cates of calcium and aluminum. This crystallization is termed "setting" of the cement, and through its action the sand and gravel or broken stone are bound together and form a rocklike mass. The "setting" of Portland cement takes place as well under water as in the air, and consequently cement is of great value for construction work that is partly submerged. Concrete is employed in the massive form and also reinforced with steel rods, wire, and mesh, thus making possible its use in taller, lighter structures than could be built of solid concrete. Reinforced concrete has been found to offer greater resistance to fire, earthquake, and shock of explosions than other forms of structural materials. Concrete possesses great adaptability to a wide variety of uses, besides being cheap, easily and quickly handled, sanitary, and durable, and these characteristics taken together render it of great military importance. Among the military uses to which concrete is put are the construction of armories, barracks, roads, bridges, coast and interior fortifications, gun emplacements, trench linings, bombproof shelters, magazines for explosives, tunnels, retaining walls, sea walls, wharves, dry docks, water reservoirs, aqueducts, sewers, sewage-treatment works, incinerators, stables, floors, roofs, munition-factory buildings, warehouses, fuel-oil tanks, barges, and even in the interior of battleships. SOILS Perhaps the most important survey that is being conducted by the Department of Geology is the survey of the soils of the State by counties. This work has been done, first, as a state survey by the Department of Geology; second, as a co-operative survey with the United States Bureau of Soils; third, as individual work by the United States Bureau of Soils. Altogether, under the foregoing management, an entire survey of the State has been completed, by counties. The survey was commenced in the counties along the Ohio River and advanced northward until at present all of the counties are completed except eight or ten at the extreme north end of the State. In the investigations and discussions of the soils of the State, the State Geologist endeavors to stay within the realm of geology; therefore he approaches the soil problem under the following heads: 1. Topography and its influence on plant life, native and cultivated. 2. Geological formations, study of outcroppings, areal extent and classification of same. 3. Soils their derivation and classification. 4. Study of exceptional soil conditions-sour, acid, swamp, peat, and muck areas. In past years almost every rock formation known in Indiana, from the lowest Ordovician up to the recent Glacial, have been surveyed. Days, months, years of time and thousands of dollars of money have been spent by former geologists in these surveys, but only in recent years has any systematic survey of the soils been made. HYDROLOGY There is no more important problem confronting the people of the State, in their commercial and industrial interests, than the water supply of the State. With this thought in view the Department of Geology has made an extensive report on the hydrology of Indiana. Hydrology is that branch of geology which treats of water in all its mechanical relations to the earth. It is very closely related to physiography in many of its aspects. When rain falls upon the earth it has three destinations. It either evaporates and becomes water vapor, penetrates the soil and becomes ground water, or runs along the surface and becomes immediate runoff. It either remains upon the surface upon which it falls or disappears above or beneath it. When the water which penetrates the earth or remains upon its surface is considered merely as water, its discussion belongs to the subject of hydrology, but if the erosive action of the water is considered, it belongs to the subject of physiography. Since water is an important factor in the growth of plants and animals and in chemical reactions, hydrology is more or less closely related to botany, zoology and chemistry. Hydrology treats of the occurrence, movements and uses of water. Hydrology may be subdivided into several minor subjects, each of which has had many books and articles devoted to it. The principal minor subjects are drainage, irrigation, city water supply, sewage disposal, water power, navigation and flood control. The subtopics under these main divisions are numerous, but many of them will come up in connection with the treatment of the main topics. In order to get clearly before us the topic under consideration, a discussion of the minor subjects mentioned in the preceding paragraph I will be in order. These discussions will be more or less general, with frequent reference to conditions in Indiana, but also going beyond the State for illustrative material. Drainage is that division of hydrology which treats of the freeing of the land of its water by movement of the water along or under the surface. The subject of drainage admits of further classification. The following classification will be followed in this paper: Drainage 1. Defined as above. 2. Classes on basis of manner of development. A. Artificial. 1. Artificial drainage is drainage which is developed by man. 2. Classes on basis of relation to earth's surface. a. Open ditch. (1) Open ditch drainage is artificial drainage which is developed upon the surface of the land. b. Tile. (1) Tile drainage is artificial drainage which is developed beneath the surface of the land through lines of manufactured conduit. B. Natural. 1. Natural drainage is drainage which is developed by the forces of nature. 2. Classes on basis of relation to earth's surface. a. Surface. (1) Surface drainage is natural drainage which is developed upon the surface of the land. (2) Classes on basis of manner of escape of water from the land. (1) Underground drainage is natural drainage which is developed beneath the surface of the land. (2) Classes on basis of manner in which water All classes of drainage contribute to the runoff of the stream basin. The runoff is the water which passes the mouth or any given point on the stream. It is usually stated in cubic feet per second, or second-feet, which means the number of cubic feet of water which passes a given point in one second. The collection of data to determine the runoff is one of the chief difficulties in the problems of hydrology. Means of determining runoff.-Runoff is determined by several means. The weir and gage methods are the most practical. The weir method may be used where the water flows over a dam with a perfectly level crest, between vertical abutments. A standard weir is one in which the inner face is a vertical plane and the edge sharp. Weirs are usually made rectangular and will be so considered in this paper. The crest of the weir may extend entirely from one side of the stream, canal or flume to the other, or it may be a notch in a weir plate with edges beveled similar to the crest. In this case the weir is said to have end contraction, while in the former case the contractions are said to be suppressed. If the contractions are not suppressed the weir plate should extend as a plane on each side of the weir a distance at least three or four times the depth of the water over the crest, and for an equal distance below the crest whether there is contraction or not. It is difficult to measure the depth of water over the crest and instead the height of the surface of the water before it begins to curve toward the weir, above the crest of the weir is taken. This is done by placing a standard gage above the weir far enough to be in the smooth water and with the zero level with the crest of the weir. The formulæ worked out by Francis at Lowell, Mass., in 1854 have been more universally used than any of the many others devised since. The two commonly used formulæ are for standard weirs with or without contraction: With end contractions suppressed: Q=3.33 LH/2 And with two end contractions: Q=3.33 (L-0.2H) H3/2 in which Q amount of water in second feet. L-length of weir crest. H-height of water on the gage. This method of determining discharge is very accurate. The length of crest used by Francis in his experiments was ten feet and a head of four to six feet. The formulæ are most accurate when used under these conditions. 16-11741 E. C. SHIREMAN, Commissioner This department was organized in 1881 by an act of the Legislature, approved March 26th of that year, creating the office of Commissioner of Fisheries, the Commissioner being appointed by the Governor. His duties were to examine the various lakes, rivers and water-courses in the State and ascertain whether they could be rendered more productive in the supply of fish; also what measures were desirable to effect the propagating and protection of fish. The The commissioner was also to inquire into and test the best modes of artificial propagation of fish in the various waters of the State and was to procure and superintend the procuring of such fish, eggs or spawn as would be necessary for the waters and propagation of the same. The sum of $2,000 was appropriated with which he was expected to accomplish this work, and a salary of $300 a year was provided for his office. Not until 1897 were any laws passed making it an offense to use seines, nets, traps, etc., and at that time deputies were appointed to enforce all laws for the protection of fish and institute proceedings for the conviction and punishment of any person or persons violating said laws. These deputies were to receive no salaries, but in every conviction, a fee of $10 was entered against the defendant, said fee to be given to the deputy. Laws prior to 1881 had been enacted for the protection of game and song birds, but had never been enforced. The Commissioner in office in 1897 recommended, among other requests, that his duties be enlarged by placing the care of birds and game in charge of him and his deputies, so that they might have protection equal to that given the fish, and also asked for an increased appropriation with which to carry on these duties. Legislature of 1899, to which these recommendations were made, accepted many of them and enacted same into laws. Dynamiting was made a felony punishable by a sentence of not less than a year in the penitentiary, but this penalty was so severe that the courts would not enforce it, and the following Legislature made the crime a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of $250 to $1,000, which law still exists. The law also provided for the number of fish that could be taken in a day's fishing, a prescribed length for certain kinds of fish, and numerous other laws, all of which are still in effect today, with the exception of minor changes made therein. The same Legislature repealed the statute of 1881 that created the office of Commissioner of Fisheries and made it the duty of the Governor, on the taking effect of the act, to appoint a suitable resident of the State Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, whose term was made four years instead of two, the duties being the same, but in addition he was to inquire into the best methods of preserving and propagating the game and song birds, and he was to see that all laws for the protection of fish, game and birds were enforced, and institute proceedings for the punishment of those who violated them, |