2. John was astonished at

3. William saw a meteor. 4. A meteor was seen. written a letter. 6. That poem was written by Sax should have waited longer. 8. The heavens declare of God. 9. He found the money.

Rem. The participle is so called from its partakin properties of a verb and of an adjective or a nou the attributive part of the verb, used without asse is not a verb, consequently neither mode nor tense to it. It simply denotes continuance or completion of being, or state, relatively to the time denoted by t cipal verb of the sentence in which it is found.

2. There are three Participles: the Present, th fect, and the Compound. The present and th pound have both an active and a passive form a The perfect has an active and a passive use.

3. The Present Participle denotes the continua action, being, or state; as, loving, being loved.

Rem. The present participle always ends in ing. It r used as an assumed attribute, or be affirmed of a s In the sentence, "Leaning my head upon my hand, I

1st. As an adjective; as, "Twinkling stars." When thus used, it is called a participial adjective; and when it denotes a quality rather than an act, it usually admits of comparison; as, "A most loving companion."

2d. As a noun; as, "I am fond of reading.". "Reading," in this sentence, is a participial noun, and is the object of the preposition "of." By some grammarians, a participial noun is called an "infinitive in ing," or a "gerund."

3d. As a noun, with the modifications of a verb; as, "Describing a past event as present, has a fine effect in language.' In this sentence, the participial noun "describing" is modified by "events," an objective element. Participial nouns may also be modified by adverbs; as, "I am fond of traveling rapidly." Here, "traveling" is modified by "rapidly," an adverbial element.

4. The Perfect Participle denotes the completion of action, being, or state; as, seen, appointed.

Rem. This participle generally ends in d, ed, t, n, or en. It is frequently used as an adjective, but never as a noun, and is usually, but not always, found in compound forms of the verb.

Ex.-" He died, loved by all;" "Her promise, made cheerfully, was kept faithfully;" "I have written a letter; "You should have known better;" "That house was built in 1780."

5. The Compound Participle denotes the completion of action, being, or state, at or before the time represented by the principal verb; as, “Having written the letter, he 'mailed it."

Rem. This participle is formed by placing having or having been before the perfect participle; as, "Having bought the horse, he went home;" "The lessons having been recited, the school was dismissed." It may be used as a noun; as, "I am accused of having plotted treason;" "He is charged with having been engaged in the slave-trade." It is also formed by placing having been before the present participle; as, "Having been loving."

88. EXERCISES.

Give the present, perfect, and compound participles of the following verbs:

Rely, find, help, study, recite, inquire, answer, plow, cultivate, join, emulate, spell, grow, paint, resemble, hope, suffer, sit, see, go, come, lay, arrive, exhaust, enjoy, write, read, learn, ventilate.

Write five sentences, each containing a present participle.

Model." Mary is studying her lesson."

Write five sentences, each containing a perfect participle.

Models. "I have learned my lesson." "The army, flushed with victory, marched onward."

Write five sentences, each containing a present and a perfect participle. Model.—“A boy playing on the sea-shore, found an oar lost from a boat."

Write five sentences, each containing a compound participle.

Model." The notes having been paid, the mortgage was canceled."

Write five sentences, each containing a participial adjective.

Model.-"Rolling stones gather no moss.'

Write five sentences, each containing a participial noun.

Models. "Skating is good exercise."

"Much depends upon

his observing the rule."

89. ORDER OF PARSING.

1. A Participle, and why?

2. From what verb is it derived?

3. Present, perfect, or compound, and why?

4. To what does it belong?

5. Rule.

Howling.

Written

90. MODELS FOR PARSING.

I. "I heard the wolves howling in the forest."

is a participle: it partakes of the properties of a verb and of an adjective: it is derived from the verb "howl:" present participle; it denotes continuance: it belongs to "wolves." Rule XII.

II. "Take this letter, written by myself."

is a participle: it is derived from the verb "write:" perfect participle; it denotes completion: it belongs to "letter." Rule XII.

III. "The train having left, we returned home."

is a participle: it is derived from the verb "leave:" compound participle; it denotes the completion of an act before the time represented by the principal verb: it belongs to "train." Rule XII.

IV. “Their leader having been killed, the robbers fled."

Having been killed is a participle: it is derived from the verb "kill.” compound participle: it belongs to "leader." Rule XII.

V. "Whispering is forbidden."

is a noun; participial; it is derived from the verb "whisper:" neuter gender; third person; singular number; nominative case. Rule I.

91. EXERCISES.

Parse the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and participles in the following

sentences:

1. I have heard the bells tolling. 2. He saw the letter opened. 3. Gambling is a crime. 4. Boys like running, jump

ing, and skating 5. The vessel anchored in the b her sails. 6. Having sold my farm, I shall remo 7. The burning of the capitol was a wanton outrage you not seen strong men weeping? 9. The gene been captured, the army was defeated. 10. Your here would ruin us all.

11. Said but once, said but softly, not marked at revive before me in darkness and solitude.-De Quin man hardened in depravity would have been per tented with an acquittal so complete, announced in so gracious.-Macaulay.

13. I heard the ripple washing in the reeds,

And the wild water lapping on the crags.-Ten

14. Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing,

Onward through life he goes,

Something, attempted, something done,
Has earned a night's repose.-Longfellow.

2. They are: do, be, have, shall, will, may, can

Rem. I.-Do, be, have, and will are often used as p

verbs; as, 'He does well;' "I am;" We have ca

anxieties: "He willed me a thousand dollars."

Rem. 2.-The auxiliaries were originally used as p verbs, followed by the infinitives of what are now call principal verbs; as, "I can [to] read;" "You may [to "He has [to] come." The sign to is now dropped, a infinitive is regarded as the principal verb; the aux