before everything else; before every other consideration; in preference to all other things.-Above the rest, especially; particularly; as, one night above the rest. Above the world, above considering what people say; also holding a secure position in life; having one's fortune made.

With such an income as that he should be above the world, as the saying is. A. Trollope. Above (a-buv), adv. 1. In or to a higher place; overhead: often, in a special sense, (a) in or to the celestial regions; in heaven. And winds shall waft it to the powers above. Pope. (b) Upstairs.

My maid's aunt has a gown above. Shak. 2. Higher in rank or power; as, the courts above. --3. Before, in rank or order, especially in a book or writing; as, from what has been said above.-4. Besides: in the expression over and above.

Shak.

And stand indebted, over and above, In love and service to you evermore. [Shakspere has more above in the same

sense:

This, in obedience, hath my daughter shown me, And more above, hath his solicitings, All given to mine ear.] Above is often used elliptically as a noun, meaning (1) heaven. 'Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above.' Jam. i. 17. (2) The aforesaid; as, from the above you will learn. It is equal to an adjective in such phrases as, the above particulars, in which cited or mentioned is understood. Above-board (a-buv'bōrd), adv. In open sight; without tricks or disguise; as, an honest man deals above-board.

Lovers in this age have too much honour to do anything underhand; they do all above-board. Vanbrugh. [A figurative expression, said to have originated in the fact that gamesters, when changing their cards, put their hands under the table.]

Above-deck (a-buv'dek), adv. or a. 1. Upon deck; as, the above-deck cargo.-2. Fig. without artifice; as, his dealings are all above-deck. [Colloq.]

Above-ground (a-buv'ground), adv. Alive;

not buried.

I'll have 'em, an they lie above-ground. Beau. & Fl. Ab ovo (ab ō'võ). [L.] From the beginning. Abracadabra (ab'ra-ka-dab"ra), n. [Apparently related to Abracalam. 1 A word of eastern origin used in incantations. When written on paper as many times as it con

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Abracalam (ab-rak'a-lam), n. [See ABRACADABRA.] A cabalistic word which served as a charm amongst the Jews. Abradant (a-brād'ant), n. [See ABRADE. ] A material for grinding, usually in powder. such as emery, sand, glass, &c. Abrade (a-brad'), v.t. pret. & pp. abraded: ppr. abrading. [L. abrado, to scrape off

ab, away, and rado, to scrape, whence raze, razor, &c.] To rub or wear down; to rub or scrape off; to detach particles from the surface of by friction; as, glaciers abrade the rocks over which they pass; to abrade the prominences of a surface. Abraded (a-brád'ed), p. and a. In geol. applied to surfaces of rocks denuded, striated. worn, and polished by icebergs or glaciers passing over them, by currents of water carrying gravel or fragments of rock, by the action of blown sand, &c. Abrahamic (a-bra-ham'ik), a. Pertaining to Abraham, the patriarch; as, Abrahamic covenant.

Abrahamite (a'bra-ham-it), n. 1. One of a sect of Bohemian deists, which sprang up in 1782, professing to hold the faith of Abraham. They denied the divinity of Christ, and accepted nothing of the Bible save the Lord's Prayer.-2. One of a sect of Syrian deists of the ninth century. Abrahamitical (a'bra-ham-it"ik-al), a. Relating to Abraham or to the Abrahamites. Abraham-man (a'bra-ham-man), n. 1. Originally, one of a set of mendicant lunatics from Bethlehem Hospital, London. The wards in the ancient Bedlam bore distinctive names, as of some saint or patriarch That named after Abraham was devoted to a class of lunatics who on certain days were permitted to go out begging. They bore a badge, and were known as Abraham-men. Many, however, assumed the badge without right, and begged, feigning lunacy. Hence the more received meaning came to be 2. An impostor who wandered about the country seeking alms, under pretence of lunacy. To sham Abraham, to feign sick

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Abraid † (a-brād'), v.i. [A. Sax. abredan, abregdan-prefix a, and A. Sax. brægdan, to move, turn, braid, or weave, from a stem the original meaning of which seems to be that of starting or quick movement, as in O. E. braide, to awake, to cry out suddenly. to scold (whence upbraid); A. Sax. bræægd Icel. bragth, a quick movement, a trick, deceit. See BRAID, a.] To awake; to start Chaucer.

Abraid+ (a-brād'), v. t. To rouse; to awake Spenser.

Abramis (ab'ra-mis), n. [Greek name of a fish found in the Nile and Mediterranean, perhaps a bream.] A genus of fresh-water malacopterygian fishes, family Cyprinidæ, containing the common bream (Abramis brama). There are two other rare British species, A. blicca (the white bream or bream flat) and A. Buggenhagii (the Pomeranian bream). See BREAM.

Abranchia (a-brang'ki-a), n. pl. [Gr. a. without, and branchia, gills.] An order of Annelida without gills or branchiæ, but respiring through the whole surface of the skin, as the earthworm; or by internal cavities, as the leech.

Abranchian (a-brang'ki-an), n. One of the order Abranchia.

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