STAND or fall.' Addison.-6. To maintain a fixed, firm, or steady attitude; to take up a fixed position, as of opposition, resistance, or defence. And when they stand against you, may they fall.' Shak. The king granted the Jews which were in every city to gather themselves together, and to stand for their life. Est. viii. 11. 7. To persevere; to persist. Never stand in a lie when thou art accused, but ask pardon and make amends. Fer. Taylor. The emperor, standing upon the advantage he had got by the seizure of their fleet, obliged them to deliver. Swift. 8. To be pertinacious, unyielding, or obstinate; to insist, as, not to stand on ceremonies. See also phrases below. Stand not upon the order of your going, Shak. 9. To be placed with regard to relative position, rank, or order. Among liquids endued with this quality of relaxing, warm water stands first. Arbuthnot. Theology would truly enlarge the mind were it studied with that freedom and that sacred charity which it teaches; let this therefore stand always chief. Watts. 10. To be in a particular state or condition; to be; as, how stands the matter with you? I hope you will stand my friend. 'Thus it stands with me.' Shak. For my wife, I know not how it stands.' Shak. I stand resigned and am prepared to go. 11. To be consistent; to agree; as, it stands to reason. See also phrases below. His faithful people, whatsoever they rightly ask, the same shall they receive, so far as may stand with the glory of God, and their own everlasting good. Hooker. Doubt me not; by heaven I will do nothing But what may stand with honour. Massinger. 12. To be in the place; to represent; to be equivalent. Their language being scanty, had no words in it to stand for a thousand. Locke. 13. To become a candidate for an office or the like; as, he stood for the borough at last election. 'How many stand for consulships?' Shak.-14. To hold a certain course, as a ship; to be directed towards any local point; as, to stand for the harbour. From the same parts of heaven his navy stands. Dryden. 15. To measure, as from the feet to the head, or from bottom to top. He stood four feet six inches and three quarters in his socks.' Dickens.-16. To stagnate; not to flow; as, a standing pool. The black water of Pomptina stands.' Dryden.-17. To be valid; to continue in force; to have efficacy; not to be void. 'No conditions of our peace can stand.' Shak. God was not ignorant that the judges, whose sentence in matters of controversy he ordained should stand, would be deceived. Hooker. [Note. Stand with many adverbs receives the sense of motion as previous to coming to rest, or of a state caused by previous motion, and becomes equivalent to to step, to go, to come; as, to stand aloof; to stand apart; to stand aside; to stand back; to stand forth, and the like.]- To stand against, to resist; to oppose; as, one candidate stands against another at an election.-To stand by, (a), with by the adverb, (1) to be present without taking an active part; to be a spectator; to be near. Now Margaret's curse is fallen upon our heads, For standing by when Richard stabbed her son. Shak. (2) To be placed or left aside; to be neglected or disregarded. In the meantime we let the command stand by neglected. Dr. H. More. (b) With by the preposition, (1) to support; to defend; to assist; not to desert. The ass hoped the dog would stand by him if set upon by the wolf. Sir R. L'Estrange. (2) To rest in; to repose on. This reply standeth all by conjectures. Whitgift. (3) Naut. to attend to and be prepared for action; thus to stand by a rope is to take hold of it; to stand by the anchor, to prepare to let it go.-To stand fast, to be fixed; to be unshaken, unwavering, or immovable. My covenant shall stand fast with him. Ps. lxxxix. 28. -To stand for, (a) to espouse the cause of; to side with; to maintain; to support; to defend. Freedom we all stand for.' B. Jonson. I'll stand to-day for thee and me and Troy. Shak. (c) To offer one's self as a candidate. (d) Naut. to direct the course towards; as, the enemy stood for the shore.-To stand from (naut.), to direct the course from.-To stand in, or stand in for, to direct a course toward land or a harbour.-To stand in hand, to be conducive to one's interest; to be serviceable or advantageous. To stand off, (a) to keep at a distance. (b) Not to comply. Stand no more off. Shak. But give thyself unto my sick desires. (c) To keep at a distance in friendship or social intercourse; to forbear intimacy. Though nothing can be more honourable than an acquaintance with God, we stand off from it. Atterbury. (d) To appear prominent; to have relief. Picture is best when it standeth off as if it were carved. Wotton. -To stand off and on (naut.), to sail toward land and then from it.-To stand or stand in (with personal objects, the person being really in the dative), to cost; as, that coat stood him four pounds. These wars-I mean the Punic wars-could not have stood the human race in less than three millions of the species. Burke. -To stand on. (a) See To stand upon. (b) Naut. to continue in the same course or tack. To stand out, (a) to project; to be prominent. 'Stood out the breasts, the breasts of Helen.' Tennyson. Their eyes stand out with fatness. Ps. lxxiii. 7. (b) To persist in opposition or resistance; not to yield or comply; not to give way or recede. His spirit is come in, That so stood out against the holy church. Shak. -To stand to, (a) to ply; to apply one's self to. Stand to your tackles, mates, and stretch your oars. Dryden. (b) To remain fixed in a purpose or opinion. I will stand to it, that this is his sense. Stillingfleet. (e) To abide by; to adhere, as to a contract, assertion, promise, &c.; as, to stand to an award; to stand to one's word. (d) Not to yield; not to fly; to maintain the ground. Their lives and fortunes were put in safety, whether they stood to it or ran away. Bacon, (e) To be consistent, or tally with; as, it stands to reason he could not have done so. -To stand together, to be consistent; to agree. To stand to sea (naut.), to direct the course from land.-To stand under, to undergo; to sustain.-To stand up, (a) to rise from sitting; to rise to one's feet; to assume an erect position. (b) To arise in order to gain notice. Against whom when the accusers stood up, they brought none accusation of such things as I sup posed. Acts xxv. 18. (c) To rise to make a claim or a declaration; to rise in opposition, revolt, or the like. 'We all stand up against the spirit of Cæsar.' 'Once we stood up about the corn.' Shak. (d) To rise and stand on end; as, his hair stood up with fear. To stand up against, to place one's self in opposition to; to resist. He called into his civil pursuits the same energy which enabled him to stand up against so many years of constant, and, to but his own mind, hopeless defeat in the field. Brougham. -To stand up for, to rise in defence of; to defend; to justify; to support or attempt to support; as, to stand up for the administration. To stand upon, (a) to concern; to interest. Does it not stand them upon, to examine upon what grounds they presume it to be a revelation from God? (b) To value; to pride. Locke. STANDARD Sloppy, after measuring the handle on his sleeve, and softly standing the stick aside against the wall, why, it would be a real pleasure to me.' Dickens. 2. To endure; to sustain; to bear; as, I cannot stand the cold or the heat. Hence, to stand it, to be able to endure or bear something, or to maintain one's ground or state; as, the expense is so great that we cannot stand it; she screamed so loud that he could not stand it.-3. To resist without yielding or receding; to withstand. Pope. He stood the furious foe. 4. To await; to suffer; to abide by. Bid him disband his legions, ... And stand the judgment of a Roman senate. Addison. 5. To be at the expense of; to pay for; as, to stand treat. [Colloq.] Asked whether he would stand a bottle of champagne for the company, he consented. Thackeray. -To stand one's ground, to keep the ground or station one has taken; to maintain one's position, in a literal or figurative sense; as, an army stands its ground when it is not compelled to retreat; a man stands his ground in an argument when he is able to maintain it, or is not refuted. Peasants and burghers, however brave, are unable to stand their ground against veteran soldiers. Macaulay. -To stand fire, to remain while being shot at by an enemy without giving way.- To stand trial, to sustain the trial or examination of a cause; not to give up without trial. Stand (stand), n. [From the verb.] 1. The state of standing; a cessation of progress, motion, or activity; a stop; a halt; as, to make a stand; to come to a stand, either in walking or in any progressive business. --2. A point or condition beyond which no further progress is made. Vice is at stand, and at the highest flow. Dryden. The sea, since the memory of all ages, hath continued at a stand, without considerable variation. Bentley. 3. A state of hesitation, embarrassment, difficulty, or perplexity. A fool may so far imitate the mien of a wise man as at first to put a body at a stand what to make of him. Sir R. L'Estrange. 4. A place or post where one stands, or a place convenient for persons to remain for any purpose; a station; as, his stand was on the top of a hill.-5. Rank; post; station; standing. [Rare.] Father, since your fortune did attain Daniel. 6. A halt made for the purpose of resisting an attack; the act of opposing or resisting; as, the little party made a gallant stand. We are come off 7. A young tree, usually reserved when the STANDARD men rally, or under which they unite for a common purpose; a flag or carved symbolical figure, &c., erected on a long pole or staff, serving as a rallying-point or the like. In a more strict sense the term is applied to a flag which bears the arms, device, or motto of the owner, long in proportion to its depth, tapering towards the fly, and, except when belonging to princes of the bloodroyal, slit at the end. The so-called British royal standard is more correctly a banner, being a square flag, and having its whole field covered solely by the national arms. The cavalry standards are also, properly speaking, banners, and are of small size, of a colour corresponding to the regimental facings, and charged with the cipher, number, insignia, and honours of the regiment. The infantry corresponding flags are called colours.-2. That which is capable of satisfying certain defined conditions fixed by the proper authorities; especially that which is established by competent authority as a rule or measure of quantity; the original weight or measure sanctioned by government, and committed to the keeping of a magistrate, or deposited in some public place, to regulate, adjust, and try weights and measures used by particular persons in traffic; as, by the burning of the House of Commons in 1834 the standards were destroyed; the imperial yard is the standard of lineal measure in Britain; the pound troy is the standard of weight. See MEASURE, WEIGHT.3. That which is established as a rule or model, by the authority of public opinion, or by respectable opinions, or by custom or general consent; that which serves as a test or measure; as, writings which are admitted to be the standard of style and taste; to have a low standard by which to judge of morality. 'The court, which used to be the standard of propriety and correctness of speech.' Swift When people have brought right and wrong to a false standard, there follows an envious malevolence. Sir R. L'Estrange. A disposition to preserve, and an ability to improve, taken together would be my standard of a statesBurke. man. 4. In coinage, the proportion of weight of fine metal and alloy established by authority. That precise weight and fineness, by law appro priated to the pieces of each denomination, is called the standard. Locke. The standard of gold coins in Britain is at present 22 carats, that is, 22 parts of fine gold and 2 of alloy; and the sovereign should weigh 123-274 grains troy. The standard of silver coins is 11 ounces 2 dwts. of pure silver and 18 dwts. of alloy, making together 1 lb. troy; and the shilling should weigh 87-272 grains.-5. In hort. a tree or shrub which stands singly, without being attached to any wall or support; also, a shrub, as a rose, grafted on an upright stem. 6. In ship-building, an inverted knee placed upon the deck instead of beneath it, with its vertical branch turned upward from that which lies horizontally.-7. In bot. the upper petal or banner of a papilionaceous corolla. 8. In carp. any upright in a framing, as the quarters of partitions, the frame of a door, and the like.-9. A candlestick of large aize, standing on the ground, with branches for several lights. Standard (standard), a. 1. Having a permanent quality; capable of satisfying certain conditions fixed by competent authority; fixed; settled; as, a standard work; a standard measure; standard weight, &c. In comely rank call every merit forth; Imprint on every act its standard worth. Prior. may And if my standard-bearer fall, as fall full well he Press where ye see my white plume shine, amidst the ranks of war. Macaulay. Standardize (standard-iz), v.t. To bring up to or to recognize as a standard. Stand-crop (stand'krop), n. A plant, the Crassula minor. Standelt (stand'el), n. 1. A tree of long standing. Fuller.-2. In law, a young store oak-tree, twelve of which were to be left in every acre of wood at the felling thereof. 187 Stander (stand'èr), n. 1. One who stands. 2. In the early church, one of the third or highest class of penitents. See CONSISTENTES.-3. A tree that has stood long. Stander-by (stand'ér-bi),n. One that stands near; one that is present; a mere spectator; a bystander. When a gentleman is disposed to swear, it is not for any standers-by to curtail his oaths. Shak. Stander-grass, Standard-grass (stand'ér-gras, stand'ard-gras), n. A name given by the old botanists to some species of Orchis, as 0. mascula. Stander-up (stand'er-up), n. One who takes a side. Standing (stand'ing), p. and a. 1. Established, either by law or by custom, &c.; continually existing; permanent; not temporary; as, a standing army, that is, a regular army in constant service, as distinct from the militia.-2. Lasting; not transitory; not liable to fade or vanish; as, a standing colour. 3. Stagnant; not flowing; as, standing water. 4. Fixed; not movable; as, a standing bed: distinguished from a truckle bed.-5. Remaining erect; not cut down; as, standing corn.-Standing orders, the orders made by either house of parliament, or other deliberative assembly, respecting the manner in which business shall be conducted in it.-Standing rigging (naut.), the cord age or ropes which sustain the masts and remain fixed in their position. Such are the shrouds and stays. Standing (stand'ing), n. 1. The act of stop ping or coming to a stand; the state of being erect upon the feet; stand.-2. Continuance; duration or existence; as, a custom of long standing.-3. Possession of an office, character, or place. 'A patron of long standing.' Dryden. I wish your fortune had enabled you to have continued longer in the university, till you were of ten Swift. years' standing. 4. Station; place to stand in. I will provide you with a good standing to see his Bacon. entry. 5. Power to stand. I sink in deep mire, where there is no standing. Ps. Ixix. 2. 6. Condition in society; relative position; rank; reputation; as, a man of good standing or of high standing among his friends. Standish (stan'dish), n. [Stand and dish.] A case for pen and ink. A standish, steel and golden pen.' Pope. Stand-pipe (stand'pip),n. 1. A vertical pipe erected at a well or reservoir, into which water is forced by mechanical means, in order to obtain a head pressure sufficient to convey it to a distance.-2. Also, a small pipe inserted into an opening in the water-main in a street. Stand-point (stand'point), n. [A modern word probably based on G. standpunkt.] A fixed point or station; a basis or fundamental principle; a position from which things are viewed, and in relation to which they are compared and judged; as, he looked at everything from the standpoint of a philosopher. Stand-rest (stand'rest), n. A kind of stool which supports a person behind while standing almost in an upright position at a desk, an easel, &c. Stand-still (stand'stil), n. Stand-rest. Act of stopping; state of rest; a stop; as, to come to a standstill. Stand-up (stand'up), a. In pugilism, a term applied to a fair boxing-match, where the combatants stand manfully to each other, without sham or false falls; as, a fair stand-up fight. If it should be pitted... for a stand-up fight,.. its best friends would have most reason to deplore the inevitable results. Times newspaper. Stane (stán), n. A stone. [Scotch.] Stane-raw, Staney-rag (stan'ra, stan'irag), n. [Scotch. Perhaps stain-rag] A foliaceous lichen of the genus Parmelia (P. saxatilis), used by Highland peasants to make a brown dye for domestic purposes. STANZA Called also Black Crottles, and in Shetland Scrottyle. Stang (stang), n. [A. Sax. stæng, steng, a pole; D. steng, stang, G. stange, stenge, Dan. stang, Icel. stöng, bar, beam, pole; from root of sting, stick.] 1. t A pole, rod, or perch; a measure of land.-2. A long bar; a pole; a shaft.-To ride the stang, to be carried on a pole on men's shoulders, in derision: a punishment inflicted in former times on wife or husband beaters and the like. [Provincial.] A sting. [Scotch.] Stang (stang), n. Stang (stang), v.t. To sting. [Scotch.] Stang (stang), v. i. To shoot with pain. [Local.] Stang-ball (stang bal), n. A projectile consisting of two half-balls connected by a bar; a bar-shot. Stanhope (stan'hop), n. A light two-wheeled carriage without a top: so called from the gentleman Stanhope, for whom it was contrived. The vehicle was not actually a gig, neither was it Dickens. a stanhope. Stanhope - lens (stan'hop-lenz), n. A lens of small diameter with two convex faces of different radii, and inclosed in a metallic tube. Stanhope-press (stan'hop-pres), n. [After the inventor, the Earl of Stanhope.] A kind of printing-press. Staniel (stan'yel). n. Same as Stannel. The act or pracStanielry (stan'yel-ri), n. tice of hawking with staniels; ignoble falconry. Stanium (sta'ni-um), n. A strong cloth of a superior quality worn during the AngloNorman period. Also called Stamfortis. Stank,ta. See STANCK. Stank (stangk), v. i. [Sw. stanka, to sigh.] To sigh. [Provincial.] Stank (stangk), old pret. of stink. Stunk is now used. Stank (stangk), n. [0. Fr. estang, Pr. estanc, It. stagno, from L. stagnum, a piece of standing water, a pool. See STAGNATE.] A pool; a pond; a ditch. [Scotch.] Stannary (stan'a-ri), a. [L. stannum, tin. See STANNUM.] Relating to the tin-works; as, the stannary courts in Devonshire and Cornwall, for the administration of justice among those connected with the tin-mines. Stannary (stan'a-ri), n. [See the adjective.] A tin-mine; tin-works. The term is now used as including by one general designation the tin-mines within a particular district, the tinners employed in working them, and the customs and privileges attached to the mines and to those employed in them. The great stannaries of England are those of Devon and Cornwall. Stannate (stan'at), n. [L. stannum, tin. See STANNARY, a.] A salt of stannic acid. Stannel (stan'el), n. [Probably a corruption of stand-gale, which name the bird has from its habit of sustaining itself in one position, always with its head to the wind, by a rapid motion of its wings. From this peculiarity it has its synonym wind-hover.] The kestrel, a species of hawk, called also Stone-gall. Written also Staniel, Stanyel, Stannyel. See KESTREL. Stannic (stan'ik), a. [L. stannum, tin.] Pertaining to tin; procured from tin; as, the stannic acid (Sn H, O), a hydrate obtained from stannous oxide, which unites with bases to form the salts called stannates. Stanniferous (stan-if'èr-us), a. [L. stannum, tin, and fero, I bear.] Containing or affording tin. Stannine (stan'in), n. [L. stannum, tin.] A brittle, steel-gray or iron-black ore of tin, of metallic lustre, consisting of tin and sulphur, with some copper and iron, and generally zinc, found in Cornwall; tin pyrites. Called also from its colour Bell-metal Ore. Stannotype (stan'o-tip), n. [L. stannum, tin, and Gr. typos, impression.] In photog. a picture taken on a tin plate. Stannous (stan'us), a. Of, or pertaining to, or containing tin; as, stannous oxide, or protoxide of tin (Sn O). Stannum (stan'um), n. [Originally stagnum, a mixture of silver and lead. This word was probably influenced in its ultimate form (stannum) and sense of tin (which it assumed about the fourth century) by the Cornish word staen, tin] Tin. Stannyel† (stan'yel), n. Same as Stannel. Stant. For Standeth. Chaucer. Stantient (stan'shent), n. A stanchion. Stantion (stan'shun), n. Same as Stemson. Stanza (stan'za), n. [It., a stanza; properly an abode, a lodging, a stop, a stanza, from L. STANZAIC stans, stantis, ppr. of sto, to stand. The stanza has its name from its being, as it were, a complete period at the end of which a stop or pause in the versification is made.] 1. In poetry, a number of lines or verses connected with each other, and properly ending in a full point or pause; a part of a poem containing every variation of measure in that poem. A stanza presents in metre, rhymes, and the number of its lines a combination which repeats itself several times in the course of the same poem. A stanza is variously termed terzina, quartetto, sestina, ottava, &c., according as it consists of three, four, six, or eight lines. Horace confines himself to one sort of verse or stanza in every ode. Dryden. 2.In arch. an apartment or division in a building; a room or chamber. Stanzaic (stan-za'ik), a. Consisting of or relating to stanzas; arranged as a stanza. Stanze, Stanzot (stanz, stan'zo), n. stanza. Shak. A Stapedial (sta-pe' di-al), a. [See below.] Stirrup-shaped; as, the stapedial bones of the ear. Stapedius (sta-pe'di-us), n. [From L. stapes, a stirrup.] A small muscle of the internal ear inserted into the neck of the stapes or stirrup, which it draws obliquely upwards. Stapelia (sta-pe'li-a), n. [Named by Linnæus after Boderus Stapel, a physician of Amsterdam, and commentator on Theophrastus.] An extensive and curious genus of plants, nat. order Asclepiadaces, or milk-weeds. Most of the species are natives of the Cape of Good Hope. They are succulent plants, without leaves, frequently covered over with dark tubercles, giving them a very grotesque appearance. In most instances the flowers give off a very unpleasant odour, like that Stapelia variegata. of rotten flesh, insomuch that the name of carrion-flower has been given to some of these plants. They are, nevertheless, cultivated on account of their singular and beautiful flowers. Stapes (stä'pēz), n. [L., a stirrup.] In anat. the innermost of the small bones of the ear: so called from its form resembling a stirrup. Staphisagria (staf-i-sa'gri-a), n. [L. and Gr. staphis, stavesacre, and Gr. agria, fem. of agrios, wild.] Stavesacre (Delphinium Staphysagria). Staphyle (staf'i-le), n. [Gr. staphyle, a bunch of grapes.] In anat. the uvula. Staphylea (staf-i-lē'a), n. [From Gr. sta phyle, a bunch, the flowers and fruits being disposed in clusters. The Greek name was staphylodendron.] Bladder-nut, a genus of plants, group Staphyleaceæ. The species, which are few, are dispersed over the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. S. pinnata, or common bladder-nut, is a native of central and eastern Europe, and is sometimes cultivated in shrubberies. It has pinnate leaves, white pendulous racemose flowers, and large inflated capsules. The wood is used for various kinds of turning. Staphyleaceae (sta-fil'e-a"se-e),n.pl. A small group of plants belonging to the nat. order Sapindaceæ. The species are shrubs, with opposite pinnate leaves, and small white stipulate flowers, arranged in panicles or racemes. There are only three genera belonging to the group, which inhabit the warmer and temperate parts of the earth. Only one species is found in Europe, the Staphylea pinnata. The seeds of all contain a mild oil, which may be expressed. Staphyline (staf'i-lin), a. [Gr. staphyle, a bunch of grapes.] In mineral. having the form of a bunch of grapes; botryoidal. Staphylinidæ (staf-i-lin'i-dē),n.pl. A family of coleopterous insects, of which the genus Staphylinus is the type. a dead black, thickly punctured, and covered with short hairs. Staphyloma (staf-i-lō'ma), n. [Gr. staphyle, a grape.] A name given to different tumours of the anterior surface of the globe of the eye. Dunglison. Called also Staphylosis. Staphyloplastic (staf'il-o-plastik), a. Of or relating to staphyloplasty. Staphyloplasty (staf'il-o-plas-ti), n. [Gr. staphyle, the uvula, and plasso, to form.] In surg. the operation for replacing the soft palate when it has been lost. Staphyloraphy (staf-i-lor'a-fi), n. [Gr. staphyle, the uvula, and raphe, a suture, from rapto, to join by sewing.] In surg. the operation of uniting a cleft palate. Staphylosis (staf-i-lo'sis), n. Same as Staphyloma. Staphylotome (staf'il-o-tom), n. [See STAPHYLOTOMY.] In surg. a knife for operating upon the uvula or palate. Staphylotomy (staf-i-lot'o-mi), n. [Gr. staphyle, the uvula, and tome, a cutting, from temno, to cut.] In surg. amputation of the uvula Staple (sta'pl), n. [A. Sax. stapel, a prop, trestle, also a step; D. stapel, a stem, support, the stocks for a ship, heap, staple; G. stapel, a post, prop, stocks, heap, emporium; so also Sw. stapel, Dan. stabel. The root is that of stamp and step. The development of meanings, that which stands or rests firmly, prop, support, heap, wares heaped up or accumulated, &c., does not present much difficulty. In some of the above meanings it resembles stock; comp. the stocks of a ship, a stock of goods. In meaning 6 it may be rather from stop; comp. stopple.] 1. According to old usage, a settled mart or market; an emporium; a town where certain commodities are chiefly taken for sale. In England, formerly, the king's staple was established in certain ports or towns, and certain goods could not be exported without being first brought to these ports to be rated and charged with the duty payable to the king or public. The principal commodities on which customs were levied were wool, skins, and leather, and these were originally the staple commodities. Bruges... was the great staple for both Mediterranean and northern merchandise. Hallam. Hence-2.The principal commodity grown or manufactured in a country, district, or town, either for exportation or home consumption, that is, originally, the merchandise which was sold at a staple or mart; as, cotton is the staple of several of the southern states of America. As I told you before, the whale is the staple of this island. Marryatt. 3. The principal element of or ingredient in anything; the chief constituent; the chief item; as, politics were the staple of his conversation. He has two very great faults, which are the staple of his bad side. Dickens. 4. The material or substance of anything; raw or unmanufactured material.-5. The thread or pile of wool, cotton, or flax; as, wool of a coarse staple or a fine staple; cotton of a short staple, long staple, fine staple, &c.-6. A loop of iron, or a bar or wire bent and formed with two points to be driven into wood to hold a hook, pin, bolt, &c. Massy staples, and corresponsive and fulfilling bolts.' Shak.-7. In coal-mining, a small underground pit sunk from the workings on an upper seam to those of a lower one for the purpose of promoting ventilation. Tomlinson.-8. A district granted to an abbey. Camden.-Staple of land, the particular nature and quality of land. Staple (sta'pl), a. 1. Pertaining to or being a mart or staple for commodities; as, a staple STAR town.-2. Mainly occupying commercial enterprise; established in commerce; as, a staple trade. 3. According to the laws of commerce; marketable; fit to be sold. Will take off their ware at their own rates, and trouble not themselves to examine whether it be staple or no.' Swift. [Rare.]-4. Chief; principal; regularly produced or made for market; as, staple commodities. Staple (stá pl), v.t. pret. & pp. stapled; ppr. stapling. To sort or adjust the different staples of, as wool. Stapler (stä'pl-ér), n. 1. A dealer in staple commodities. The staplers of Hamburgh. Howell.-2. One employed in assorting wool according to its staple. Star (star), n. [A word common to all the Indo-European languages. A. Sax. steorra, Sc. starn, Icel stjarna, Goth. stairno, D. ster, O.D. sterne, G. stern; cog. L. stella (for sterula, also astrum), Gr. aster, Armor. and Corn. steren, Per. satarah, Skr. tárá (for stara), Vedic Skr. stri, pl. staras-star. Probably from root of E. strew, Skr. stri, to strew, from the heavenly bodies scattering or sprinkling light.] 1. In a popular sense, any celestial body whatever except the sun and moon; but, in astron. the term is usually restricted to one of those self-shining bodies constituted like the sun, situated at immense distances from us, and doubtless, like our sun, the centres of systems similar to our own. Stars are distinguished from planets by remaining apparently immovable with respect to one another, and hence they were called fixed stars, although their fixity has been disproved in numerous cases, and is no longer believed in regard to any. The principal points which form the subjects of astronomical inquiries regarding the stars are their apparent and relative magnitudes, their distribution, their number, their distances, motions, and nature. In order to distinguish the stars one from another the ancients divided the heavens into different spaces called constellations, which they supposed to be occupied by the figures of animals and other objects, as a lion, a bear, a man, a lyre, &c. (See CONSTELLATION.) The stars are divided, according to their brightness, into stars of the first, second, third, &c., magnitudes; but no magnitude, in the proper sense of the word, has yet been observed in any star. All the stars beyond the sixth or seventh magnitude are called telescopic stars, as they cannot be seen without the aid of the telescope. The gradations of magnitude among the telescopic stars are continued by astronomers from the eighth down to the sixteenth. The stars are very irregularly distributed over the celestial sphere. In some regions scarcely a star is to be seen, while in others they seem crowded together, especially in the Milky Way, where they appear, when viewed through a powerful telescope, to be crowded almost beyond imagination. Of the stars visible to the naked eye at any one time the number probably does not exceed a few thousands, but in the telescope their number is so great as to defy all calculation; and, besides, there is every reason to believe that there are countless hosts which lie beyond the reach of the most powerful telescopes. The distances of the fixed stars from the earth are very great. The nearest yet found, that of a Centauri, a double star in the southern hemisphere, being calculated at 20 billions of miles, so that light takes 3 years to travel from it to our earth. Many stars have been observed whose light appears to undergo a regular periodic increase and diminution of brightness, amounting, in some instances, to a complete extinction and revival. These are called variable and periodic stars. It is found that some stars, formerly distinguished by their splendour, have entirely disappeared, others have shone forth with extraordinary brilliancy, and, after a longer or shorter period, have gradually died away and become extinct. These are called temporary stars. Many of the stars are found, when observed with telescopes of high magnifying power, to be composed of two, and some of them of three or more stars in close juxtaposition. These are termed double and multiple stars. The appearances known as nebulæ are, in many cases at least, agglomerations of stars, separated from our system and from one another by unfathomable starless intervals. See NEBULA-Binary stars, sidereal systems composed of two stars revolving about each other in regular orbits. -Falling or shooting stars. See FALLINGSTAR.-Pole-star, a bright star in the tail of STAR Ursa Minor, so called from being near the north pole-Parallax stars, those having a sensible parallax, as Arcturus, Capella, Polaris, &c-The watery star, the moon. Nine changes of the watery star. Shak.-2. In astrol. a heavenly body supposed to have influence over a person's life; a configuration of the planets supposed to influence fortune. Hence the expression, You may thank your stars for such and such an event.' Let those who are in favour with their stars Shak. (b) A radiated mark in writing or printing; an asterisk; thus, : used as a reference to a note in the margin or to fill a blank in writing or printing where letters or words are omitted. (c) In pyrotechny, a small piece of inflammable composition, which burns high in air with a coloured flame, depending on the character of the ingredients employed, and presents the appearance of a star.-4. A person of brilliant and attractive qualities, especially in a public capacity, as a distinbrilliant guished and theatrical performer. 5. In her. the estoile, a charge frequently borne on the shield, which differs from the mullet in having its rays or points waved instead of straight, and in having usually * six of these points, while Star of eight points. the mullet has only five, and these straight. When the number is greater the points are waved and straight alternately.-6. In fort. a small fort having five or more points, or salient and re-entering angles flanking one another. Called also Star-fort.-Star of Bethlehem, a plant of the genus Ornithogalum (0. umbellatum), growing in pastures and woods. -Star of the earth, Plantago Coronopus, growing in dry, sandy places.-Order of the Star, an order of knighthood formerly existing in France, founded in 1350, in imitation of the order of the Garter in England, which was then recently instituted-Star of India, an order of knighthood instituted in 1961 to commemorate the direct assumption of the government of India by Queen Victoria. There are three classes of knights -Knights Grand Commanders (G.C.S.I.), Knights Commanders, (K.C.S.I.), and Companions (C.S.I.) The insignia of the order are a collar, badge, and star. The collar Insignia of the Order of the Star of India. consists of a double chain of gold, bearing the heraldic rose of England, palm-branches, and lotus-flowers, with an imperial crown at 189 the lower part of the collar. The badge is a five-pointed star, suspended from the crown, with an oval medallion attached containing an onyx cameo profile bust of Queen Victoria and the motto. The star of the order is a fivepointed star of diamonds, surrounded by an azure belt bearing the motto in diamonds, and having wavy rays of gold all round it. Star is frequently used in the formation of compounds of very obvious signification; as, star-aspiring, star-beam, star-bespangled, star-bestudded, star-bright, star-broidered, star-crowned, star-directed, star-led, starpaved, star-roofed, star-sprinkled, and the like. Star (stär), v. t. pret. & pp. starred; ppr. starring. To set or adorn with stars or bright radiating bodies; to bespangle; as, a robe starred with gems. 'Shall star the black earth with brilliance.' Tennyson. Star (star), v.i. To shine as a star; to be brilliant or prominent; to shine above others, as an eminent theatrical performer; to appear as an actor in a provincial theatre among inferior players. Star (stär), n. [Heb. shetar, shtar, a deed or contract.] An ancient name for all deeds, releases, or obligations of the Jews, and also for a schedule or inventory. See STAR CHAMBER. Star-anise (stär'an-is), n. Illicium anisatum, a plant inhabiting China, nat. order Magnoliaceae. It derives its name from the stellate form of its fruit, which is about 1 inch in diameter. This fruit forms a considerable article of commerce amongst Asiatic nations. It is commonly used as a condiment in the preparation of food, and native physicians prescribe it as a stomachic and carminative, while Europeans employ it to aromatize certain liquors. Star-apple(starap-1), n. The popular name of several species of Chrysophyllum. whose fruit esculent. Chrysophyllum Cainito is the most important species. is It is a native of the West Indies. The fruit resembles a large apple, which in the inside is divided into ten cells, each con taining a black seed, surrounded Star-apple (Chrysophyllum by a gelatinous pulp. It is eaten Cainito). in the warm climates of America by way of dessert. Star-blasting (stär blast-ing), n. nicious influence of the stars. The per Bless thee from whirlwinds, star-blasting, and tak. ing. Shak. Star-blind (stär'blind), a. [A. Sax. stareblind, Dan. starblind, stærblind, D. sterblind, G. staarblind; Dan. stær, D. and G. staar, cataract, glaucoma; from same root as stare.] Purblind; seeing obscurely, as from cataract; blinking. Starboard (star'bōrd), n. [A. Sax. steórbord; that is, steer-board, from steôran, to steer, the old rudder being a kind of large oar used on the right side of the ship. See STEER.] Naut. the right hand side of a ship or boat when a spectator stands with his face towards the head, stem, or prow: opposed to port or old larboard. See PORT. Starboard (star bord), a. Naut. pertaining to the right hand side of a ship; being or lying on the right side; as, the starboard shrouds; starboard quarter; starboard tack. Starch (starch), n. [From starch (adjective), a softened form of stark, stiff, strong; A. Sax. stearc, rigid, stiff; G. stärke, strength, starch, stark, strong. See STARK.] (C6H10 Os or C12 H20 010-) A proximate principle of plants, universally diffused in the vegetable kingdom, and of very great importance. It occurs in seeds, as in those of wheat and other cereal grains, and also in leguminous plants; in roots, as in the tubers of the potato; in the stem and pith of many plants, as in the sago plant; in some barks, as in that of cinnamon; and in pulpy fruits, such as the apple. Finally, it is contained in the expressed juice of most vegetables, such as the carrot, in a state of suspension, being STARCHY deposited on standing. The starch of commerce is chiefly extracted from wheat flour. When pure, it is a snow-white powder of Starch Granules in Potato. a glistening appear ance, which makes a crackling noise when pressed with the finger. It is composed of transparent rounded grains, the size of which varies in different plants, those of the potato being among the largest, and those of wheat and rice the smallest. It is insoluble in cold water, alcohol, and ether; but when heated with water it is converted into a kind of solution, which, on cooling, forms a stiff semi-opaque jelly. If dried up. this yields a translucent mass, which softens and swells into a jelly with water. It is employed for stiffening linen and other cloth. When roasted at a moderate heat in an oven it is converted into a species of gum employed by calico- printers; potato starch answers best for this purpose. (See DEXTRINE.) Starch is convertible into sugar by dilute sulphuric acid. Starch forms the greatest portion of all farinaceous substances, particularly of wheat flour, and it is the chief ingredient of bread. The woodcut shows the cells of the common potato (Solanum tuberosum) filled with starch granules, a a.-2. A stiff formal manner; starchedness; as, to take the starch out of a person. This professor is to infuse into their manners that beautiful political starch which may qualify them for levees, conferences, visits, &c. Addison. Starcht (starch), a. [See the noun.] Stiff; precise; rigid. Misrepresenting sobriety as a starch and formal thing.' Killingbeck. Starch (stärch), v. t. To stiffen with starch. With kerchief starch'd and pinners clean.' Gay. Star-chamber (star'cham-ber), n. [Said to be so called because the roof was ornamented with stars, or from certain Jewish contracts and obligations, called starrs (Heb. shetar, pronounced shtar), preserved in it.] Formerly, a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Westminster. It consisted originally of a committee of the privy-council, and was remodelled during the reign of Henry VIII., when it consisted of four high officers of state, with power to add to their number a bishop and temporal lord of the council, and two justices of the courts of Westminster. It had jurisdiction of forgery, perjury, riots, maintenance, fraud, libel, and conspiracy, and in general of every misdemeanour, especially those of public importance; it was exempt from the intervention of a jury, and could inflict any punishment short of death. Under Charles I. the scope of the Star-chamber was extended to cases properly belonging to the courts of common law, solely for the purpose of levying fines. Its process was summary, and often iniquitous, and the punishment it inflicted often arbitrary and cruel. This court was abolished by statute 16 Charles I. Starched (stärcht), p. and a. 1. Stiffened with starch. The starch'd beard.' B. Jonson.-2. Stiff; precise; formal. A starched squeezed countenance, a stiff formal gait.' Swift. Starchedness (stärcht'nes), n. The state of being starched; stiffness in manners; formality. The starchedness of his own nation.' L. Addison. Starcher (stärch'èr), n. One who starches, or whose occupation is to starch. Starch-hyacinth (stärch'hi-a-sinth), n. A plant, the Muscari racemosum, of the same nat. order with the hyacinth, and named from the smell of the flower. Called also Musk-hyacinth and Grape-hyacinth. Starchly (starch'li), adv. In a starchy manner; with stiffness of manner; formally. 'Talk starchly, and affect ignorance of what you would be at.' Swift. Starchness (stärch'nes), n. Stiffness of manner; preciseness. Starch-sugar (stärch'shu-gér), n. See GLU COSE. Starchy (stärch'i), a. 1. Consisting of starch; resembling starch.-2. Stiff; precise; formal in manner; as, a starchy personage. STAR-CONNER Star-connert (star'kon-èr), n. A star-gazer. Gascoigne. Star-crossed (stär'krost), a. Not favoured by the stars; ill-fated. A pair of starcross'd lovers.' Shak. Sir Stare (star), n. [A. Sax. stær, Icel. stari, Sw. stare, G. staar, stahr, same origin as L. sturnus, a starling. The root is possibly that of star, from the speckled coat of the bird. Starling is a diminutive.] A starling: a common name in various localities. T. Elyot; Pennant; Selby; F. O. Morris. Stare (star), v.i. pret. stared; ppr. staring. [A. Sax. starian, to stare, to gaze; D. and LG. staren, G. starren, Icel. stara. The literal meaning is to look fixedly, the root being that of G. and Sw. starr, stiff, rigid, fixed, E. stark, stiff, strong. Stern and starve are also akin, and so are L. sterilis, barren; Gr. stereos, firm. See also STARBLIND.] 1. To look with fixed eyes wide open; to fasten an earnest look on some object; to gaze, as in admiration, wonder, surprise, stupidity, horror, fright, impudence, &c. Look not big, nor stare, nor fret. Shak. 2. To stand out stiffly, as hair; to be prominent; to be stiff; to stand on end; to bristle. "The staring straws and jaggs in the hive.' Mortimer. Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil, That makest my blood cold, and my hair to stare! Shak. Stare (star), v.t. To affect or influence by staring, as to drive away or abash; to look earnestly or fixedly at; to look at with either a bold or vacant expression. Spectator. -To stare in the face, fig. to be before the eyes, or undeniably evident. The law. . . that stares them in the face, whilst they are breaking it.' Locke. Stare (star), n. The act of one who stares; a fixed look with eyes wide open. A vacant stare.' Tennyson. Starer (stár ér), n. One who stares or gazes. 'Stupid starers.' Pope. Starfe, pret. of sterve. Died; perished. Chaucer. Star-finch (stär'finsh), n. A name given to the redstart. Star-fish (stär'fish), n. A term in its widest application embracing all the echinoderms comprised in the orders Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea, but more commonly restricted to the members of the latter order, of which the common genus Asterias may be taken as the type. It is covered with a tough leathery skin beset with prickles, and has the form of a star, with five or more rays radiating from a central disc. In the middle of the under surface of the disc is situated the mouth, opening into a digestive system which sends prolongations into each ray. If the prickly skin be removed it will be seen to be supported by a series of plates beautifully jointed together. On the under surface of each ray the plates exhibit a series of perforations, through which, in the living state, the ambulacra or tubular feet can be protruded so as to effect locomotion. Starfishes are found in almost all tropical and European seas, and some species are found as far north as Greenland. The cut shows two common British species, the one belonging to the five-rayed stars, the other to the sun-stars, with many rays. The latter has the rays twelve to fifteen in number. Star-fort (star'fört), n. See STAR, 6. Star-fruit (stär'fröt), n. See ACTINOCARPUS. Stargazer (star'gaz-ér), n. 1. One who gazes at the stars; a term of contempt for an astrologer, sometimes used humorously for an astronomer. Is. xlvii. 13.-2. A species of acanthopterygious fishes of the Percida 190 family, the Uranoscopus scaber, inhabiting the Mediterranean, and so called because the eyes are situated on the top of the nearly cubical head, and directed towards the heavens. Stargazing (stär'gaz-ing), n. The act or practice of observing the stars with attention; astrology. Swift. Stargazing (stär'gaz-ing), a. Looking at or admiring the stars. Star-grass (stär'gras), n. 1. Star-wort (which see).-2. Hypoxis erecta, a small grass-like plant, having star-shaped yellow flowers.3. A smooth, stemless, very bitter plant, of the genus Aletris, having fibrous roots, and small flowers in a wand-like spiked raceme. Star-hawk (stär'hak), n. [Perhaps for sparhawk.] A species of hawk. Ainsworth. Staring (star'ing), a. 1. Gazing fixedly; looking with fixed gaze; fixed. Staring eyes.' Spenser. A staring look." Surrey.2. Standing stiffly up; bristling. Staring (star'ing), adv. Staringly; so as to stare wildly. Squire South, stark, staring mad.' Arbuthnot. Staringly (star'ing-li), adv. In a staring manner; with fixed look. Star-jelly (star'jel-li), n. Star-shoot (which see). Stark (stärk), a. [A.Sax. steare, stiff, hard, rough; G. and Sw. stark, D. sterk, Icel. sterkr. The root is that of G. starr, stiff. It is also in E. stare, stern. Starch is a softened form.] 1. Stiff; rigid, as in death. Many a nobleman lies stark and stiff, Under the hoofs of vaunting enemies. 2. Strong; rugged; powerful. Shak. A stark moss-trooping Scot was he 3. Entire; perfect; profound; absolute. Consider the stark security The commonwealth is in now. B. Jonson. 4. Mere; gross; pure; downright. Pronounces the citation stark nonsense.' Collier. Stark (stärk), adv. Wholly; entirely; absolutely; as, stark mad; stark blind; stark naked. 'Held him strangled in his arms till he was stark dead.' Fuller. Starkly (stärk'li), adv. In a stark manner; stiffly; strongly. As fast lock'd up in sleep, as guiltless labour When it lies starkly in the traveller's bones. Shak. Starless (starles), a. Having no stars visible or no starlight; as, a starless night. Starlet (stär'let), n. A small star. Nebula may be comparatively near, though the starlets of which they are made up appear extremely minute. H. Spencer. Starlight (stär lit), n. The light proceeding from the stars. Milton. Nor walk by moon Or glittering starlight, without thee is sweet. Starlight (stär'lit), a. Lighted by the stars, or by the stars only. A starlight evening and a morning fair.' Dryden. Starlike (star lik), a. 1. Resembling a star; stellated; radiated like a star; as, starlike flowers.-2. Bright; lustrous; shining; lumi"The star-like sorrows of immortal eyes.' Tennyson. nous. The having turned many to righteousness shall confer a starlike and immortal brightness. Boyle. Starling (starling), n. [Dim. of stare, a starling. See STARE.] An insessorial bird belonging to the conirostral family of Cuvier's great order Passeres, of the genus Sturnus and family Sturnidae. The common starling, Sturnus vulgaris, is found in almost all parts of Europe; it is between 8 and 9 inches in length. The colour is blackish, with blue, purplish, or cupreous reflections, and each feather is marked at the extremity Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). with a whitish triangular speck, and these specks are the stars from which the name of the bird seems to be derived. Starlings START live much about buildings, and nestle in holes of walls, crannies of rocks, and openings in hollow trees. They are often kept in cages, and may be taught to whistle some tunes, and even to pronounce words and sentences. Called also Stare. Starling (starling),n. 1. In hydraulic engin one of a number of piles driven in outside the foundations of the piers of a bridge, to break the force of the water. Written also Sterling.-2. A penny of sterling money. Chaucer. Starlit (stär lit), a. Lighted by stars; as, a starlit night. Star-monger (stär'mung-ger), n. An astrologer; a quack. Swift. Star-nose (stär'noz), n. A North American genus (Condylura) of moles (Talpida), distinguished by bearing at the extremity of its muzzle a remarkable structure of fleshy and somewhat cartilaginous rays disposed in the form of a star. Starost (star'ost), n. In Poland, a nobleman possessed of a castle or domain, called a starosty. Starosty (star'os-ti), n. [See above.] In Poland, a name given to castles and domains conferred on noblemen for life by the crown. Star-pagoda (stär'pa-go-da), n. A gold coin of the East Indies. In Madras its value is 78. 6d. Star-proof (stär'pröf), a. Impervious to the light of the stars. Branching elm starproof. Milton. Star-read, Star-redet (star'red),n. [Star, and rede, counsel.] Knowledge of the stars; astronomy. Who in star-read were wont have best insight.' Spenser. Starred (stärd), p. and a. 1. Studded, decorated, or adorned with stars. Milton2. Influenced by the stars: usually in composition; as, ill-starred. Starr'd most unluckily.' Shak.-3. Cracked, with many rays proceeding from a central point; as, a starred pane of glass; a starred mirror. Star-reed (stärred), n. A Peruvian plant of the genus Aristolochia, the A. fragrant issima, the root of which is highly esteemed in Peru as a remedy against dysenteries, malignant inflammatory fevers, colds, rheumatic pains, &c. Lindley. Starriness (star'i-nes), n. The state of being starry. fluences.' Starry (stär'i), a. [From star.] 1. Abounding with stars; adorned with stars. Above the starry sky.' Pope.-2. Consisting of or proceeding from stars; stellar; stellary; as, starry light; starry flame. The starry inSir W. Scott.-3. Shining like stars; resembling stars; as, starry eyes. 'Garlands pied and starry sea-flower crowns.' Shelley.-4. Having rays arranged like those of a star; shaped like a star; stellate; stelliform. - 5. Connected with the stars. "The starry Galileo." Byron. Star-shake (stär'shak), n. A defect in timber, consisting in clefts radiating from the pith to the circumference. Star-shine (star'shin), n. The shine or light of a star or stars; starlight. By star-shine and by moonlight.' Tennyson. Star-shoot, Star-shot (star'shot, stär shot), n. A gelatinous substance often found in wet meadows, and formerly supposed to be the extinguished residuum of a shootingstar. It is, however, of vegetable origin, being the common nostoc. See NosToc I have seen a good quantity of that jelly, by the vulgar called a star-shoot, as if it remained upon the extinction of a falling star. Bacon. Star-shooter (stär'shöt-ér), n. A contemptuous term for the early observers of the heavens. Star-shot, ". See STAR-SHOOT. Star-slough (star'sluf), n. Same as Starshoot. Star-spangled (stär'spang-gld), a. Spotted with stars; as, the star-spangled banner, or national flag of the United States. Star-spotted (star'spot-ed), a. Spotted or studded with stars. Star-stone (star'ston), n. 1. A rare variety of sapphire. When cut, and viewed in a direction perpendicular to the axis, it presents a peculiar reflection of light in the form of a star.-2. Same as Psarolite. Start (start), v.i. [O.E. sterte, sturte, stirte; not in A. Sax. or Icel.; allied to D. storten, Dan. styrte, G. stürzen, to precipitate, to rush or hurl headlong. From root of stir.] 1. To move suddenly and spasmodically; to move as if by a twitch; to make a sudden and involuntary motion of the body, caused |