L. Temple, and Reminiscences of Irish Life and Character" were published by Michael Macdonagh. John Atkinson Hobson studied "John Ruskin as a Social Reformer," and Edwin Hodder made a similar study of The Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury." Henry B. Irving attempted a justification of the Life of Judge Jeffreys." In the "Great Educators Series" we had "Rousseau and Education According to Nature," by Thomas Davidson. From George R. Parkin we had two instructive volumes devoted to the life, diary, and letters of "Edward Thring, Headmaster of Uppingham School," and "The Life of Henry Morley was written by his son-in-law, Henry Shaen Solly. "The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll (Rev. C. L. Dodgson)" came from his nephew, S. D. Collingwood. To religious biography belongs "The Life of Henry Drummond," by George Adam Smith, and "The Ideal Life," a volume of addresses by Drummond, hitherto unpublished, also contained memorial sketches by Ian Maclaren and William Robertson Nicoll. Vol. I of "The Autobiography of Charles H. Spurgeon," compiled from his diary, letters, and records, by his wife and his private secretary, covered the period from 1834 to 1854; "The Life Work of Edward White Benson, D. D.," the late Archbishop of Canterbury, was reviewed in unpretentious fashion by J. A. Carr; Canon Rawnsley contributed a "Memoir of Henry Whitehead, 1825-1896"; "Joseph Arch: The Story of His Life Told by Himself," was edited with a preface by the Countess of Warwick; "Bishop Walsham How" was the subject of a memoir by his son, F. D. How; another son, A. W. W. Dale, wrote "The Life of R. W. Dale, of Birmingham," and "Henry Robert Reynolds, D. D.: His Life and Letters," was edited by his sisters. A new series of Heroes of the Reformation" was inaugurated with "Martin Luther," by Dr. H. Eyster Jacobs, the succeeding volume being given to "Philip Melanchthon, the Protestant Preceptor of Germany" by James W. Richard. "St. Thomas of Canterbury: His Death and Miracles," were the theme of Edwin A. Abbott, and "The Life of Saint Hugh of Lincoln was written by Herbert Thurston, S. J. Four "Historic Nuns" were commemorated by Bessie R. Belloc. "Kings of the Hunting Field" was the title of memoirs and anecdotes of distinguished masters of the hounds and other celebrities of the chase, by Thormanby; "Reminiscences of the Course, the Camp, the Chase" came from " a gentleman rider," Col. R. F. Meysey-Thompson, and “ Reminiscences of Frank Gillard and the Belvoir Hounds," edited by Cuthbert Bradley, were fully illustrated. A series of biographies of "The Royal Household" during the sixty years of the Queen's reign was the work of W. A. Lindsay. Vols. LIV, LV, LVI, and LVII, of theDictionary of National Biography," edited by Sidney Lee, reached "Tom-Tytler.'

Essays.-In England there is complaint that this form of writing, admittedly one of the most delightful in literature, seems to be going out of fashion. Not many important volumes are to be recorded in 1898, but under this head are included many books of general literature. Two volumes of "Studies of a Biographer" were contributed by Leslie Stephen, in reality a collection of essays; "Affirmations," by Henry Havelock Ellis, was a series of essays on Nietsche, Casanova, Zola, and others; "Angels' Wings" was the title of others on art and its relation to life, by Edward Carpenter; "Essays at Eventide" came from Thomas Newbigging; "Studies in Little-known Subjects," from C. E. Plumptre; "Essays, Mock Essays, and Character Sketches" were reprinted from the "Journal of Education," with original contributions by the Hon. Lionel A. Tollemache and others; and Reviews and Essays

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in English Literature" were from the pen of Rev. Duncan C. Tovey. Henry Austin Dobson was represented by Miscellanies," W. Basil Worsfold expounded "The Principles of Criticism," "A Short History of English Literature" was written by George Saintsbury, and Stopford A. Brooke considered "English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest." Richard Garnett added “A History of Italian Literature" to the "Short Histories of the Literatures of the World Series," another issue of which was "A History of Spanish Literature," by James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, and David Hannay discussed "The Later Renaissance" in "Periods of European Literature." J. Scott Clark wrote on "The Study of English Prose." "A Literary History of India," by Robert W. Frazer, inaugurated the new "Library of Literary History," and was an eminently scholarly and valuable work. "The First Philosophers of Greece" were translated by Arthur Fairbanks, along with important passages bearing upon them from the works of Plato, Aristotle, and others. Another work of scholarship, both vast and complete, was the translation by J. G. Frazer, of "Pausanias's Description of Greece," with a commentary which filled four of the six volumes which contained the work. The existence of an edition so highly lauded as this has been rendered possible, it may be added, by the excavations of the last ten years. The recently discovered odes of "Bacchylides" were rendered accessible to "lovers of poetry not readers of Greek," by E. Poste. "The Attic Theater," by A. E. Haigh, gave a description of the stage and theaters of the Athenians and of the dramatic performances at Athens, and from the same author we had "The Tragic Drama of the Greeks," accompanied with illustrations. Catherine Mary Phillimore, the author of "Studies in Italian Literature," gave us a study of " Dante at Ravenna"; Edmund G. Gardner wrote of "Dante's Ten Heavens"; Rosemary Cotes, in "Dante's Garden," enumerated the flowers mentioned by Dante; and from Paget Toynbee we had "A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante." New criticism of Shakespeare appeared in George Wyndham's edition of the " Poems" of the great dramatist, and Edwin Reed prepared the "Brief for Plaintiff" in the case of "Bacon versus Shakespeare," while Israel Gollancz devoted a volume to "Hamlet in Iceland." "The King's Quhair and the New Criticism" was reviewed by Robert Sangster Rait. "Types of Scenery and their Influence on Literature" was the subject of the Romanes Lecture by Sir Archibald Geikie, in which exact scientific knowledge was united with adequate literary taste. J. Baly published Vol. I of "Eur-Aryan Roots," with their English derivatives and the corresponding words in the cognate languages compared and systematically arranged; Lieut.-Col. C. R. Conder wrote on "The Hittites and their Language," largely a study in philology; and Robert Brown made a study of

Semitic Influence in Hellenic Mythology." "The Jew, the Gypsy, and El Islam" was the title of three essays by the late Capt. Sir Richard F. Burton, edited by W. H. Wilkins, and "Gypsy Folk-Tales" were collected by Francis Hindes Groome in support of a theory of gypsies. "Tom Tit Tot," by Edward Clodd, traced the story of Rumpelstilskin through its English variants. J. Starkie Gardner described "Armor in England from the Earliest Times to the Seventeenth Century"; Charles Oman published Vol. II of " A History of the Art of War," covering "The Middle Ages"; "Law and Politics in the Middle Ages" were the theme of Edward Jenks, and The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages" that of Hastings Rashdall. "Old English Social Life as Told by the Parish

Register" came from T. F. Thiselton Dyer, the author of "Church Lore Gleanings"; "Records of Old Times: Historical, Social, Political, Sporting, and Agricultural," from J. K. Fowler (Fowler); "Life in an Old English Town," by Mary Dormes Harris, appeared in the "Social England Series," and Vol. II was issued of “A Calendar of the Inner Temple Records," edited by F. A. Inderwick, covering the period between 1603 and 1660. "Curiosities of a Scots Charta Chest," edited by the Hon. Mrs. Atholl Forbes, and "The Grange of St. Giles," by Mrs. J. Stewart Smuth, dealt with two Edinburgh mansions; “Scottish Life and Humor" were discussed by William Sinclair, and Capt. E. C. Ellice wrote on "Place-Names in Glengarry and Glenquoich." Ernest Law wrote "A Short History of Hampton Court," condensed from his monumental and valuable "History of Hampton Court Palace," and Edward Robins told of "The Palmy Days of Nance Oldfield." Elizabeth and her German Garden," by Benjamin Kidd, contained charming studies of Nature, while "By Roadside and River was the title of gleanings from Nature's fields by H. Mead-Briggs. James E. Whiting rambled "Where Wild Birds Sing," and J. Arthur Gibbs told alluringly of "A Cotswold Village." Henry B. Wheatley wrote on "Prices of Books" for "The Library Series," and "Pages and Pictures from Forgotten Children's Books" came from A. W. Tuer. "Unaddressed Letters," edited by Frank Athelstane Swettenham, contained "generous self-revelation of uncommon candor in a form sufficiently unfamiliar to preserve the charm of novelty," and from Jerome K. Jerome we had "The Second Thoughts of an Idle Fellow." "Leaders in Literature," by P. Wilson, was a collection of short studies of great authors in the nineteenth century.

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Fiction. Several novels of 1898 possessed unusual merit. "Helbeck of Bannisdale," by Mrs. Humphrey Ward, and "Evelyn Innes," by George Moore, dealt with the deeper questions of life, and in the literary world an event of great importance Was the appearance of "Aylwin," the romance which Theodore Watts-Dunton had so long withheld. Its freshness, its pure romance, entitled it to a high and permanent place in literature, aside from the portraiture it was held to contain of that circle of the author's friends which comprised all that was most interesting in the literary and artistic worlds. To the world of pure romance belonged also "The Forest Lovers," by Maurice Hewlett, one of the marked successes of the year, and "The Sundering Flood," the last tale of William Morris. Two other novels that created much comment were "Concerning Isabel Carnaby," by Ellen Thornycroft Fowler, and "The Open Question," by Elizabeth Robins (C. E. Raimond). One of the books which had the widest sale was "The Day's Work," a collection of twelve short stories of Rudyard Kipling, and Dreamers of the Ghetto," by Israel Zangwill, was pronounced by critics a notable book in its portrayal of the characteristics of the Jew. Historical novels were numerous, as usual. "The Admiral: A Romance

of Nelson in the Year of the Nile," came from Doug las Sladen; "The Castle Inn" and "Shrewsbury from Stanley J. Weyman; "Across the Salt Sea," a romance of the War of Succession, from John Blundell Burton, who published also "The Scourge of God," a romance of religious persecution under Louis XIV of France; "The Pride of Jennico," by Agnes and Egerton Castle, appeared early in the year, and was one of the favorite books; "The Battle of the Strong" was a romance of two kingdoms, by Gilbert Parker, and from S. R. Crockett we had "The Red Axe" and The Standard Bearer." "John Splendid," by Neil Munro, told the tale of a poor gentleman and the little wars of Lorn, pre

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senting a strong picture of the Marquis of Argyll; John Gilbert, Yeoman," was a romance of the Commonwealth, by R. G. Soans, and "In the Shadow of the Three," by Blanche Loftus Tottenham, carried us to Venice in the latter part of the eighteenth century. "The Vintage" was a romance of the Greek War of Independence, by Edward F. Benson, who published also "The Money Market," more in line with his previous work in its cynicism concerning woman; while "The Broom of the War God," by Henry Noel Brailsford, was a story of the recent war between the Greeks and Turkey. Sir Walter Besant published "The Changeling," and Anthony Hope (Anthony Hope Hawkins) "Simon Dale," a story of the days of Charles II and Nell Gwynn, in which Louis le Grand also figures, and "Rupert of Hentzau," a sequel to "The Prisoner of Zenda," to which, however, it was much inferior. Henry Seton Merriman (Hugh S. Scott), who scored such a success last year with "In Kedar's Tents," touched upon the corruptions of English political life in Roden's Corner," his only novel published during the year; "Doctor Therne," by H. Rider Haggard, had vaccination for its theme; George Gissing was represented by "The Town Traveler," and Richard Le Gallienne by "The Romance of Zion Chapel," pessimistic in tone, and Benjamin Swift (W. R. Paterson) by "The Destroyer," which in his opinion was the passion of love. Her Memory was tenderly and touchingly commemorated by Maarten Maartens (J. M. W. van der Poorten Schwartz), and "Wild Eelin" was the last of William Black's novels, full as ever of the wild beauty of Scottish scenery. "A Voyage of Consolation," by Mrs. Sara Jeannette Cotes (Mrs. Everard Cotes), claimed to be in the nature of a sequel to the experiences of "An American Girl in London," and "Poor Human Nature was a musical novel by Elizabeth Godfrey. From Maxwell Gray (Mrs. M. J. Tuttiet) we had "The House of Hidden Treasure" and "Ribstone Pippins," the latter a love-story of Devon; W. Pett Ridge published "Mord Em'ly" and "By Order of the Magistrate"; David Christie Murray, "This Little World"; Frank Frankfort Moore, "The Millionaires" and "The Fatal Gift," presumably of beauty, possessed by the famous Gunning sisters whom the author chose for the heroines; W. E. Norris wrote but one novel, “The Widower"; A. Conan Doyle but one, "The Tragedy of the Korosko""; and W. Clark Russell also was represented but by one sea story, "The Romance of a Midshipman.' "A Forgotten Sin" and "The Impediment" were by Dorothea Gerard (Madame Longard de Longgarde); A Passionate Pilgrim," by Percy White; "Sunset," by Beatrice Whitby; and "The Lust of Hate," by Guy Boothby, while from Ernest Hornung we had "Young Blood" and "Some Persons Unknown," the last a collection of short stories of London literary life and the Australian bush. "The Looms of Time" came from Mrs. Hugh Fraser; "The Incidental Bishop from Grant Allen;" Dicky Monteith " from T. Gallon; "Materfamilias from Mrs. Ada Cambridge Cross; "Poor Max" from Mrs. Kathleen Mannington Caffyn (Iota); "The Crook of the Bough" from Mrs. Henry Norman (Ménie Muriel Dowie); "A Valuable Life and Margaret Wynne" from Adeline Sergeant ; "Torn Sails," a tale of a Welsh village, from Allen Raine, the author of "Mifanwy";The Lake of Wine" from Bernard Capes; "The Lady of Castell March" from Owen Rhoscomyl; "A Fiery Ordeal from Mrs. Jessie Fraser Couvreur (Tasma), and "The Potentate" from Frances Forbes Robertson. "John of Strathbourne was by R. D. Chetwode; Miss Balmaine's Past" and "Peggy of the Bartons," by Mrs. Bertha M. Croker; "Wheat in the Ear," by Alien, "Fighting for the King," by W.

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G. Tarbets, "The Journalist," by C. F. Keary, "The Confessions of Stephen Whapshare," by Emma Brooke, and "The World's Rough Hand,' by H. Phelps Whitmarsh. "Tekla was a romance of love and war, by Robert Barr; Rosa Nouchette Carey told the story of "Mollie's Prince," and Robert S. Hitchens that of "The Londoners": literary London was the theme of "Scribes and Pharisees," by William Le Queux; "His Grace o' the Gunne" and "The Minister's Conversion " came from I. Hooper, and Nanno," a pathetic Irish story, from Rosa Mulholland. The Nigger of the Narcissus " was a tale of the sea, by Joseph Conrad, who told also "Tales of Unrest"; J. Marshall Mather, the author of "At the Sign of the Wooden Shoon," gave us "By Roaring Loom," a masterly description of life among the Lancashire working classes; "The Scourge Stick," according to Mrs. Campbell Praed, kept her heroine in the right path, while "The Cost of her Pride," in another case, was calculated by Mrs. Alexander (Mrs. Annie French Hector). "Sunlight and Limelight" were contrasted by Francis Gribble, and a survival of the sex novel was George Paston's "A Writer of Books." "In High Places" and "Rough Justice" were the ventures of Miss M. E. Braddon in the world of fiction during the year; Fergus Hume was thrilling as ever in his narration of the adventures of the leader of "The Rainbow Feather," while John Strange Winter (Mrs. H. E. V. Stannard) elected to chronicle "The Peacemakers." M. E. Francis (Mrs. M. E. Sweetman Blundell) described "The Duenna of a Genius," and "The Gunrunner," by Bertram Mitford, was a story of South Africa and the Zulu war. "A States man's Chance" was shown by Joseph F. Charles, and William Somerset Maugham described "The Making of a Saint." "The Romantic History of Robin Hood " was retold by Barry Pain. Among volumes of short stories may be mentioned " To be Read at Dusk, and Other Stories, Sketches, and Essays," by Charles Dickens, nearly fifty in all, discovered by F. G. Kitton, which had hitherto escaped the notice of bibliographers, and now first collected; "Afterwards, and Other Stories," by Ian Maclaren; "The Keeper of the Waters," by Morley Roberts; "From the East to the West," by Jane Barlow; Weeping Ferry, and Other Stories," by Margaret L. Woods; "Traits and Confidences," by Emily Lawless; "The Mess Deck," stories of the Royal Navy; "The Golficide, and Other Tales of the Fair Green," by W. G. Van Tassel Sutphen; "King of Circumstance," by Edwin Pugh; and "Life is Life, and Other Tales and Episodes," by Miss Gwendoline Keats (Zack). The story of "Owd Bob, the Grey Dog of Kenmuir," by Alfred Ollivant, was a particularly pretty juvenile book. "To Arms," by Andrew Balfour, was also suited to young readers, and "Off to the Klondyke; or, A Cowboy's Rush to the Gold Fields," by William Gordon Stables, M. D., was illustrated by Charles Whymper. The Stevenson Reader" was edited by Lloyd Osbourne. A new edition of "The Works of Henry Fielding" was begun, and the Thornton edition of the "Novels of the Sisters Brontë" was put through the press, as well as a ten-volume edition of "The Novels of Jane Austen."

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Fine Arts. Several works of remarkable excellence are to be noted in 1898. "Modern Architecture," a book for architects and the public, by H. Heathcote Statham, criticised the leading modern buildings of Europe and the United States, and from the same author we had a review of "Architecture Among the Poets." 'Gainsborough and His Place in English Art" came to us from Walter Armstrong and was superbly illustrated; "Memorials of an Eighteenth-Century Painter (James Northcote)," by Stephen Gwynn, and "George

Morland, and the Evolution from Him of Some Later Painters," by J. T. Nettleship, were special studies, and from Algernon Graves came a magnificent volume devoted to "Sir Joshua Reynolds." Another was "Drawings and Studies in Pencil, Chalk, and Other Materials," by the late Lord Leighton, which had a preface by S. P. Cockerell, and contained 40 facsimiles, mostly of the same size as the original drawings. "The Pictures of Armitage, R. A.," were considered anonymously; and A. Rischgitz published Drawings of Constable." The first of three parts of "Van Dyck's Pictures at Windsor Castle," historically and critically described by Ernest Law, was issued, and from the same author we had "The Royal Gallery of Hampton Court Illustrated with 100 plates. "A Florentine Picture Chronicle was the title of a series of 99 drawings by Maso Finiguerra, reproduced from the originals in the British Museum, with a critical and descriptive text by Sidney Colvin, and "In the National Gallery," by Cosmo Monkhouse, covered the Italian schools from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, with illustrations, while Claude Phillips contributed" Titian: A Study of His Life and Work," and A. Letchford " A Series of Seventy Illustrations to Capt. Sir R. F. Burton's Arabian Nights," with a portrait of the explorer. "Painters and their Works," a dictionary of great artists, by R. N. James, filled three volumes. H. Nisbet was an authority "On Painting in Water Colors"; "Japanese Illustrations," by E. F. Strange, gave a history of wood cutting and color printing in Japan, and Etching, Engraving, and the Other Methods of Printing Pictures were treated by Hans W. Singer and William Strang. "The Bases of Design," by Walter Crane, contained 200 illustrations, and Waller J. Pearce was the author of an exhaustive treatise on "Painting and Decorating." "King Réné's Honeymoon Cabinet," by John P. Seddon, reproduced the designs of the pre-Raphaelite painters for the decoration of this cabinet which contained the architect's plans, and upon which a theory regarding the unity and fellowship of the several arts was worked out. "A History of the Society of Dilettanti," compiled by L. Cust, was beautifully illustrated; a history and description of "The Bayeux Tapestry" was written by Frank Rede Fowke for the "Ex-Libris Series "; and" Windows: A Book about Stained and Painted Glass," by Lewis Forman Day, contained 50 full-page plates and more than 200 illustrations in the text, all of old examples. A series of "French Wood Carvings from the National Museums" were selected for illustration and accompanied with descriptive text by Eleanor Rowe, and "Old Furniture, English and Foreign," was drawn and described by Alfred Ernest Chancellor. "London Impressions" consisted of etchings and pictures in photogravure by William Hyde and essays by Alice Meynell, and "London Types," drawn by William Nicholson, were accompanied with quatorzains by W. E. Henley. The Nature Poems of George Meredith" were collected into a beautiful volume and illustrated with 20 full-page pictures by William Hyde; and Aubrey Beardsley was represented by "Six Drawings Illustrating Theophile Gautier's romance Mademoiselle de Maupin," and by "A Second Book of Fifty Drawings." "Pictures of the Classic Greek Landscape and Architecture," by John Fulleylove, R. I., were accompanied with text by Henry W. Nevinson. John II. Huddilston wrote on "Greek Tragedy in the Light of Vase Paintings," and Dr. Murray on "Greek Bronzes." Examples of Greek and Pompeian Decorative Work" were measured and drawn by James Cromar Watt. Sir Richard Temple gave us A Bird's-Eye View of Picturesque India," beautifully illustrated. "Our English Min

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isters," described by Dean Farrar, Dean Purey-Cust, and others, filled two volumes, illustrated by Henry Railton and others; and "The Church Bells of Buckinghamshire, their Inscriptions, Founders, Uses, and Traditions," were described and illustrated in a large volume by A. H. Cocks. "The Arms of the Royal and Parliamentary Burgs of Scotland" we owe to John, Marquess of Bute, J. R. N. Macphail, and H. W. Lonsdale. A Catalogue of Arabic Coins in the Khedival Library, Cairo," came from Stanley Lane-Poole, and "Terra-Cotta Sarcophagi, Greek and Etruscan, in the British Museum," by A. S. Murray, was published by order of the trustees of that institution. "Rex Regum," by Sir Wyke Bayliss, was a painter's study of the likenesses of Christ from the time of the Apostles to the present day, with 50 illustrations. "The Art Annual for 1898," being the Christmas number of the "Art Journal," consisted of the life and work of Lady Butler, by Wilfrid Meynell, with 3 full-page plates, and 60 other illustrations; Sir William Blake Richmond delivered a lecture to the students of the Royal Academy upon "Leighton, Millais, and William Morris"; M. H. Spielmann wrote on "Millais and His Work," and "J. F. Millet and Rustic Art" was the theme of Henry Naegely (Henry Gaelyn), the author of "The Mummer and Other Poems.' In the "Portfolio Series R. H. M. Stevenson gave his attention to "Rubens." "Chinese Porcelain," by W. G. Gulland, had notes by T. J. Larkin, and contained 485 illustrations, while "The Ceramics of Swansea and Nantgarw contained a history of the factories by W. Turner, also illustrated. "The Fringe of an Art," by Vernon Blackburn, contained appreciation applied to music, and "Voice and Violin" was the title of sketches, anecdotes, and reminiscences, by Dr. T. L. Phipson, the author of "Famous Violinists and Fine Violins." H. Tupper considered" The Growth and Influence of Music in Relation to Civilization." Vol. II of "Modern Opera Houses and Theatres," by Edwin O. Sachs, proved no less interesting and instructive than the former volume. "The Theatrical World of 1897" was reviewed by William Archer, and John Hollingshead published "Gaiety Chronicles." "Amateur Clubs and Actors," by various authors, was edited by W. G. Elliot. History."The Building of the British Empire," written by Alfred T. Story for the "Stories of the Nations Series," in two volumes, contained the story of England from Elizabeth to Victoria. "The Foundations of England," according to Sir J. H. Ramsay, were laid B. c. 55-A. D. 1154, and from the same author we had "Lancaster and York: A Century of English History," covering the period 1399-1485. Vol. IV of J. Hamilton Wylie's great work "The History of England under Henry the Fourth" was issued, covering 1411-1413; "England and the Hundred Years' War, 13271485," by C. W. C. Oman, was the concluding volume of the "Oxford Manuals of English History"; General the Hon. G. Wrottesley gave us "Crécy and Calais" from the public records, and from James Gairdner we had a review of "The Life and Reign of Richard the Third. "The Early Days of the Nineteenth Century in England, 18001820," by William Connor Sydney, filled two volumes; from A. J. Evans and C. S. Fearenside we had "England under the Later Hanoverians, 17601837," and H. DeB. Gibbins gave a concise history "The English People in the Nineteenth Century." "Cromwell's Scotch Campaigns, 1650-251" appealed to students of military history. W. J. Hardy edited a second volume of "Domestic State Papers of the Reign of William and Mary." "The Battle of Sheriffmuir" was related from original sources, and "Historical Notes or Essays on the '15

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and '45" came from D. Murray Rose. Papers relating to the Jacobite Period, 1699-1750," in two volumes, were edited by Col. James Allardyce, and from Andrew Lang we had "The Companions of Pickle," carrying on the narrative begun in Pickle the Spy." Julian S. Corbett published a history of "Drake and the Tudor Navy in two volumes, and also edited the story of two of Drake's campaigns under the title of "The Spanish War, 1585-1587," published by the Navy Records Society. Vol. If of "The Royal Navy," by William Laird Clowes, carried on that valuable work, and Part II of "Britain's Naval Power," a short history of the growth of the British navy, by Hamilton Williams, covered "From Trafalgar to the Present Times." "The British Merchant Service," by R. J. Cornewall-Jones, gave a history of the British mercantile marine from the earliest times to the present day, and from Gomer Williams we had a "History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque," with an account of the Liverpool slave-trade. The War in the Peninsula " was fought over again by Alexander Innes Shand; Major A. Griffiths wrote in an interesting manner of" Wellington and Waterloo," and William O'Connor Morris fought over again "The Great Campaigns of Nelson." The same author also wrote the history of "Ireland, 1798-1898" with striking impartiality, reviewing the miseries of a century, and contending firmly for a government of the unhappy country according to its own ideas. W. H. Fitchett (Vedette) followed his "Deeds that Won the Empire" with " Fights for the Flag"; Lieut.Col. Ross-of-Bladensburg condensed from his regimental "History of the Coldstream Guards" the story of "The Coldstream Guards in the Crimea," and Col. Edward Vibart wrote "The Sepoy Mutiny as seen by a Subaltern from Delhi to Lucknow." Two Native Narratives of the Mutiny in Delhi" were translated from the originals by the late C. T. Metcalfe, and "Daily Life during the Mutiny" was described by J. W. Sherer. Modern history received numerous additions. The best selling book published in England during the year was With Kitchener to Khartoum," by G. W. Steevens, the author of "With the Conquering Turk," who went himself through the campaign which he chronicled so vividly, participating in the battles of the Atbara and Omdurman, and entering with the army the city where Gordon fell. and Khalifa; or, The Reconquest of the Soudan, 1898," by Bennet Burleigh, went over the same ground, and was accompanied with portraits, illustrations, maps, and a plan of battle. E. N. Burleigh in "The Downfall of the Dervishes" also gave a sketch of the campaign, and "The Egyptian Soudan, Its Loss and Recovery," came from Henry S. L. Alford and William Dennistoun Sword. "The Campaign in Tirah, 1897-98," as outlined by Col. H. D. Hutchinson, was supplemented by "Lockhart's advance through Tirah," by Capt. L. J. Shadwell; Sketches on Service During the Indian Frontier Campaigns of 1897," were published by Major E. A. P. Hobday; Lionel James in "The Indian Frontier War" gave an account of the Mohmund and Tirah expeditions of 1897, and "The Story of the Malakand Field Force," by Lieut. Winston L. Spencer Churchill, was an episode of frontier war. Capt. G. J. Younghusband also gave us "Indian Frontier Warfare." Sir George S. Robertson told admirably "Chitral: The Story of a Minor Siege," Egypt in the Nineteenth Century; or, Mehemet Ali and His Successors, until the British Occupation in 1882," by D. A. Cameron, was authoritative, the author having enjoyed peculiar advantages for the task he undertook, and Seymour Vandeleur was heard from on " Campaigning on

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the Upper Nile and Niger." Africa in the Nineteenth Century was an excellent summary of events in the Dark Continent, by Edgar Sanderson, and "Rhodesia and its Government" came from H. C. Thomson, the author of "The Chitral Campaign" and The Outgoing Turk." Rev. Colin Rae published "Malaboch; or, Notes from My Diary on the Boer Campaigns of 1894 against the Chief Malaboch of Blaauwberg, District Zoutpansburg, S. A. R.," with a synopsis of the Johannesburg crisis of 1896, having been chaplain at the time to the Malaboch forces; Brevet Lieut.-Col. E. A. H. Alderson went "With the Mounted Infantry and the Mashonaland Field Force, 1896," and J. Chalmers described "Fighting the Matabele." Vol. I of "Imperial Africa," by Major A. F. Mockler-Ferryman, was given to British West Africa," and Demetrius C. Boulger told the story of The Congo State." "British Rule and Modern Politics," an historical study by Hon. A. S. G. Canning, the author of "The Divided Irish" and "History in Fact and Fiction," may as well be mentioned here as anywhere. From II. E. Egerton we had A History of British Colonial Policy,' and Rev. W. P. Greswell traced the "Growth and Administration of the British Colonies, 1837-1897." An "Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic Aspects (Ancient Times)," by William Cunningham, D. D., appeared in the “Cambridge Historical Series," and was an able and interesting attempt to throw light on the most obscure side of ancient history; Prof. Samuel Dill wrote on "Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire," and W. H. Bullock Hall found traces of The Romans on the Riviera and the Rhone." The Invasion of Egypt in A. D. 1249 by Louis IX of France," and "A History of the Contemporary Sultans of Egypt came from Rev. E. J. Davis; "The Franks from Their Origin as a Confederacy to the Establishment of the Kingdom of France and the German Empire" was contributed by Lewis Sergeant to the "Story of the Nations Series," in which it was followed by Modern France, 1789-1895," by André Lebon. The two volumes devoted by J. E. C. Bodley to "France," in reality a work of political philosophy, covered respectively "The Revolution and Modern France" and "The Parliamentary System." "The Union of Italy, 1815-1895," by W. J. Stillman (Concordia), the author of "The Cretan Insurrection of 1866" and "Herzegovina and the Late Uprising," belonged to the "Cambridge Historical Series," edited generally by Prof. G. W. Prothero, another issue of which was "Spain, Its Greatness and Decay, 14791788," by Major M. Hume, which had an introduction by E. Armstrong. Russia's Sea Power, Past and Present; or, The Rise of the Russian Navy," was by Col. Sir George Sydenham Clarke, the author of Fortifications," and "All the World's Fighting Ships" were passed in review by Frederick T. Jane. "The Romance of the House of Savoy was related by Alethea Wiel in two charming volumes, and "Scenes in the Thirty Days' War between Greece and Turkey," described by Henry W. Nevinson, were illustrated with photographs. The Romance of Regiment," by J. R. Hutchinson, told the story of the giant grenadiers of Potsdam, 1713-1740. Monumental Remains of the Dutch East India Company in the Presidency of Madras" were described in a volume of Reports of the Archæological Survey of India," by Alexander Rea, superintendent of the survey. From Justin Huntly McCarthy came "A Short History of the United States." "French and English," by Evelyn Everett Green, was a story of the struggle in America, and a "History of the Dominion of Canada," by W. Parr Greswell, was published under the

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auspices of the Royal Colonial Institution. Mrs. Frederick Boas was the author of an English History for Children." "Life in an Old English Town: A History of Coventry," by M. Dormer Harris, belonged to the "Social England Series,” edited by Kenelm D. Cotes; "Brentford; Literary and Historical Sketches," came from Frederick Turner, and “ Chronicles and Stories of old Bingley' from Harry Speight. "The Beginnings of English Christianity were traced by Prof. W. E. Collins for the "Churchman's Library"; "The Decian Persecution" was the theme of the "Hulsean Prize Essay for 1896, by John A. F. Gregg; “England and the Reformation, a. d. 1485–1603,” by Ğ, W. Powers, belonged to the "Oxford Manuals of English History "; Henry Gee wrote on "The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 15581564." Canon Overton contributed "The Church in England" to the "National Churches Series," and "The Anglican Revival" to the "Victorian Era Series"; "The History of the Walloon and Huguenot Church at Canterbury" was written by Francis W. Cross, and "The Celtic Church in Ireland' came from Dr. Heron of Belfast. "The Empire and the Papacy, 918-1273," was from the pen of Prof. Lout. "The Bishop of Lindisfarne, Hexham, Chesterle Street, and Durham, A. D. 635– 1020," was an introduction to the ecclesiastical history of Northumbria, by Rev. George Miles, and "The English Black Monks of St. Benedict," by Rev. Ethelred L. Taunton, gave a sketch of their history from the coming of St. Augustine to the present day, in two volumes. "A History of Rugby School was written for the series of "English Public Schools," by W. H. D. Rouse; "Annals of Eton College" came from Wasey Sterry, and “ Harrow School," edited by Edmund W. Howson and George Townsend Warner, had an introduction by Earl Spencer. "Cambridge and Its Colleges," by A. H. Thompson, was a companion volume to "Oxford and Its Colleges," by J. Wells, and was illustrated, like that volume, by Edmund H. New.

Poetry. Of the 290 new books of poetry published in 1898 it is impossible to say much. Vol. I of "The Poetical Works of Robert Bridges" really introduced that poet of the few to the English public, containing as it did many poems never before publicly printed. The quality of his verse, however, showed him more likely to gain and retain the affection of the minority than the applause of the multitude. Poems" of Stephen Phillips contained his "Christ in Hades," "Marpessa," and several new poems which have never been previously printed: from John Davidson came "The Last Ballad, and Other Poems," as well as a play in four acts entitled

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Godfrida," while Maurice Hewlett, who last year sent forth "Songs and Meditations," was represented by "Pan and the Young Shepherd," a pastoral in two acts, which received the highest praise for "creative power, the vital principle, clean sight, and an imagination both gay and robust." The poetlaureate published but one volume, Lamia's Winter Quarters," not all of which is poetry even in form, the verse being scattered incidentally amid the record of a family party's sojourn in a Tuscan villa. The Collected Poems of William Watson" was the misleading title of a selection made by the poet from his printed work in verse. "Odes in Contribution to the Song of French History," by George Meredith, while "possessing splendid beauty in the intervals of lucidity," was about as exasperatingly intricate as that author has ever contrived to render his productions in prose or poetry. Ernest Rhys gave us " Welsh Ballads, and Other Poems," full of Welsh scholarship. "Minuscula' title of lyrics of nature, art, and love, by F. W. Bourdillon, and "The Wind in the Trees

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