173. EXERCISES IN SYNTHESIS.

Adjectives and possessives are usually placed before, and participles and nouns in apposition, after the nouns they modify.

Write seven sentences, limiting the subject by one of the following adjectives:

Round, square, oval, rough, smooth, transparent, translucent, white, green, sour, sweet, old, young, new, wise, foolish, lucky, unlucky, careful, careless.

Models. A round table was purchased. A square box was found.

Write seven sentences, limiting both subject and object by an adjective. Model.-A stout horse draws heavy loads.

Write seven sentences, limiting the subject or object by the possessive case of one of the following nouns :

Elephant, swan, hawk, sparrow, summer, winter, father, mother, uncle, aunt, John, Samuel, Celia, Harriet, Jackson, teacher, doctor, pupil, merchant.

Models. An elephant's tusks are white. A swan's movements are graceful.

Write seven sentences, limiting the subject or object, or both, by a noun in apposition.

Models. Mr. Sledge, the blacksmith, is sick. Wilson, the burglar, robbed Wilson, the banker.

Analyze the sentences you have written.

174. ADVERBIAL ELEMENT.

An Adverbial Element is a word or group of words used to modify a verb, participle, adjective, or adverb. Ex. The stranger was very kind. The wind blows fiercely. Come here. Who goes there?

Rem. I.-Adverbial elements, when they modify the meaning of verbs, usually denote some circumstance of time, place, cause, degree, or manner.

Ex.--He calls frequently. There is no night there. Why are you angry? The teacher labored faithfully.

Rem. 2.-Adverbial elements, which modify the manner of the assertion, and not the predicate itself, are called modal adverbs.

Ex. He has not come. Perhaps I shall go. He was absent, probably. He will certainly resign.

175. MODELS FOR ANALYSIS.

XIV. "He is strictly honest."

This is a sentence; declarative; simple.

He is the subject; honest is the predicate. The predicate is modified by strictly, an adverbial element.

XV. "The sun shines brightly."

This is a sentence; declarative; simple.

Sun is the subject; shines is the predicate. The subject is modified by the, an adjective element; the predicate by brightly, an adverbial element.

XVI. "He is not handsome."

This is a sentence; declarative; simple.

He is the subject; handsome is the predicate. The copula is is modified by not, an adverbial element.

176. EXERCISES IN ANALYSIS.

1. The birds sing sweetly. 2. We struck the vessel just amidships. 3. I now demand your votes. 4. He formerly lived here. 5. The fire went out. 6. He seems very sad. 7. The boy wrote the letter carelessly. 8. They have been long absent. 9. I shall certainly defend you.

SYNTAX-ELEMENTS.

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178. ATTENDANT ELEMENTS.

Attendant or Independent Elements are words or expressions not used as principal or subordinate elements of the sentences in which they are found. They are·

1. Nouns and pronouns in the nominative absolute case; as, "Children, obey your parents;" "Rome, her glory has departed;" "He having arrived, we returned."

2. Interjections and nouns used in broken exclamations; as, "Pshaw, what nonsense!" Wretched man that I am!"

3. Expletives, and words used to introduce sentences in a peculiar way; as, "Now, Barabbas was a robber; " "There is no report of any disaster;" "It is a shameful thing to tell a lie."

4. All phrases and clauses which have no perceptible connection with the rest of the sentence.

Rem.-Attendant elements should be omitted in the analysis of the sentences containing them. They have no grammatical connection with other words, except in certain constructions in which they are used as antecedents of pronouns. Sometimes the entire group of words of which they form a part has the force of an adverbial element.

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Ex.-"Gad, a troop shall overcome him." The attendant element 'Gad," is the antecedent of the pronoun "him." "They having left, order was restored." The attendant element "they," is connected with "having left," and the combination has the force of the adverbial clause "after they left.”

179. WORDS, PHRASES, AND CLAUSES.

1. Elements are divided into three classes: Words, Phrases, and Clauses.

2. An element may consist of a single word.