SNOW

flake which falls is composed of a number of minute crystals of ice, which present countless modifications of the hexagonal system. They have great diversities of density, and display innumerable varieties of the most beautiful forms. These crystals adhere together to form an irregular cluster; and consequently the incident rays of light, which are refracted and reflected so as to present individually the prismatic colours, are scattered after reflection in all directions, and combine to give to the eye the colour sensation of white. When sufficient pressure is applied the slightly adhering crystals are brought into true molecular contact, when the snow, losing its white colour, assumes the form of ice. Snow answers many valuable purposes in the economy of nature. Accumulated upon high regions it serves to feed, by its gradual melting, streams of running water, which a sudden increase of water, in the form of rain, would convert into destructive torrents or standing pools; and in many countries it tempers the burning heats of summer by cooling the breezes which pass over it. In severer climates it serves as a defence against the rigours of winter by protecting vegetation from the frost, and by affording a shelter to animals which bury themselves under it. Even in more temperate climates it is found that vegetation suffers more from an open winter than when the fields, during that season, lie hid beneath a snowy covering; for as snow is a slow conductor of heat a coating of it prevents the earth from parting quickly with its warmth, and at the same time protects it from the cold of the atmosphere.-Red snow. See PROTOCOCCUS. 2. Something that resembles snow, as white blossoms. The scent of the elder bushes which were spreading their summer snow close to the open window opposite.' George Eliot-Snow is often used in the formation of compounds, many of which are self-explanatory, as snow-capped, snow-crowned, snowmantled, and the like.

Snow (sno), n. [D. snaauw, a kind of boat, from LG. snau, a snout, a beak.] A vessel equipped with two masts, resembling the main and fore masts of a ship, and a third small mast just abaft and close to the mainmast, carrying a try-sail. It is identical with a brig, except that the brig bends her fore and aft main-sail to the main-mast, while the snow bends it to the try-sail mast. Snow (sno), v. i. To fall in snow: used chiefly impersonally; as, it snows; it snowed yester

day.

Snow (sno), v. t. To scatter or cause to fall like snow. Till age snow white hairs on

thee' Donne.

Let it thunder to the tune of Green Sleeves, hail kissing-comfits and snow eringoes. Shak. Snow-apple (sno'ap-1), n. A species of apple.

Snow-ball (snō'bal), n.

121

Snow-boot (sno'böt), n. A boot intended to protect the foot from snow; specifically, a kind of golosh with an india-rubber sole and felt uppers covering the boot worn inside of it.

Snow-broth (snō'broth), n. Snow and water mixed; very cold liquor. A man whose blood is very snow-broth.' Shak Snow-bunting (sno bunt-ing), n. The popular name of Emberiza or Plectrophanes nivalis, a gregarious passerine bird belong. ing to the bunting family, a native of the arctic regions. In winter it visits Britain and other temperate regions, and is supposed to be the harbinger of severe weather. On its first arrival in this country it is very lean, but quickly grows fat, and is then excellent eating. It sings very sweetly, sitting on the ground; and does not perch, but runs about like the lark. It is about 7 inches in length; the back and part of the wings are dark black-brown, and the whole of the remaining feathers are pure snowy white. They generally congregate in little flocks, and may be seen scudding over the snow-clad hills, their black wings and tail contrasting strangely with the pure white surface over which they pass. Called also Snow-fleck.

Snowd, Snowding (snoud, snoud'ing), n. [Icel. snúdr, a twist, a twirl, snúa, to twist. See SNOOD.] A thin hempen cord having a hook attached, suspended to deep-sea fishing-lines.

Snow-drift (sno'drift), n. A drift of snow; snow driven by the wind; also, a bank of snow driven together by the wind. Snowdrop (sno'drop), n. A well-known garden plant of the genus Galanthus, the G. nivalis, nat. order Amaryllidaces. It bears solitary, drooping, and elegant flowers, white, which appear in February. It is naturalized in Britain, and found in woods, orchards, meadows, pastures, &c. - Snowdrop tree, the common name of shrubs of the genus Halesia. They are beautiful shrubs, with alternate ovate-oblong leaves and white drooping flowers. Snow-eyes (snō'iz), n. pl. A contrivance used by the Esquimaux as a preventive to snow-blindness. They are made of extremely light wood, with a bridge resting on the nose like spectacles, and a narrow slit for the passage of the light.

Snow-fed (suō'fed), a. Originated or aug. mented by melted snow; as, a snow-fed

Also,

Snow-ball (sno'bal), v. i. To throw snow-balls. Snow-berry (sno'be-ri), n. The popular name of tropical American shrubs of the genus Chiococca, nat. order Rubiacere, suborder Cinchonete. Several of the species possess active medicinal properties. The fruit consists of snow-white berries. and in England more usually, applied to Symphoricarpos (which see). Snow-bird (sno'bérd), n. A popular name applied to several species of birds, such as the Fringilla nivalis of Europe, the Fringilla hiemalis of America, and the snowbunting (which see).

Snow-blanket (sno'blang-ket), n. A farmers' name for such a covering of snow as protects, or materially contributes to protect, vegetation from the severity of the weather.

Snow-blind (suô'blind), a. Affected with Stow-blindness.

anow-blindness (snö'blind-nes), n. An affection of the eyes caused by the reflection of light from the snow. Snow-blink (sno'blingk), n. The peculiar reflection that arises from fields of ice or STOW. Called also Snow-light.

Snow-flood (sno'flud), n. A flood from melted snow.

Snow-goose (snö'gös), n. A web-footed bird, the Anser hyperboreus, inhabiting the arctic regions. It is of a white colour, except the tops of the wing-quills, which are black, with red legs and bill. Its flesh is esteemed excellent.

Snow-hut (snō'hut), n. A hut built of snow; a snow-house used by the Esquimaux, &c. Snowish (sno'ish), a. Resembling snow; white like snow; snowy. 'Her snowish neck. Warner. [Rare.] Snowless (suō'les), a. Destitute of snow. Snow-light (sno'lit), n. See SNOW-BLINK.

The blink or snow-light of field-ice is the most lucid, and is tinged with yellow; of packed ice it is pure white; ice newly formed has a greyish blink: and a deep yellow tint indicates snow on land. Page. Snowlike (snō'lik), a. Resembling snow. Snow-limbed (sno'limd), a. Having limbs white like snow. The snow-limb'd Eve from whom she came.' Tennyson. Snow-line (snō'lin), n. The limit of perpetual snow, or the line above which mountains are covered with perpetual snow. Since the temperature of the atmosphere continually diminishes, as we ascend from the lower into the higher strata, there must be in every latitude a certain limit of elevation at which the temperature of the air is reduced to the freezing-point. This limit is called the snow-line, or line of perpetual congelation, and the mountains which rise above it are always covered with snow. The snow-line varies according to latitude, being highest near the equator and lowest near

SNUB

the poles. Local circumstances, however, affect it, as the configuration of the country, the quantity of snow falling annually, the nature of the prevalent winds, &c. From these circumstances the snow-line is at different heights in the same latitude. Snow-mould (sno'mold), n. A fungous plant, the Lanosa nivalis, which grows beneath snow, on grasses and cereal crops. It is especially injurious to barley and rye. Snow-plant (sno'plant), n. The popular name of a genus (Protococcus) of microscopic algæ, which grow in snow and give it the appearance of being coloured. See PRO

TOCOCCUS.

Snow-plough, Snow-plow (sno'plou), n. An implement for clearing away the snow from roads, railways, &c. There are two kinds: one adapted to be hauled by horses, oxen, &c., on a common highway; the other to be placed in front of a locomotive to clear the rails of snow. A variety of the latter is adapted to street tramways. The snowplough for ordinary country roads usually consists of boards framed together so as to form an acute angle in front, and spread out behind to any required distance. The angular point or edge is made to enter the snow, and the machine being propelled by horses harnessed to the centre framework, the snow is thrown off by the boards to the sides of the road, and thus a free passage is opened up for wheel-carriages, &c. For railway purposes snow-ploughs are of various forms, adapted to the character of the country, the amount of snowfall, the tendency to drift, &c.

Snow-shoe (snö'shö), n. A kind of flat shoe or racket, either made of wood alone, or consisting of a light frame crossed and re

Snow-shoe.

crossed by thongs, the broad surface of which prevents the wearer from sinking in the snow. Snow-shoes are usually from 3 to 4 feet in length, and from 1 to 14 foot broad across the middle.

A thin, elastic Snow-skate (sno'skāt), n. piece of wood, about 6 feet long, and as broad as the foot, used by the Lapps for skating on the snow, and to some extent by the Swedes and Norwegians. A large mass of Snow-slip (sno'slip), n. snow which slips down the side of a mountain. Snow-storm (snō'storm), n. A storm with a heavy, drifting fall of snow. Snow-water (sno'wa-tér), n. Water produced from the melting of snow. Snow-white (sno'whit), a. White as snow; very white. Your snow-white goodly steed." Shak. 'A snow-white ram.' Wordsworth. Snow-wreath (snō'reth), n. An accumulation of snow of some considerable length and height.

Snowy (sno'i), a. 1. White like snow.

So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows As yonder lady o'er her fellows shows. Shak. 2. Abounding with snow; covered with snow. 'The snowy top of cold Olympus.' Milton. 3. White; pure; spotless; unblemished.

There did he lose his snowy innocence. John Hall. Snub (snub), v. t. pret. & pp. snubbed; ppr. snubbing. The first meaning is probably the original, viz. to nip or snap short; appearing also in Dan. snubbe, to snap or snip off; Icel. snubbóttr, nipped or cut short; Prov. E. snub, a snag, a short stump of wood. In meaning 2 it may be directly from Icel. snubba, to snub, to chide, the older E. form being snib, snybbe. The root is no doubt that of snap, and snip, snape, sneap, snipe, are kindred forms.] 1. To nip; to check in growth; to stunt.

Trees . . . whose heads and boughs I have ob serv'd to run out far to landward, but toward the sea, to be so snubbed by the winds as if their boughs had been pared or shaven off on that side. Ray.

2. To check; to reprimand; to check, stop, or rebuke with a tart sarcastic reply or remark.

We frequently see the child... in spight of being neglected, snubbed, and thwarted at home, acquire a behaviour which makes it as agreeable to all the rest of the world, as, &c.

Tatler.

SNUB

3. To slight designedly; to treat with contempt or neglect, as a forward or pretentious person. To snub a cable (naut.), to check it suddenly in running out.

Snub (snub), n. [See SNUB, v.t.] 1. A knot or protuberance in wood; a snag. 2. A check; a rebuke.-3. A nose flat at the bridge, and broad and somewhat turned up at the tip.

My father's nose was aquiline, and mine is a snub.
Marryatt.

Snub (snub), v.i. [Allied to snob. Comp.
O.G. snuben, Mod. G. schnauben, to pant.]
To sob with convulsions. Bailey.
Snub-nose (snub'nöz), n. A short or flat

in quiet. G. Herbert.

Snudget (snuj), n. A miser, or a sneaking fellow. The life of a covetous smudge.' Ascham.

Snuff (snuf), v. t. [Onomatopoetic, like snore, sneeze, &c.; D. snuffen, snuiven, to snuff, to snuff up; snuf, a sniffing scent; Dan. snöfte, to snort, to snuff or sniff; G. schnupfen, to snuff; E. to snift.] 1. To draw in with the breath; to inhale; as, to snuff the wind. To snuff the vital air.' Dryden.-2. To scent; to smell; to perceive by the nose. Dryden. 3. To crop the snuff, as of a candle; to take off the end of the snuff.-To snuff out, to extinguish by snuffing; to annihilate; to obliterate.

'Tis strange the mind, that very fiery particle, Should let itself be snuffed out by an article. Byron. Snuff (snuf), v. i. 1. To snort; to inhale air with violence or with noise, as dogs and horses.

The fury fires the pack, they snuff, they vent,
And feed their hungry nostrils with the scent.
Dryden.

2. To turn up the nose and inhale air in contempt; to sniff contemptuously. Mal. i. 13.-3. To take offence.

Do the enemies of the church rage, and suff, and breathe nothing but threats and death? Bp. Hall. Snuff (snuf), n. [From the verb.] 1. Inhalation by the nose; a sniff.-2. † Smell; scent; odour.

The Immortal, the Eternal wants not the snuff of mortal incense for his, but for our sakes. Stukely. 3. Resentment; huff, expressed by a snuffing of the nose.

Jupiter took snuff at the contempt, and punished him. Sir R. L'Estrange. -To take a thing in snuff, to be angry at it; to take offence at it.

For I tell you true, I take it highly in snuff to learn how to entertain gentlefolks of you at these B. Jonson.

years.

4. A powdered preparation of tobacco inhaled through the nose. It is made by grinding, in mortars or mills, the chopped leaves and stalks of tobacco in which fermentation has been induced by moisture and warmth. The tobacco is well dried previous to grinding, and this is carried sometimes so far as to give to the snuff the peculiar flavour of the high-dried snuffs, such as the Irish, Welsh, and Scotch. Some varieties, as the rappees, are moist. The admixture of different flavouring agents and delicate scents has given rise to fanciful names for snuffs, which, the flavour excepted, are identical. Dry snuffs are often adulterated with quicklime, and the moist kinds with ammonia, hellebore, pearl-ash, &c.-Up to snuff, knowing; sharp; wideawake; not likely to be imposed upon. [Slang.]-5. The burning part of a candle wick, or that which has been charred by the flame, whether burning or not.

Donne.

For even at first life's taper is a snuff Lamentable To hide me from the radiant sun, and solace I' the dungeon by a snuff. Shak. Snuff-box (snuf'boks), n. A box for carrying snuff about the person. Snuff-boxes are made of every variety of pattern, and of an endless variety of materials. Snuff-dipping (snuf'dip-ing), n. A mode of taking tobacco practised by some of the lower class of women in the United States of America, consisting of dipping a sort of brush among snuff, and rubbing the teeth and gums with it.

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Snuff-dish (snuf'dish), n. Among the Jews, a dish for the snuff of the lamps of the tabernacle.

The snuff-dishes thereof shall be of pure gold. Ex. xxv. 38. Snuffer (snuf'èr), n. 1. One that snuffs.2. pl. An instrument for cropping the snuff of a candle. Snuffer-dish, Snuffer-tray (snuf'er-dish, snuf'ér-trá), n. A small stand of metal, papier-mâché, &c., for holding snuffers. Snuffle (snuf'l), v. i, pret. & pp. snuffled; ppr. snuffling. [Freq. of snuff; L.G. snuffeln, D. snuffelen, Sw. snufla, to snuffle. See SNUFF, SNIVEL.] To speak through the nose; to breathe hard through the nose, or through the nose when obstructed. Snuffling at nose and croaking in his throat.' Dryden. Snuffle (snuf'l), n. 1. A sound made by the passage of air through the nostrils. A snort or snuffle. Coleridge.-2. Speaking through the nose; an affected nasal twang; hence,

cant.

Snuffler (snuf'l-ér), n.

One who snuffles or speaks through the nose when obstructed. Snuffles (snuf'lz), n. pl. Obstruction of the nose by mucus; a malady of dogs. Snuff-mill (snuf'mil), n. A mill or machine for grinding tobacco into the powder known as snuff.

Snuff-taker (snuf'tāk-ér), n. One who takes snuff, or inhales it into the nose. Snuff-taking (snuf'tāk-ing), n. The act or practice of taking or inhaling snuff into the

nose.

Snuffy (snuf’i), a. 1. Resembling snuff in colour.-2. Soiled with snuff, or smelling of it. [Familiar.]-3. Offended; displeased. [Scotch.]

Snug (snug), v.i. pret. & pp. snugged; ppr. snugging. [Prov. E. snug, handsome; Icel. snöggr, short-haired, smooth; O. Dan. snog, Sw. snygg, neat, elegant. The succession of meanings would seem to be smooth, neat, compact, lying close. Perhaps from same root as snag.] To lie close; to snuggle; as, a child snugs to its mother or nurse. The loving couple lay snugging together. Sir R. L'Estrange. Snug (snug), v. t. To put in a snug position; to place snugly.

Every woman carries in her hand a stove, which, when she sits, she sings under her petticoats. Goldsmith.

Snug (snug), a 1. Lying close; closely pressed; as, an infant lies snug.-2. Close; concealed; not exposed to notice. 'When you lay snug, to snap young Damon's goat.' Dryden.

At Will's

Dibdin.

O'tis a snug little island, A right little, tight little island. Snuggery (snug′ér-i), n. A snug, warm habitation; a snug, comfortable place. In the snuggery inside the bar (of a publichouse).' Dickens. [Colloq.]

Here was a nice man to be initiated into the com. fortable arcana of ecclesiastical suggeries.

Trollope. Snuggle (snugl), v.i. pret. & pp. snuggled; ppr. snuggling. [A freq. and dim. from snug.] To move one way and the other to get a close place; to lie close for convenience or warmth; to cuddle; to nestle.

Snugify (snug'i-fi), v.t. To make snug. [Ludicrous.]

Coleridge, I devoutly wish that Fortune, who has made sport with you so long, may play one freak more, throw you into London, or some spot near it, and there snugify you for life. Lamb. Snugly (snug'li), adv. In a snug manner; closely; comfortably.

Snugness (snug'nes), n. The state or quality of being snug.

Snusht (snush), n. Same as Snuff. Sny (sni), n. In ship-building, (a) a gentle bend in timber curving upward. (b) The trend of the lines of a ship upward from amidship toward the bow and the stern. Snying (sni'ing), n. In ship-building, a circular plank, placed edgewise, to work in the bows of a ship.

So (so), adv. [A particle common to the Teutonic languages; O. E. and Sc. sa, swa, swo, A. Sax. swa, so, as; Icel. svá, later svo, so, Goth. sva, sve, L.G. and G. so, D. 200. A word of pronominal origin (comp. A. Sax. se masc., seo fem., the, that), and still retaining somewhat of its pronominal character. The s of as is this word mutilated.

It ap

SO

pears also in also, whosoever, &c.] 1. In that manner; to that degree; in such manner or to such degree as indicated in any way, or as implied, or as supposed to be known. She that you gaze on so." Shak 'Give thanks you have lived so long.' Shak.

Why is his chariot so long in coming? Judg. v. 28, 2. In like manner or degree; in the way that; for like reason; with equal reason; thus: used correlatively, following as (sometimes inasmuch as), to denote comparison or resemblance.

As a war should be undertaken upon a just motive so a prince should consider the condition he is in when he enters on it. Swift.

3. In such a manner; to such a degree: used correlatively with as or that following; as, he was so fortunate as to escape; it was so weak that it could not support the weight.

So glad of this as they I cannot be. Shak So frowned the mighty combatants that hell Grew darker at their frown. Millon.

Formerly it was often followed by an infinitive denoting the effect without as. No woman's heart so big to hold so much.' Shak. 4. In such a degree as cannot be very well expressed; in a high degree; extremely; very; as, it is so beautiful; you are so kind; things turned out so well. [Rather colloq.] 5. As has been said or stated: used pronominally with reflex reference to something just asserted or implied; implying the sense of a word or sentence going before or following, and used to avoid repetition.

Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. Gen. i. 9.

7. Be it so; so let it be; it is well; it is good; it is all right: supplying the place of a whole sentence, and used to express acquiescence, assent, or approbation.

And when 'tis writ, for my sake read it over, And if it please you, se; if not, why, so. Shak

8. The case being such; accordingly; well: used as an expletive; as, so you are here again, are you?

Why, if it please you, take it for your labour;
And so, good morrow, servant.

Shak

9. Do you mean what you say? is it thus? as, he leaves us to-day. So? [Colloq.]-10. Implying a manner, degree, or quantity, not expressly mentioned, but hinted at, and left to guessing; anything like this or that; a little more or less; somewhere about this: sometimes used as an expletive. A grey eye or so, but not to the purpose.' Shak.

I will take occasion of sending one of my suits to the tailor's to have the pocket repaired or se B. Jonson.

A week or so will probably reconcile us. Gay. My joints are somewhat stiff or so. Tennyson. 11. Often used in wishes and asseverations, and frequently with an ellipsis; as, I declare I did not, so help me Heaven! (That is, may Heaven so help me as I speak truth).

Never, Paulina; so be blest my spirit! -So as,t such as.

Shak.

-So far forth,† to such a degree or extent; as far. Giving commendation to them so jar forth as they were worthy to be commended.' The Translators of the Bible to the Reader. -So forth, so on, further in the same or a similar manner; more of the same or a similar kind; et cetera. 'Manhood, learning, and so forth. Shak.-So much as, however much; whatever the quantity or degree may be. So much as you admire the beauty of his verse, his prose is full as good. Pope. -So so, indifferent or indifferently; middling or middlingly; mediocre; in an ordinary or indifferent manner or degree: used adjec

rang again.

And when the ark... came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth 1 Sam. iv. 5. -So then, thus then it is that; the consequence is; therefore.

To a war are required a just quarrel, sufficient forces, and a prudent choice of the designs; so then, I will first justify the quarrel, balance the forces, and propound the designs. Bacon. So (so), conj. Provided that; on condition that; in case that.

So the doctrine be but wholesome and edifying ... though there should be a want of exactness in the marmer of speaking and reasoning it may be over. looked. Atterbury.

Though all the winds of doctrine were let loose to play upon the earth, so truth be in the field, we do injuriously, by licensing and prohibiting, to misdoubt her strength. Milton.

So (so), interj. will do! Soak (sok), v.t. [A. Sax. socian, to soak; probably from the Celtic, the root being that of L sugo, to suck. Comp. W. sug, a soaking, soch, a drain.] 1. To cause or suffer to lie in a fluid till the substance has imbibed what it can contain; to macerate in water or other fluid; to steep; as, to soak cloth; to soak bread-2 To drench; to wet thoroughly.

Stand still! stop! halt! that

Their land shall be soaked with blood. Is. xxxiv. 7.

3. To draw in by the pores, as the skin. Suppling thy stiffened joints with fragrant oil; Then in thy spacious garden walk awhile, To suck the moisture up and soak it in. Dryden. 4 To penetrate, work, or accomplish by wetting thoroughly: often with through. The rivulet beneath soaked its way obscurely through wreaths of snow. Sir W. Scott.

5. To suck; to exhaust; to drain. [Rare.] His feastings, wherein he was only sumptuous, could not but soak his exchequer. Wotton.

SYN. To steep, imbrue, drench, wet, macerate, saturate.

Soak (sok), v. i. 1 To lie steeped in water or other fluid; to steep: as, let the cloth lie and soak.-2. To enter into pores or interstices. Rain soaking into the strata... bears with it all such movable matter as occurs. Woodward.

3 To drink intemperately or gluttonously; to be given to excessive drinking. The idle chat of a soaking club. Locke. Soakage (sókáj), n. Act of soaking; fluid imbibed.

Soaker (sōk'ér), n. 1. One who or that which Boaks r macerates in a liquid; that which wets or drenches thoroughly.-2. A hard drinker. A painful, able, and laborious Baker who owes all his good-nature to the pot and the pipe.' South. Soaking (sok'ing), p. and a 1. Steeping; macerating-2 Imbibing; drinking intemperately.-3. Wetting thoroughly; as, a soaking rain.

Soaking (sök'ing), n. A wetting; a drenchIng.

Few in the ships escaped a good soaking. Cook. Soaky, Socky (sök'i), a. Moist on the surface; steeped in water; soggy. Soal (s1), n. Same as Sole. [Rare.] So-and-so (so'and-so). A certain person or thing, not mentioned by name; an indefinite person or thing; as, I saw Mr. So-and80 yesterday; will you do so-and-80! [Colloq.] | Soap (sop), n. [O.E. sope, Sc. saip, A. Sax. sape, Sw. sopa, LG. sepe, O.H.G. seifa, from same root as L. sebum, tallow; L. sapo, soap, appears to have been borrowed from the old German.] 1. A chemical compound of common domestic use for washing and cleansing, and also used in medicine, &c. It is a compound resulting from the combination of certain constituents derived from fats. oils, grease of various kinds both animal and vegetable, with certain salifiable bases, which in household soaps are potash and

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soda. Chemically speaking soap may be defined as a salt, more especially one of the alkaline salts of those acids which are present in the common fats and oils, and soluble soaps may be regarded as oleates, stearates, and margarates of sodium and potassium. There are many different kinds of soaps, but those commonly employed may be divided into three classes:-1. Fine white soaps, scented soaps, &c.; 2. Coarse household soaps; 3. Soft soaps. White soaps are generally combinations of olive oil and carbonate of soda. Perfumes are occasionally added, or various colouring matters stirred in while the soap is semifluid. Common household soaps are made chiefly of soda and tallow. Yellow soap is composed of tallow, resin, and soda, to which some palm-oil is occasionally added. Mottled soap is made by simply adding mineral and other colours during the manufacture of ordinary hard soap. Marine soap, which has the property of dissolving as well in saltwater as in fresh, is made of cocoa-nut oil, soda, and water. Soft soaps are generally made with potash instead of soda, and whale, seal, or olive oil, or the oils of linseed, hempseed, rape-seed, &c., with the addition of a little tallow. Excellent soaps are made from palm-oil and soda. Soap is soluble in pure water and in alcohol; the latter solution jellies when concentrated, and is known in medicine under the name of opodeldoc, and when evaporated to dryness it forms what is called transparent soap. Medicinal soap, when pure, is prepared from caustic soda, and either olive or almond oil. It is chiefly employed to form pills of a gently aperient antacid action.-2. Flattery. [Slang] Soap (sop), v.t. [From the noun.] 1. To rub or wash over with soap. 2. To flatter. [Slang.]

These Dear Jacks soap the people shameful, but we Cheap Jacks don't. We tell 'em the truth about themselves to their faces, and scorn to court 'em. Dickens.

Soapberry-tree (sõp'be-ri-trē), n. A tree of the genus Sapindus, the S. Saponaria. See SAPINDUS.

Soap-boiler (sõp'boil-ér), n. 1. One whose occupation is to make soap.-2. A soap-pan. Soap-boiling (sop'boil-ing), n. The business of boiling or manufacturing soap. Soap-bubble (sõp'bub-1), n. A thin film of soap-suds inflated by blowing through a pipe, and forming a hollow globe with beautiful iridescent colours.

Soap-cerate (sõp'sē-rāt), n. An ointment consisting of soap, olive-oil, white wax, and sub-acetate of lead, applied to allay inflammation.

Soap-engine (sõp ́en-jin), n. A machine upon which the slabs of soap are piled to be Weale. cross-cut into bars.

Soap-house (sõp'hous), n. A house or building in which soap is made. A lock of hair made Soap-lock (sõp❜lok), n. to lie smooth by soaping it. Soap-pan (sop'pan), n. A large pan or vessel, generally of cast-iron, used in the manufacture of soap to boil the ingredients to the desired consistency.

Soap-plant (sop'plant), n. A name common to several plants used in place of soap, as the Phalangium pomaridianum, a Californian plant, whose bulb, when rubbed on wet clothes, raises a lather, its smell somewhat resembling that of new brown soap. Soapstone (sõp'ston), n. A species of steatite.

Soap-suds (sop'sudz), n. pl. Suds; water well impregnated with soap.

Soap-test (sop'test), n. A test for determining the hardness of water by observing the quantity of curd thrown up by a solution of soap of known strength. Soap-work (sõp'wèrk), n. A place or building for the manufacture of soap. Soapwort (sõp'wèrt), n. A plant of the genus Saponaria. Common soapwort is S. officinalis. See SAPONARIA.

Soapy (sop'i), a. 1. Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soft and smooth.

Tar water... as a soapy medicine dissolves the grumous concretions of the fibrous part. Bp. Berkeley.

2. Smeared with soap-3. Fig. flattering; unctuous; glozing: said of persons, language, &c. (Colloq, or slang.]

Soar (sōr), v.i. [Fr. essorer, to expose to the air, hence to soar into the air as a falcon; from L. L. exaurare, to take to the air-L. ex, out, and aura, the air.] 1. To fly aloft, as a bird; to mount upward on wings or as

Valour soars above What the world calls misfortune. Addison. Soar (sōr), n. A towering flight; ascent. Within soar of towering eagles.' Milton, Soarant (sor'ant), a. In her. flying aloft; soaring.

Soar-falcon (sõr′fa-kn), n. A falcon of the first year; a sore-falcon.

Soave, Soavemente (so-vã, so-tvā-men”. ta). [It., sweet, sweetly, from L. suavis, sweet] In music, a term signifying that the piece to which it is prefixed is to be executed with sweetness.

Sob (sob), v. i. pret. & pp. sobbed; ppr. sobbing. [An A. Sax. form, seobgende, complaining, is mentioned, which points to a noun, seob, and a verb, seobian, akin to seófian, to sigh, G. seufzen, to sigh, E. sough and Sc. souf, all imitative words] To sigh with a sudden heaving of the breast or a kind of convulsive motion; to weep with convulsive catchings of the breath.

She sigh'd, she sobb'd, and furious with despair, She rent her garments, and she tore her hair. Dryden.

Sob (sob), n. A modification of the ordinary movements of breathing excited by mental emotion of a painful or sorrowful nature. It is the consequence of short convulsive contractions of the diaphragm, usually accompanied by a closure of the glottis, temporarily preventing the entrance of air into the lungs; a convulsive sigh.

Break, heart, or choke with sobs my hated breath. Dryden.

Sobt (sob), v.t. To soak. "The tree being sobbed and wet, swells.' Mortimer. Sobeit (so-be'it), conj. [So, be, it.] Provided that.

The heart of his friend cared little whither he went, sobeit he were not too much alone. Longfellow. Sober (so'ber), a. [Fr. sobre, from L. sobrius, sober, a word of uncertain origin.] 1. Temperate in the use of intoxicating liquors; habitually temperate; abstemious; as, a sober man. A sober, righteous, and godly life." Common Prayer.-2. Not intoxicated or overpowered by spirituous liquors; not drunk; as, the sot may at times be sober.

He that will go to bed sober Falls with the leaf still in October.

Beau. & Fl

3. Not mad or insane; not wild, visionary, or heated with passion; having the regular exercise of cool, dispassionate reason.

There was not a sober person to be had; all was Dryden. tempestuous and blustering.

No sober man would put himself in danger for the applause of escaping without breaking his neck. Dryden. 4. Not proceeding from or attended with passion or excitement; regular; calm. With such sober and unnoted passion.' Shak.

I consider biennial elections as a security that the sober, second thought of the people shall be law. Ames.

5. Serious; solemn; grave; sedate. What parts gay France from sober Spain? Prior. 6. Not bright, gay, or brilliant in appearance; dull-looking. 'If I do not put on a

sober habit.' Shak.

Twilight grey

Millon.

Had in her sober livery all things clad. SYN. Temperate, abstinent, abstemious, moderate, regular, steady, calm, cool, collected, dispassionate, unimpassioned, sedate, staid, serious, grave, solemn, sombre. Sober (so'ber), v.t. To make sober; as, (a) to cure of intoxication.

There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sobers us again. Pope. (b) To make temperate, calm, or solemn. 'Pathetic earnestness of supplication sobered by a profound reverence.' Macaulay. Sober (so'ber), v. i. To become sober, staid, or sedate: often with down. Vance gradually sobered down. Sober-blooded (sõ ́bèr-blud-ed), a. Free from passion or enthusiasm; cold-blooded; cool; calm.

This same young sober-blooded boy cannot make him laugh.

Lord Lytton.

a man Shak.

Soberize (so'bèr-iz), v. i. To become sober. Soberize (so'bér-iz), v.t. To make sober. Richardson.

SOBERLY

Soberly (so'ber-li), adv. In a sober manner; as, (a) without intemperance. (b) Without enthusiasm; temperately; moderately.

Let any prince think soberly of his forces except his militia of natives be valiant soldiers. Васон.

(c) Without intemperate passion; coolly; calmly.

Whenever children are chastised let it be done without passion and soberly. Locke.

(d) Gravely; seriously. Sober-minded (sō'bèr-mind-ed), a. Having a disposition or temper habitually sober, calm, and temperate.

Sober-mindedness (sõ′ber-mind-ed-nes), n. Calmness; freedom from inordinate passions; habitual sobriety.

Soberness (so'ber-nes), n. The state or quality of being sober; as, (a) freedom from intoxication; temperance. (b) Gravity; seriousness.

The soberness of Virgil might have shown him the difference. Dryden. (e) Freedom from heat and passion; calmness; coolness.

I am not mad, most noble Festus, but speak forth the words of truth and soberness. Acts xxvi. 25. Sober-suited (sõ' bêr-sût-ed), a. Clad in dark or sad-coloured garments; not gaily dressed. Thou sober-suited matron, all in black.' Shak.

Soboles (sob'ó-lēz), n. [L.] In bot. a creeping underground stem.

Soboliferous (sob-o-lif'êr-us), a. [L. soboles, a young shoot, and fero, to bear.] In bot. producing young plants from a creeping stem or soboles underground. Sobriety (so-bri'e-ti), n. [Fr. sobriété; L. sobrietas, from sobrius. See SOBER.] 1. Habitual soberness or temperance in the use of intoxicating liquors; abstemiousness; abstinence; as, a man of sobriety.

Sobriety hath obtained to signify temperance in drinking. Fer. Taylor, Blackstone.

Public sobriety is a relative duty. 2. Freedom from the influence of strong drink. 3. Habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or overheated imagination; calmness; coolness. 'Mild behaviour and sobriety.' Shak. 'The staidness and sobriety of age.' Dryden. 'The sobrieties of virtue.' South.-4. Seriousness; gravity without sadness or melancholy. Mirth makes them not mad, Nor sobriety sad. SYN. Soberness, temperance, abstinence, abstemiousness, moderation, regularity, steadiness, calmness, coolness, sober-mindedness, sedateness, staidness, gravity, seriousness, solemnity.

Denham.

Sobriquet (so-brẻ-kā), n. [Fr.] A nickname; a fanciful appellation. Often spelled according to an old French mode, Soubriquet.

The Moriscoes, who understood his character well, held him in terror, as they proved by the familiar so. briquet which they gave him of the iron-headed devil.' Prescott.

Soc, Soke (sok, sõk), n. [A. Sax. sóc, a soke, liberty, originally the privilege of holding a court, from the stem of seek, and therefore akin to sake. Comp. Icel. sókn, an action at law, an assemblage of people, from sækja, to seek.] 1. The power or privilege of holding a court in a district, as in a manor; jurisdiction of causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction.-2. Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. -3. An exclusive privilege claimed by millers of grinding all the corn used within the manor in which the mill stands, or of being paid for the same as if actually ground.4. A shire, circuit, or territory. Socage, Soccage (sok ́áj), n. [L.L. socagium, socage; lit. the tenure of one over whom his lord had a certain jurisdiction, from soc (which see).] In law, a tenure of lands in England by the performance of certain and determinate service: distinguished both from knight-service, in which the render was uncertain, and from villenage, where the service was of the meanest kind. Socage has generally been distinguished into free and villein-free socage, or common or simple socage, where the service was not only certain but honourable, as by fealty and the payment of a small sum, as of a few shillings, in name of annual rent, and villein socage, where the service, though certain, was of a baser nature. This last tenure was the equivalent of what is now called copyhold tenure.

Common socage is the ordinary tenure in this

country.

Wharton.

Socdolager (sok-dol'a-jèr), n. Same as Sockdolager.

Sociability (so'shi-a-bil"i-ti), n. [Fr. socia bilité, from sociable.] The quality of being sociable; sociableness. Warburton. Sociable (so'shi-a-bl), a. [Fr. sociable, L. sociabilis. See SOCIAL.] 1. Capable of being conjoined; fit to be united in one body or company.

Another law toucheth them, as they are sociable parts united into one body. Hooker.

2. Inclined to associate; ready to unite with others. To make man mild and sociable to man.' Addison.-3. Disposed to company; fond of companions; companionable; conversible; social.

Society is no comfort

To one not sociable. Shak. Them thus employ'd beheld With pity Heaven's high King, and to him call'd Raphael the sociable spirit, that deign'd To travel with Tobias. Milton.

4. Affording opportunities for conversation: as, a sociable party.-5. No longer hostile; friendly.

Is the king sociable, And bids thee live?" Beau. & Fl SYN. Social, companionable, conversible, friendly, familiar, communicative, accessible.

Sociable (so'shi-a-bl), n. 1. An open carriage with seats facing each other, and thus convenient for conversation. 2. A kind of couch with a curved S-shaped back for two persons, who sit partially facing each other. 3. A gathering of people for social purposes; an informal party. [United States.] Sociableness (so'shi-a-bl-nes), n. The quality of being sociable; disposition to associate; inclination to company and social intercourse.

Sociably (so'shi-a-bli), adv. In a sociable manner; with free intercourse; conversibly; familiarly.

Social (so'shal), a. [Fr. social, from L. socialis, from socius, a companion, from the root of L. sequor, to follow (whence E. sequence, &c.). 1. Pertaining to society; relating to men living in society, or to the public as an aggregate body; as, social interests or concerns; social duties. 'Social morality.' Locke.

The subject of pauper labour generally is one of the most difficult topics that the social philosopher can deal with. Mayhew.

2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse; companionable; conversible; sociable; as, a person of social tastes.

Withers, adieu! yet not with thee remove
Thy martial spirit or thy social love.

Pope.

3. Consisting in union or mutual converse.
Thou in thy secrecy, although alone
Best with thyself accompanied, seek'st not
Social communication.
Milton.

4. In bot. growing naturally in large groups or masses: a name applied to plants which live in society, occupying exclusively large tracts of ground, from which they banish all other vegetables, such as many species of sea-weed, mosses, ferns, &c.-5. In zool. living in groups or communities, as wolves, deer, wild cattle, &c.; or as ants, bees, &c., which form co-operative communities. -Social contract or original contract, that imaginary bond of union which keeps mankind together, and which consists in a sense of mutual weakness. It is the solid and natural foundation, as well as the cement, of civil society.-Social science, the science of all that relates to the social condition, the relations, and institutions which are involved in man's existence and his well-being as a member of an organized community. It concerns itself more especially with questions relating to public health, education, labour, punishment of crime, reformation of criminals, pauperism, and the like. It thus deals with the effect of existing social forces, and their result on the general well-being of the community, without directly discussing or expounding the theories or examining the problems of sociology, of which it may be considered as a branch.-Social dynamics, that branch of sociology which treats of the conditions of the progress of society from one epoch to another. See SOCIOLOGY. Social statics,

SOCIETY

that branch of sociology which treats of the conditions of the stability or equilibrium of the different parts of society, or the theory of the mutual action and reaction of contemporaneous social phenomena on each other, giving rise to what is called social order. Social war, in Rom. hist. the name given to the struggle (B.C. 91) in which the Italian tribes, who were specially termed the allies of the Roman state, fought for admission into Roman citizenship, which would give them among other things the right to share in the distribution of public lands. In the end the allies virtually obtained all they strove for, though at the expense of much bloodshed. -The social evil, a term frequently applied to prostitution.SYN. Sociable, companionable, conversible, friendly, familiar, communicative, convivial, festive.

Socialism (so'shal-izm), n. The name applied to various theories of social organization having for their common aim the abolition of that individual action on which modern societies depend, and the substitution of the regulated system of co-operative action. The term, which originated among the English communists, and was assumed by them to designate their own doctrine, is now employed in a larger sense, not necessarily implying communism, or the entire abolition of private property, but applied to any system which requires that the land and the instruments of production should be the property, not of individuals, but of communities or associations, or of the government.

Socialist (so'shal-ist), n. One who advocates the doctrines of socialism.

A contest which can do the most for the common good is not the kind of competition which secialists repudiate. F. S. Mill Socialist, Socialistic (so'shal-ist, sō-shalist'ik), a. Pertaining to socialism, or to the principles of the socialists.

It must be remembered that in a socialist farm or manufactory, each labourer would be under the eye not of one master, but of the whole community. F. S. Mill The national or anti-western current of Russian political thought finds no more quarter in another paper on the socialistic systein of the Russian peaSat. Rev.

sant communities.

Sociality (so-shi-al'i-ti), n. Socialness; the quality of being social. 'A scene of perfectly easy sociality.' Boswell. Socialize (so'shal-iz), v. t. pret. & pp. socialized; ppr. socializing. 1. To render social. 2. To form or regulate according to socialism.

Socially (so'shal-li), adv. In a social manner or way; as, to mingle socially with one's neighbours.

Socialness (so'shal-nes), n. The quality of being social.

Sociatet (so'shi-āt), n. An associate. As for you, Dr. Reynolds, and your sociates.' Fuller.

Sociate (so'shi-at), v. i. To associate. Societarian (sō-si'e-ta" ri-an), n. Of or pertaining to society; societary. The allsweeping besom of societarian reformation.' Lamb.

Societary (sō-si'e-ta-ri), a. Pertaining to society. J. Hutchison Stirling [Rare.] Society (so-si'e-ti), n. [Fr. société; L. societas, from socius, a companion. See SOCIAL] 1. The relationship of men to one another when associated in any way; social sympathy; companionship; fellowship; company. To abjure the society of men.' Shak. I beseech your society-And thank you too; for society, saith the text, is the happiness of life. Shak. For solitude sometimes is best society. And short retirement urges sweet return.

Milton.

2. Participation; connection. The meanest of the people, and such as have least society with the acts and crimes of kings.' Jer. Taylor.-3. A number of persons united together by mutual consent in order to deliberate, determine, and act jointly for some common purpose; an association formed for the promotion of some object, either literary, scientific, political, religious, benevolent, convivial, or the like; an association for mutual profit, pleasure, or usefulness; a social union; a partnership; a club.

Marriage is a human society, and... all human society must proceed from the mind rather than the body. Milton.

4. The persons, collectively considered, who live in any region or at any period; any community of individuals united together by any common bond of nearness or intercourse; those who recognize each other as

SOCINIAN

associates, friends, and acquaintances; specifically, the more cultivated portion of any community in its social relations and influences; hence, often those who give and receive formal entertainments mutually: used without the article.

Society having ordained certain customs, men are bound to obey the laws of society, and conform to its harmless orders.... If I should go to one of the tea-parties in a dressing-gown and slippers, and not in the usual attire of a gentleman, viz. pumps, a gold waistcoat, a crush hat, a sham frill, and a white choker, I should be insulting society. ... It has its code and police as well as governments, and he must conform who would profit by the decrees set forth for their common comfort. Thackeray.

-Society journal or newspaper, a journal whose main object is to chronicle the sayings and doings of fashionable society. Society verses, verses for the amusement of polite society: poetry of a light, entertaining, polished character.

Socinian (so-sin'i-an), a. [From Lælius and Faustus Socinus, uncle and nephew, natives of Sienna, in Tuscany, the founders of the sect of Socinians in the sixteenth century.] Pertaining to Lælius or Faustus Socinus or their religious creed. Socinian (so-sin'i-an), n. One of the followers of Socinus; a Unitarian. Socinianism (sõ-sin'i-an-izm), n. The tenets of the Socinians; the teaching or doctrines of Lælius and Faustus Socinus (sixteenth century), who denied the doctrine of the Trinity, the deity of Christ, the personality of the devil, the native and total depravity of man, the vicarious atonement, and the eternity of future punishment. Their theory was that Christ was a man divinely commissioned, who had no existence before he was miraculously and sinlessly conceived by the Virgin Mary: that human sin was the imitation of Adam's sin, and that human salvation was the imitation and adoption of Christ's virtue; that the Bible was to be interpreted by human reason, and that its metaphors were not to be taken literally. The Socinians are now represented by the Unitarians. Socinianize (so-sin'i-an-iz), v.t. To cause to conform or adapt to Socinianism; to regulate by the principles of Socinianism. Sociologic, Sociological (so ́shi-ō-loj”ik, so'shi-o-loj"ik-al), a. Of or pertaining to Sociology.

Sociologist (sō-shi-ol'o-jist), n. One who treats of or devotes himself to the study of sociology. J. S. Mill

Sociology (so-shi-ol'o-ji), n. [L. socius, a companion, and Gr. logos, discourse.] The science which investigates the laws or forces which regulate human society in all its grades, existing and historical, savage and civilized; the science which treats of the general structure of society, the laws of its development, and the progress of actual civilization. See also under SOCIAL.

The study of sociology, scientifically carried on by tracing down primary effects to secondary and tertiary effects which multiply as they diffuse, will dissipate the current illusions that social evils admit of radical cure. H. Spencer. Socius criminis (sõʻshi-us krim'in-is). [L.] In law, an accomplice or associate in the commission of a crime.

Sock (sok), n. [O. E. sok, socke, A. Sax. socc, from L. soccus, a kind of light low-heeled shoe, especially worn by comic actors.] 1. The shoe worn by the ancient actors of comedy; hence, comedy, in distinction from tragedy, which is symbolized by the buskin.

Great Fletcher never treads in buskin here,
Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear. Dryden.
He was a critic upon operas too,

And knew all niceties of the sock and buskin.
Byron.

2 A knitted or woven covering for the foot. shorter than a stocking; a stocking reaching but a short distance up the leg.-3. A warm inner sole for a shoe.

Sock (sok), n. [Fr. soc, a ploughshare, from the Celtic: Armor. soc'h, Corn. soch, Gael. soc] A ploughshare.

Sockdolager, Sockdologer (sok-dola-jêr, sok-dolo-jér), n. [A perversion of doxology.] 1. A conclusive argument; the winding up of a debate; a settler.-2. A knock-down or decisive blow.-3. A patent fish-hook having two hooked points which close upon each other as soon as the fish bites, thus securing Its victim. Spelled also Socdolager. [A United States word] Socket (sok'et), n (From sock, a shoe.] 1. An opening or cavity into which anything is fitted, any hollow thing or place which re

125

ceives and holds something else; as, the sockets of the teeth or of the eyes.

His eyeballs in their hollow sockets sink. Dryden. Gomphosis is the connection of a tooth to its socket. Wiseman.

2. Especially, the little hollow tube or place in which a candle is placed in a candlestick. And in the sockets oily bubbles dance.' Dryden.

Socket-bolt (sok'et-bolt), n. In mach, a bolt that passes through a thimble placed between the parts connected by the bolt. Socket-chisel (sok'et-chiz-el), n. A chisel made with a socket; a stronger sort of chisel used by carpenters for mortising, and worked with a mallet.

Socket-joint (sok'et-joint), n. A species of joint in which a ball turns. Called properly a Ball-and-socket Joint. See under BALL.

Socket-pole (sok'et-põl), n. A pole armed with an iron socket, and used to propel boats, &c. [American.] Sockless (sok'les), a. shoes.

Destitute of socks or

You shall behold one pair of legs, the feet of which were in times past sockless. Beau. & Fl Sock-plate (sok'plát), n. A plate from which a ploughshare is made. Socky (sok'i), a. See SOAKY.

Socle (so'kl), n. [Fr. socle, L. socculus, dim. of soccus. See Sock, a shoe.] In arch, a flat square member of less height than its horizontal dimension, serving to raise pedestals, or to support vases or other ornaments. It differs from a pedestal in being without base or cornice. A continued socle is one continued round a building. Socman (sok'man), n. [Soc and man.] One who holds lands or tenements by socage. Socmanry (sok'man-ri), n. Tenure by socage. Socomet (sok'om), n. A custom of tenants to grind corn at the lord's mill. Socotran, Socotrine (so'ko-tran, so'kō-trin), N. A native or inhabitant of Socotra, an island on the east coast of Africa, near the mouth of the Gulf of Aden.

Socotrine (sõ'kō-trin), a. Of or pertaining to Socotra, an island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa-Socotrine aloes, the best kind of aloes, obtained from the leaves of Aloe socotrina, a native of Socotra and the Cape of Good Hope, but now commonly cultivated in the East Indies. See ALOE.

Socratic, Socratical (so-krat'ik, sō-krat'ikal), a. Pertaining to Socrates the Grecian sage, or to his language or manner of teaching and philosophizing. The Socratic method of reasoning and instruction was by interrogatories. Instead of laying down a proposition authoritatively, this method led the antagonist or disciple to acknowledge it himself by dint of a series of questions put to him. It was not the object of Socrates to establish any perfectly evolved system of doctrine, so much as to awaken by his discourses a new and more comprehensive pursuit of science, which should direct itself to all that is knowable. To him is ascribed two of the very first principles of science, namely, the inductive method and the definition of ideas. Socratically (so-krat'ik-al-li), adv. In the Socratic manner; by the Socratic method. Socratism (sok'rat-izm), n. The doctrines or philosophy of Socrates. Socratist (sok'rat-ist), n. A disciple of So

crates.

Sod (sod), n [L.G. and O.D. sode, D. zoode, O. Fris. satha; perhaps from same root as sad, in the sense of firm.] That stratum of earth on the surface which is filled with the roots of grass, or any portion of that surface; turf; sward. Turfes and sods.' Holinshed. 'To rest beneath the clover sod.' Tennyson. Sometimes used adjectively. Her casement sweet woodbines crept wantonly round, And deck'd the sod seats at her door. 7. Cunningham. Sod (sod), v.t. pret. & pp. sodded; ppr. sodding. To cover with sod; to turf. Sod (sod), pret. & pp. of seethe.

And Jacob sod pottage; and Esau came from the field and he was faint. Gen. xxv. 29.

Soda (sõ’da), n. [Sp. Pg. and It. soda, glasswort, barilla, from Ar. sued, soda.] (Na,0.) The protoxide of the metal sodium, formerly called mineral alkali. It has likewise been called a fixed alkali, in contradistinction from ammonia, which is a volatile alkali. Soda, or protoxide of sodium, is formed when sodium is burned in dry air or oxygen. It

is a white powder, which attracts moisture and carbonic acid from the air. When this

SODER

protoxide is dissolved in water, there is formed the true alkali or hydrate of sodium, called also caustic alkali, Na HO, which is a white brittle mass of a fibrous texture, having a specific gravity of 1:536. Caustic soda has a most corrosive taste and action upon animal substances: it dissolves readily both in water and alcohol, in the solid form it readily attracts carbonic acid from the atmosphere, falling thereby into an efflorescent carbonate. It forms soaps with tallow, oils, wax, rosin; dissolves wool, hair, silk, horn, alumina, silica, sulphur, and some metallic sulphides. With acids soda forms salts which are soluble in water, and many of which crystallize. The carbonate of soda, Na, Co, 10H, O, is the soda of commerce in various states, either crystallized, in lumps, or in a crude powder called soda-ash. The manufacture of carbonate of soda is divided into three branches. The first process is the decomposition of sea-salt or common salt (chloride of sodium) by means of sulphuric acid; the second, the conversion of the sulphide of sodium so produced into crude carbonate of soda by strongly heating with chalk and carbonaceous matter; and third, the purification of this crude carbonate, either into a dry white soda-ash or into crystals. The chief uses of soda are in the manufacture of glass and of hard soap. The carbonate of soda is used in washing, and is a powerful detergent, although milder than carbonate of potash. It is also used in medicine. Sulphate of soda is glaubersalts. See SODIUM.

Soda-alum (sõ’da-al-um), n. A crystalline mineral, a hydrated double sulphate of aluminium and sodium, found on the Island of Milo, at Solfatara, and near Mendoza, on the east of the Andes. Soda-ash (so'da-ash), n. Dehydrated carbonate of soda in the form of powder. Sodaic (so-da'ik), a. Of, or relating to, or containing soda; as, sodaic powders. Soda-lime (so'da-lim), n. In chem. a mixture of caustic soda and quicklime, used chiefly for nitrogen determinations in organic analysis.

Sodalite (so'da-lit), n. [Soda, and Gr. lithos, a stone. ] A mineral; so called from the large portion of soda which enters into its composition. It is of a bluish-green colour, and found crystallized or in masses. Besides soda it contains silica, alumina, and hydrochloric acid.

Sodality (sõ-dal'i-ti), n. [L. sodalitas, from sodalis, a companion.] A fellowship or fraternity.

A new confraternity was instituted in Spain, of the slaves of the Blessed Virgin, and this sodality estab lished with large indulgencies. Stilling fleet. Soda-paper (so'da-pa-pèr), n. A paper saturated with carbonate of soda: used as a testpaper, and also for inclosing powders which are to be ignited under the blow-pipe, so that they may not be blown away. Soda-powder (sõ'da-pou-dèr), n. Same as Seidlitz-powder. Soda-salt (so'da-salt), n. In chem, a salt having soda for its base.

Soda-water (sō'da-wa-tér), n. A refreshing drink generally consisting of ordinary water into which carbonic acid has been forced under pressure. On exposure to the ordinary atmospheric pressure the excess of carbonic acid escapes, thus causing effervescence. It rarely contains soda in any form. It is useful in cases of debility of the stomach, accompanied with acidity.

Sod-burning (sod bérn-ing), n. In agri. the burning of the turf of old pasture-lands for the sake of the ashes, as manure. Sodden (sod'n), v. i. To be seethed or soaked; to settle down, as if by seething or boiling.

It (avarice) takes as many shapes as Proteus, and may be called above all the vice of middle life, that soddens into the gangrene of old age, gaining strength by vanquishing all virtues. Mrs. S. C. Hall. Sodden (sod'n), v. t. To soak; to fill the tis sues of with water, as in the process of seething; to saturate. 'Clothes soddened with wet.' Dickens.

Sodden (sod'n), p. of seethe, and a. 1. Boiled; seethed. 2. Soaked and softened, as in water: applied to bread not well baked; doughy. Used as the first element of a compound. Thou sodden-witted lord.' Shak Soddy (sod'i), a. Consisting of sod; covered with sod; turfy.

Soden,t a Sudden. Chaucer.
Sodert (so'der), v.t. To solder.

Let him bethink how he will soder up the shifting flaws of his ungirt permissions. Milton.