First . . . is an adjective; definitive; numeral; it denotes number: ordinal; it marks the position of an object in a series: it can not be compared, and belongs to "engravings." Rule XII.

Two is an adjective; definitive; numeral; cardinal; it denotes the number of objects: it can not be compared, and belongs to "engravings." Rule XII.

American is an adjective; descriptive; it can not be compared, and belongs to "scenes." Rule XII.

Harvest is an adjective; descriptive; it can not be compared, and belongs to scenes." Rule XII.

IV. "The weather is pleasant."

Pleasant. is an adjective; descriptive; compared, pos. pleasant, comp. more pleasant; sup. most pleasant: positive degree, and belongs to "weather." Rule XII.

55. EXERCISES.

Parse the nouns and adjectives in the following sentences:

1. A loud report was heard. 2. Fearful storms sweep over these beautiful islands. 3. Life is but a vapor. 4. These walks are quiet and secluded. 5. I feel sad and lonely. 6. The fields look green. 7. He took a twofold view of the subject. 8. Either road leads to town. 9. Each soldier was a host in himself. 10. Both horses are lame. 11. Such a law is a dis

grace to any state. 12. Repeat the first four lines in concert. 13. "My drowsy powers, why sleep ye so?" 14. "One story is good until another is told." 15. The Australian gold-fields are very extensive. 16. The floor was formed of six-inch boards.

17. None think the great unhappy but the great.-Young. 18. Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting. — Wordsworth. 19. To make a long story short, the company broke up and returned to the more important concerns of the election.Irving. 20. Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled

front-Shakespeare. 21. For nine long years, session after session, we have been lashed round and round this miserable circle of occasional arguments and miserable expedients.-Burke. 22. Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of power.-Byron.

23. Can storied urn, or animated bust

Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?-Gray.

24. With secret course, which no loud storms annoy, Glides the smooth current of domestic joy.—Johnson. 25. My opening eyes with rapture see

The dawn of this returning day.

26. With many a weary step, and many a groan,

Up the high hill he heaves a huge round stone.-Pope.

56. CAUTIONS.

Caution I.-Do not use a before vocals, or an before subvocals and aspirates.

Ex.--1. An hundred cents make one dollar. 2. Mr. Perry is an humorous person. 3. She is an heroine. 4. We traveled through a open country. 5. We are now a united people. 6. That is a historical fact. (Use an before h when the following syllable is accented.)

Caution II.-Omit the article before a word used as a title or as a mere name.

Ex.-1. A rascal formerly meant a servant. 2. He is a better mechanic than a sailor. 3. They gave him the title of a duke. 4. We shall vote for Mr. Webster as a senator. 5. What kind of a man is he? 6. I have a sort of a misgiving about it.

Caution III.-Observe that the denotes a particular one, or is used to distinguish one class or species from another, and that a denotes one, but not a particular

one.

Ex.-1. The dime is the tenth part of the dollar. 2. An eagle is the bird of prey. 3. A telephone is a modern invention. 4. The subject of his lecture was a steam engine. 5. A lion is the king of beasts. 6. A horse which you saw belongs to me.

Caution IV. Do not use them for these, this here for this, or that 'ere for that.

Ex.-1. He bought ten of them horses. 2. I do not like this here weather. 3. What have you done with that 'ere umbrella? 4. Did you put them books on that 'ere table? 5. I wish you Iwould write them rules on the blackboard.

Caution V. Avoid double comparatives and superlatives.

Ex.-1. He seems more cheerfuller to-day. 2. He is the most miserablest man I ever saw. 3. More sharper than a serpent's tooth is vile ingratitude. 4. That is far more preferable than to be imprisoned. 5. Worser evils than poverty can be imagined. 6. "This was the most unkindest cut of all."

Caution VI. In most constructions, place ordinal adjectives before cardinals.

Ex.-1. Sing the two first and the three last verses. 2. I built the five first houses on that street. 3. Repeat the three first rules. 4. You may have cherries on the two first trees in the three first

rows.

Caution VII.-Do not use adverbs as adjectives.

Ex.-1. We have arrived safely. 2. I feel badly this morning. 3. The country looks beautifully in June. 4. Things now look more favorably. 5. This rose smells sweetly. 6. The relative should be placed as nearly as possible to its antecedent.

Caution VIII.-Use such adjectives as express the exact meaning intended.

Ex.-1. I will sell either of the four boats for ten dollars. 2. Neither of my three brothers went to college. 3. He paid all of the laborers two dollars a day. 4. None of the two horses pleases me. 5. They worship both the sun, moon, and stars. 6. Every member are expected to contribute liberally. 7. Such as desire may remain. 8. There were not fewer than twenty tons of sugar in the warehouse when it was burned. 9. There are less boys in school now than formerly.

THE PRONOUN.

57. ORAL LESSON.

Notice what I write: "John took John's hat, and put John's hat on John's desk." Do you think this is a correct sentence? Ans.-No, sir, we do not. What words are unnecessarily repeated? Ans.-"John" and "hat." Write the sentence on your slates as you think it should be written. Sarah, you may read what you have written. (Sarah reads "John took his hat, and put it on his desk." The teacher writes it on the blackboard.) Now, the words used in the place of "John" and "hat" are called Pronouns, which means “instead of nouns.” What shall we call all words used instead of nouns? Ans.— Pronouns.

I will write again: "I write, you read, but he whispers." What are the words "I," "you," and "he"? Ans.-Pronouns. Why? Ans.-Because they are used instead of nouns. What person is "I"? Ans.-First person, because it stands for the person speaking. What person is "you"? Ans.-Second person, because it stands for the person spoken to. What person is "he?" Ans.-Third person, because it stands for the person spoken of. Those words which show by their form the person of the nouns they represent are called Personal Pronouns. What kind of pronouns are these words? Ans.-Personal Pronouns.

Write this sentence: "The man who was with me is a lawyer." What is "me"? Ans. A pronoun, What other pronoun is there in the sentence? Ans.-" Who." That is right-and what word does "who" stand for? Ans.-Man. But "who" can be used to represent the first, second, or third person; as, "I who speak to you;" "You who listen;" "He who whispers." It does not change its form to denote person, but relates to some noun, and must be of the same person and number as the noun to which it relates. It is therefore called a Relative Pronoun. What shall we call all similar words? Ans.-Relative Pronouns.

Write this sentence: "Who has lost a pencil?" The word "who" is here used in asking a question. We will call it an

Interrogative Pronoun. What shall we call those pronouns which are used in a similar manner? Ans.-Interrogative Pronouns.

Write this sentence: That book is mine." What two words can I use instead of "mine"? Ans." My book." "Mine," then, stands for both the possessor and the thing possessed. We will call it a Possessive Pronoun. What shall we call all words used in a similar manner? Ans.-Possessive Pronouns.

58. DEFINITION.

1. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun; as, his book, my house; "Whom did you see?"

2. The Antecedent of a pronoun is the noun, or equivalent expression, instead of which the pronoun is used. It usually precedes, but sometimes follows, the

pronoun.

Ex. "The poor widow lost her only son." Here “widow” is the antecedent of "her." "True to his flag, the soldier braved even death." "Soldier" is the antecedent of "his."

3. The Antecedent may be a noun, a different pronoun, a phrase, or a clause.

Ex.-"A pupil that is studious will learn." Pupil" is the antecedent of "that." "He who runs may read." "He" is the antecedent of "who." "He desired to pray, but it was denied him." "To pray” is the antecedent of “it.” “He has squandered his money, and he now regrets it." "He has squandered his money " is the ante

cedent of "it."

4. The Antecedent may be omitted; in which case it is said to be understood.

Ex.-"Who steals my purse steals trash." "The person," or "he,” understood, is the antecedent of "who."

59. PROPERTIES.

1. The Properties of a pronoun are Gender, Person, Number, and Case.