TUNNY

shows how in some parts the tunnel requires to be strengthened with an arching of masonry all round to resist pressure up

St. Gothard Tunnel. Section showing construction in soft strata.

wards as well as downwards; the other shows the internal masonry in its more common form.-4. In mining, a level passage

driven across the measures, or at right angles to the veins which its object is to reach; and thus distinguished from the drift or gangway which is led along the vein when reached by the tunnel. Goodrich.-5. A tunnel-net (which see).

Tunnel (tun'el), v. t. pret. & pp. tunnelled; ppr. tunnelling. 1. To form or cut a tunnel through or under; as, to tunnel the English Channel.-2. To form like a tunnel; to hollow out in length.

Some foreign birds not only plat and weave the fibrous parts of vegetables together, and curiously tunnel them and commodiously form them into nests, but also artificially suspend them on the tender twigs of trees. Derham.

3. To catch in a net called a tunnel-net. Tunnel-head (tun'el-hed), n. The cylindrical chimney or mouth of a blast-furnace. Tunnel-net (tun'el-net), n. A net with a wide mouth at one end and narrow at the other.

Tunnel-pit, Tunnel-shaft (tun'el-pit, tun'el-shaft), n. A shaft sunk from the top of the ground to meet a tunnel at a point between its ends.

Tunny (tun'i), n. [It. tonno; Fr. thon; L. thynnus, from Gr. thynnos, a tunny, from thyno, to dart along. The English form may be directly from the Italian, modified to give it an English look.] A fish of the genus Thynnus and family Scomberide, the T. vulgaris, closely allied to the mackerel.

Tunny (Thynnus vulgaris).

These fish live in shoals in almost all the seas of the warmer and temperate parts of the earth. They are taken in immense quantities on the Mediterranean coasts, where the fishing is chiefly carried on. The flesh, which somewhat resembles veal, is delicate, and has been in request from time immemorial. The common tunny attains a length of from 4 feet to even 20 feet, and sometimes exceeds half a ton in weight. Its colour is

TUP

a dark blue on the upper parts, and silverywhite below. It has occasionally been found in the British seas. The American tunny (T. secundo-dorsalis) is found on the American coast from New York to Nova Scotia. It attains a length sometimes of 12 feet, and yields often 20 gallons of oil. Its flesh is esteemed excellent. The albacore (T. pacificus) and the bonito (which see) are allied species.

Tup (tup), n. [O.E. tuppe, also tip, so called perhaps from the tendency of the animal to butt with its head. Comp. L.G. tuppen, toppen, to push, to butt, so that it may be akin to E. top.] A ram.

Tup (tup), v. t. and i. pret. & pp. tupped; ppr. tupping. 1. To butt, as a ram. [Local]2. To cover, as a ram. Shak. Tupaia (tu-pi'a), n. A genus of remarkable mammals, comprising three known species, natives of Sumatra and Java. They feed on fruit and insects, living on trees like squirrels, which they resemble in general appearance and sprightliness, and, more specifically, in the possession of remarkably long, bushy tails. Called also Banxring. Tupaiada (tu-pi'a-dě), n. pl. The banxrings or squirrel-shrews,' a family of insectivorous vertebrate animals, consisting of the single genus Tupaia. See TUPAIA. Tupelo (tu'pe-ló), n. [The native Indian name.] A North American forest tree of the genus Nyssa, the N. denticulata, nat. order Santalaceae. It is a lofty tree of great beauty. The same name is given to other species of the genus, some of which are also called Black Gum, Sour Gum, Gum Tree, Piperidge, &c.

Tup-man (tup'man), n. A man who breeds or deals in tups. [Local.]

Turacine (to'ra-sin), n. An animal pigment, discovered in the primary and secondary pinion feathers of four species of Turaco (hence the name) or plantain-eater. It contains nearly 6 per cent of copper, which cannot be removed without the destruction of the colouring matter itself. Turanian (tú-ra'ni-an), a. [From Turan. See under IRANIAN] A term appellative of one of the great classes into which human speech has been divided, and including the Ugrian or Finnish, Samoyedic, Turkish, Mongolian, Tungusic, and possibly the Dravidian. It is called also Altaic, Scythian, as well as Agglutinate and Polysynthetic, from the facts that its words are polysynthetic, or composed of several distinct words, each, even in composition, retaining its signifi

cance.

Turban (ter'ban), n. [O E. turband, turbant, tulibant, tulipant, tolibant, &c., Fr. turban, O.Fr. tolliban, Sp. and It. turbante, from Turk. tulbend, dulbend, Ar. and Per. dulband, turban-dul, a turn, a round, and band, a band. Tulip is a modified form of the same word.] 1. A form of head-dress worn by the Orientals. It varies in form in different nations, and in different classes of the same nation. It consists of two parts: a quilted cap without brim, fitted to the head; and a sash, scarf, or shawl, usually of cotton or linen, wound about the cap, and sometimes hanging down the neck.2. A kind of head-dress worn by ladies.-3. In conch, the whole set of whorls of a shell. Turbandt (terband), n. A turban. Turbaned (têr band), a. Wearing a turban. 'A malicious and a turban'd Turk Shak. Turban-shell (têr'ban-shel), n. The popular name given to an echinus or sea-urchin when deprived of its spines: so called from some resemblance to a turban. Turbant (tér bant), n. A turban. Turban-top (terban-top), n. A plant of the genus Helvella; a kind of fungus or mushroom.

Turbary (ter'ba-ri), n. [L L. turbaria, from O.H.G. turba, E. turf. See TURF.] 1. In law, a right of digging turf on another man's land. Blackstone.-2. The place where turf is dug.

Turbellaria (tér-bel-la'ri-a), n. pl. [From L. turba, a crowd, a stir, from the currents caused by their moving cilia.] An order of Annuloida, of the class Scolecida, almost all the members of which are aquatic and non-parasitic. The external surface is always permanently ciliated, and the animals are destitute both of a suctorial dise and a circlet of cephalic hooklets. A water vascular system is always present; the alimentary canal is imbedded in the parenchyma of the body; the intestine straight or branched; and the nervous system consist

458

ing of ganglia situated in the fore-part of the body, united to one another by transverse cords. There are two sub-orders, Planarida and Nemertida.

Turbellarian (ter-bel-la'ri-an), a. and n. Pertaining to or one of the order Turbellaria.

Turbeth (ter'beth), n. See TURPETH. Turbid (tèr bid), a. [L. turbidus, from turba, a crowd, turbare, to trouble. See TROUBLE.] 1. Properly, having the lees disturbed; but in a more general sense, muddy; foul with extraneous matter; thick; not clear: used of liquids of any kind; as, turbid water; turbid wine. Though lees make the liquid turbid. Bacon.-2. Vexed; disquieted; disturbed. Turbid intervals that use to attend close prisoners.' Howell.

Turbidity (ter-bid'i-ti), n. The state of being

turbid.

Turbidly (ter'bid-li), adv. 1. In a turbid manner; muddily.-2. Proudly; haughtily. 'One of great merit turbidly resents them. Young. [A Latinism.] Turbidness (tér bid-nes), n. The state or quality of being turbid; muddiness. Turbillion (ter-bil'yon), n. [Fr. tourbillon, a dim. from L. turbo, a whirlwind, a whipping top, from the same root as turba, confusion, a crowd. See TURBID.] A whirl; a vortex. Each of them is a sun, moving on its own axis, in the centre of its own vortex or turbiliion. Steele. Turbinaceous (tér-bi-na'shus), a. [An illformed word from L L. turba, turf. See TUR BARY.] Of or belonging to peat or rather turf; turfy; peaty. [Rare.]

The real turbinaceous flavour no sooner reached the nose of the captain, than the beverage was turned down his throat with symptoms of most unequivocal applause. Sir W. Scott.

Turbinate, Turbinated (ter'bin-at, ter binåt-ed), a. [From turbo, turbinis, a top. See TOURBILLION.] 1. Shaped like a whipping top; specifically, (a) in conch. spiral or wreathed conically from a larger base to a kind of apex like a top; as, turbinated shells. (b) In bot. shaped like a top or cone inverted; narrow at the base and broad at the apex; as, a turbinated germ, nectary, or pericarp.-2. Whirling in the manner of a top. A spiral and turbinated motion.' Bentley.-Turbinated bones, very thin bony plates, rolled up in the form of horns, and situated in the nasal fossa. Turbinate (ter'bin-at), vi. To revolve like a top; to spin; to whirl. [Rare.] Turbination (ter-bin-a'shon), n. The act of spinning or whirling, as a top. Turbine (ter'bin), n. [L turbo, turbinis, that which spins or whirls round, whirl. See TOURBILLION, TURBINATE, &c.] A kind of horizontal water-wheel, made to revolve

Section of Turbine.

by the escape of water through orifices, under the influence of pressure derived from a fall. Turbines are now made after a vast variety of patterns. The oldest and simplest is the Scotch turbine, or Barker's mill (which see). In another common form the water passes vertically down through the wheel between fixed screw blades, which give it a spiral motion, and then strikes similar blades attached to a movable spindle, but placed in the opposite direction, so that the impact of the water communicates a rotatory motion to the blades and spindles. Or the

TURBOT

water may be passed from the centre horizontally outwards through fixed curved blades, so as to give it a tangential motion, and thereby cause it to act on the blades of the wheel which revolves outside. In the example represented in the annexed cut, the water is introduced into a close cast-iron vessel a, by the pipe b, connecting it with the reservoir. Here, by virtue of its pressure, it tends to escape by any aperture which may be presented; but the only apertures consist of a series of curved float-boards ff, fixed to a horizontal plate g, mounted upon a central axis h, which passes upwards through a tube connecting the upper and lower covers, c and d, of the vessel a. Another series of curved plates ee, is fixed to the upper surface of the disc d, to give a determinate direction to the water before flowing out at the float-boards, and the curves of these various parts are so adjusted as to render the reactive force of the water available to the utmost extent in producing a circular motion, and thus carrying round the disc and the axis h with which the machinery to be impelled is connected. Turbinidæ (ter-bin'i-de), n. pl. [See TURBO.] A family of marine, phytophagous, gasteropodous molluscs, characterized by a shell turbinated or pyramidal, and nacreous inside, and a horny and multispiral operculum, or a calcareous and paucispiral one. They are allied to the Trochidæ. See TURBO. Turbinite, Turbite (tèrbin-it, tér bit), n. A petrified shell of the turbo kind. Turbit (ter'bit), n. [In meaning 1 perhaps corruption of D. name kort-bek, short-beak.] 1. A variety of the domestic pigeon, remarkable for its short beak. The head is flat, and the feathers on the breast spread both ways. 2. The turbot.

Turbith (ter bith), n. An incorrect spelling of Turpeth (which see).

Turbo (terbo), n. [L, a whirling or turning round, a top.] A genus of gasteropodous molluscs, the type of the family Turbinidæ. It comprises all those species which have a completely and regularly turbinated shell and a perfectly round aperture. The animal resembles a limax or slug. The periwinkle is an example. There are about sixty living species found in all seas; and upwards of 360 fossil species found from the lower Silurian upwards.

Turbot (térbot), n. [Formerly also written

Turbot (Rhombus maximus).

turbet, turbutte. A word of doubtful origin. It may perhaps be Celtic originally; comp. W. torbut, Ir. turbit, Gael. turbaid, Armor. turboden, tulbozen, a turbot; so that Fr. turbot, O. D. turbot would like the English be borrowed forms. W. torbut seems to be from tor, a bulge, a belly, and put, something short and squat. Diez and Brachet, however, would derive Fr. turbot from L. turbo, a whipping top, comparing Gr. rhombos, which means both top and turbot, there being a supposed similarity in shape. The latter part of the word might also be explained as meaning flat-fish by itself but in halibut, D. bot, a plaice, G. butte, a flat-fish; comp. also G. butt, Dan. but, short and thick.] A wellknown and highly esteemed fish of the genus Rhombus or Pleuronectes (R or P. maximus), family Pleuronectidae or flat-fishes. Next to the halibut, the turbot is the largest of the Pleuronectidæ found on the British coast, and is the most highly esteemed for the table. It is of a short and broad form, and rather deeper than many of the flatfishes. The colour is brown on the left side, which is usually the upper side, or that on which the eyes are placed through the twisting of the head. It attains a large size, sometimes weighing from 70 to 90 lbs. The American or spotted turbot (Rhombus maculatus), common on the coasts of New England and New York, attains a weight of

TURBULENCE

20 lbs., and is much esteemed for the table.

Turbulence (têr 'bu-lens), n. [See TURBULENT.] The state or quality of being turbulent; a disturbed state; tumultuousness; agitation; disorder; commotion; refractoriness; insubordination. The years of internal warfare and turbulence which ensued.' Southey.

I come to calm thy turbulence of mind. You think this turbulence of blood From stagnating preserves the flood. Turbulency (terbü-len-si), n. The state or quality of being turbulent; turbulence. Turbulencies in the affairs of men.' Milton. What a tale of terror, now, their turbulency tells In the startled ear of night. Poe. Turbulent (têr'bu-lent), a. [L. turbulentus, from turbo, to disturb. See TROUBLE.] 1. Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous; being in violent commotion; as, the turbulent

When I that knew him fierce and turbulent Refused her to him, then his pride awoke. Tennyson. 3. Producing commotion or agitation. Nor envied them the grape, Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fuines. Turbulently (terbü-lent-li), adv. In a turbulent manner; tumultuously; with violent agitation; with refractoriness. Turcism (terk'izm), n. The religion, manners, character, or the like, of the Turks. 'Preferring Turcism to Christianity.' Atterbury.

Turco (türko), n. The name given by the French to the Arab tirailleur or sharpshooter in their army. Written also Turko. Turcois (tér koiz), n. Same as Turquoise. Turcoman (turk'o-man), n. See TURKOMAN. Turd (térd), n. [A. Sax. tord.] Excrement; dung. [Low]

Turdida (tér di-dē), n. pl. [See TURDUS.] The family of thrushes. Called also Merulidae. Turdus (térdus), n. [L.] The thrush; a genus of passerine birds. Called also Merula. See THRUSH.

Tureen (tu-ren'), n. [Fr. terrine, a tureen, lit. an earthen vessel, from terre L. terra, earth.] A rather large deep vessel for holding soup, or other liquid food, at the table. Also written Terreen.

Turf (terf), n. pl. Turfs (têrfs), obsolete or obsolescent Turves (térvz). [A. Sax. and D. turf, Icel. Sw. and L.G. torf, Dan. törv, O.H.G. zurf, zurba-turf. The Fr. tourbe and other Romance forms are from the Teutonic. Comp. Skr. durva, millet-grass; Slav. trawa, grass.] 1. The surface or sward of grass lands, consisting of earth or mould filled with the roots of grass and other small plants, so as to adhere and form a kind of mat; a piece of earth covered with grass; such a piece dug or torn from the ground; a sod.

One turf shall serve as pillow for us both. Shak. The Greek historian sets her in the field on a high heap of turves. Milton.

All the turf was rich in plots that look'd Each like a garnet or a turkis in it. Tennyson. 2. A kind of blackish, fibrous, peaty substance, cut from the surface of the ground, and used as fuel. See PEAT.-The turf, the race-course; and hence, the occupation or profession of horse-racing.

The honours of the turf are all our own. Cowper. -On the turf, in horse-racing; making one's chief occupation or means of living the running of horses or betting on races. All men are equal on the turf or under it. Lord George Bentinck. Turf (terf), v.t. To cover with turf or sod; as, to turf a bank or border.

And whelm all this beneath as vast a mound As after furious battle turfs the slain. Tennyson. Turf-clad (terf'klad), a. Covered with turf. "The turf-clad heap of mould which covers the poor man's grave.' Dr. Knox. Turf-drain (térf'drån), n. A kind of pipedrain constructed with turfs cut from the surface of the soil.

Turfen (tèrf'n), a. Made of turf; covered

TURKEY-COCK

young shoots of grasses which have a rhizoma or creeping stem.

Turioniferous (tü'ri-o-nif" êr-us), a. [L. turio, a shoot, and fero, to bear.] In bot. having turiones; producing shoots. Turk (térk), n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Turkey. Hence-2.† From the established religion in Turkey being Mohammedanism, a follower of Mohammed; a Mohammedan. Have mercy upon all Jews, Turks, infidels, and heretics. Common Prayer. It is no good reason for a man's religion that he was born and brought up in it; for then a Turk would have as much reason to be a Turk as a Christian to be a Christian. Chillingworth.

3. A sword, probably a scimitar. He forthwith unsheathed his trusty turke.' Whiting. Turkeis, n. A turquoise. Chaucer. Turkeis, a. Turkish. Chaucer. Turken (ter'ken), v.t. [See TURKIS.] To furbish; to give a new appearance to.

Either articles of his own lately devised, or the old newly turkened.' Thos. Rogers. Turkess (têrk'es), n. A female Turk. 'Disdainful Turkess." Marlowe.

Turkey (ter'ke), n. [So called because it was erroneously believed to have come from Turkey.] A large gallinaceous bird (Meleagris gallo-pavo), well known as an inmate of our poultry-yards. It is a native of North America, and was introduced into Europe in the sixteenth century. Wild turkeys abound in the forests of America, where they feed on berries, fruits, grasses, beetles, tadpoles, young frogs, &c. The plumage of the wild male turkey is a golden bronze, shot with violet and green, and

American Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallo-pavo).

banded with black. It has a curious tuft of hair-like feathers projecting from the breast. Its average length is 4 feet. On account of its size and the excellence of its flesh and eggs, the turkey is one of the most valued kinds of poultry. There is another species, the Honduras or West Indian turkey (Meleagris ocellata), which derives its specific name from the presence of bright eye-like spots on the tail coverts. It is not so large as the common turkey, but its plumage is brilliant, rivalling that of the peacock in its metallic hues.

Turkey-berry (têr'ke-be-ri), n. One of the berries of some species of Rhamnus, which form an article of commerce from the Mediterranean, on account of the colouring matter which they yield, which varies from yellow to green. See RHAMNUS. Turkey-bird (ter'ke-berd), n. A local name for the wryneck (Yunx torquilla). Halliwell.

Turkey-buzzard (ter'ke-buz-érd), n. A rapacious bird belonging to the vulture family (Vulturidae), and the genus Cathartes (C. aura): so named from its bearing a distant resemblance to a turkey. It is about 24 feet long, and with wings extended about 6 feet in breadth, and is remarkable for its graceful flight in the higher regions of the air. It inhabits a vast range of territory in the warmer parts of America, but in the northern and middle states is partially migratory, the greater number retiring to the south on the approach of cold weather. Its food consists of carrion of all kinds. Called also Turkey-vulture. Turkey-carpet (ter'ke-kär-pet), n. A carpet made entirely of wool, the loops being larger than those of Brussels carpeting and always cut. The cutting of the yarn gives it the appearance of velvet. Turkey-cock (ter'ke-kok), n. A male turkey: the representative of foolish vanity and pride.

Here he comes, swelling like a turkey-cock. Shak.

TURKEY-HONE

Turkey-hone (têr'kë-hōn), n. Same as Turkey-stone.

Turkey-red (tér'ke-red), n. A brilliant and durable red colour produced by madder upon cotton cloth, and introduced from the East about the end of the eighteenth century. The processes which a fabric undergoes in receiving this dye are numerous, and vary in different establishments, but the most essential is the preliminary treatment of the fabric with oils or fats, combined with certain other substances, such as carbonate of potash or soda. Turkey-slate (tér'kë-slät), n. Same as Turkey-stone.

Turkey-stone (tér'ke-stōn), n. A very fine-
grained siliceous slate, commonly of a green-
ish-gray, sometimes yellowish or brownish-
gray colour.
It is translucent on the edges,
yields to the knife, and is somewhat unetu-
ous to the touch. When cut and polished
it is used for sharpening small cutting in-
struments. It is also termed Novaculite
and Turkey oil-stone, and was first brought
from the Levant.

Turkey-vulture (têr'ke-vul-tür), n. Same
as Turkey-buzzard.
Turkey-wheat (tér'ke-whet), n.
Indian corn.

Maize or

We saw a great many fields of Indian corn which goes by the name of Turkey-wheat. Smollett Turkist (ter'kis), v. t. [Perhaps lit. to twist or wrest, from 0. Fr. torquer, to twist. Halliwell has torkess, to alter a house, &c.' Turken is another form.] To furbish; to alter.

He taketh the same sentence out of Esay (somewhat turkised) for his poesie as well as the rest. Bp. Bancroft.

Turkis (têr'kis), n. Same as Turquoise. Turkis and agate and almondine.' Tenny

son.

Turkish (têrkish), a. Of or pertaining to Turkey or to the Turks.

Turkishly (tér'kish-li), adv. In the manner of the Turks. Quart. Rev. Turkishness (tér'kish-nes), n. The religion, manners, character, or the like of the Turks; Turcism. Ascham.

Turkman (têrk'ınan), n. Same as Turkoman (which see). Byron. Turko (turko), n. Same as Turco. Turkois (tér koiz), n. See TURQUOISE. Turkoman (turkō-man), n. One of a nomadic Tartar people occupying a territory stretching between the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Aral, the khanates of Khiva and Bokhara, Afghanistan, and Persia. They do not form a single nation, but are divided into numerous tribes or clans. Written also Turcoman.

Turk's-cap (térks'kap), n. A plant of the genus Lilium (L. Martagon): the name is also given to Melocactus communis, or Turk's-head.

Turk's-head (térks'hed), n. 1. A plant of the genus Melocactus; turk's-cap.-2. Naut. a sailor's knot worked on a rope with a piece of small line so as somewhat to resemble a turban.

Turky, Turky-stonet (ter'ki, terki-ston), A turquoise. The emerald and the turky.' Sandys.

N.

She shows me her ring of a turky-stone, set with little sparks of dyamonds. Pepys.

Turlupins (tèr'lü-pinz), n. pl. In Fr. eccles. hist, a nickname applied to the sectaries of the fourteenth century, who were the precursors of the Reformation. Turm (term), n. horse. Milton.

A troop or company of

O fair is the pride of these furms as they ride, to the eye of the morning shown!

But a God in the sky hath doomed them to lie in the dust on Marathon. Prof. Blackie.

Turma (têr'ma), n. [L.] Among the Romans, a company of cavalry, consisting at first of thirty, and afterwards of thirty-two

men.

Turmalin (tyr'ma-lin), n. Same as Tourmalin.

Turmeric (tér'mer-ik), n. [Probably from Hind. zurd, yellow, and mirch, pepper.] 1. A name of one or two East Indian plants of the genus Curcuma, nat. order Zingiberacer. 2. The rhizome, prepared and unprepared, of the Curcuma longa and C. rotunda. It is used as a condiment, a dye, and also as a chemical test for the presence of alkalies. It forms one of the chief ingredients of curry powder, and various beautiful shades of yellow are produced by it, but its colour has no permanence. Me

460

dicinally it is much employed in the East as a carminative. Turmeric-paper (tér'mer-ik-på-pėr), n. Unsized paper stained yellow with an aqueous or alcoholic solution of turmeric, used in chemical operations as a test for the alkalies and for boracic acid, which changes the colour to a reddish brown.

Turmoil (tér'moil), n. [Origin doubtful; probably from turn and moil.] Harassing labour; molestation by tumult; commotion; disturbance; tumult.

Shak.

There I'll rest, as after much turmoil A blessed soul doth in Elysium. Turmoil (tér-moil), v.t. To harass with commotion; to trouble; to disturb; to agitate; to molest. Milton.

It is her fatal misfortune, above all other countries, to be miserably tossed and turmoiled with these storms of affliction, Spenser. Turmoil (tér-moil'), v.i. To be disquieted; to be in commotion. 'Sweating and turmoiling under the inevitable and merciless dilemmas of Socrates." Milton. Turn (térn), v. t. [O. E.torne, tourne, from O. Fr. turner, torner, Mod. Fr. tourner, to turn, Sp. and Pg. tornar, It. tornare, from L. tornare, to turn in a lathe, from tornus, a turner's wheel, a lathe, from Gr. tornos, a turner's chisel. The word early passed into the Teutonic tongues, hence A. Sax. turnian, to turn, Icel. turna, O.H.G. turnjan; as also into the Celtic: Ir. tour, a turn; W. turn, a turn; Gael.turna, a spinning-wheel. The root is the same as that of L. tero, tritum (E. trite) to rub, bruise, grind, terebra, a boring instrument, teredo, boring worm.] 1. To cause to move round on a centre or axis, or as on a centre or axis; to cause to move circularly; to put into circular motion; to move round; to make to go round; to cause to rotate or revolve.

She would have made Hercules turn the spit. Shak. Turn, Fortune, turn thy wheel, and lower the proud. Tennyson. 2. To cause to move, go, aim, point, or look in a different direction, or towards a different object; to direct or put into an opposite or different way, course, or channel; to change the direction of; to cause to leave a certain course or direction.

He'll turn your current in a ditch.

Shak.

A man, though he turns his eyes towards an object, yet he may choose whether he will curiously Locke. survey it.

Unless he turns his thoughts that way, he will have no more distinct ideas of the operation of his mind than he will have of a clock who will not turn. his eyes to it. Locke.

3. To apply or devote to a different purpose, object, or the like; to apply or devote generally.

He turned his parts rather to books and conversation than to politics. Prior.

My thoughts, I must confess, are turned on peace.

Addison.

He is still to spring from one of a poetical disposi tion, from whoni he might inherit a soul turned to poetry. Pope.

4. To shift or change with respect to the top, bottom, front, back, sides, or the like; to put the upper side downward, or one side in the place of another; to reverse; to invert. This house is turned upside down.' Shak.

When the hen has laid her eggs so that she can cover them, what care does she take in turning them frequently that all parts may partake of the vital warmth! Addison.

5. To bring the inside of out, as a garment. 'A pair of old breeches thrice turned.' Shak. 6. To form or fashion by revolving motion in a lathe; to shape, as wood, metal, and other hard substances, especially into round or rounded figures by means of the lathe; as, to turn the legs of a chair, table, or the like; to turn ivory figures. Hence-7. To form, fashion, or shape in any way.

What nervous arms he boasts, how firm his tread,
His limbs how turned!
Pope.

Then her shape
From forehead down to foot perfect-again
From foot to forehead exquisitely turned.
Tennyson.

8. To change or alter from one purpose or effect to another; to change from a given use or office; to divert; to use or employ.

Great Apollo, turn all to the best. Shak. When a storm of sad mischance beats upon our spirits, turn it to advantage to serve religion or pru dence. Fer. Taylor.

9. To change to another opinion or party; to change with respect to belief, convictions, sentiments, or feelings; to convert; to

TURN

pervert; as, he can be turned into a Whig or Tory at another's will.

Will nothing turn your unrelenting hearts? Shak. 10. To give a different form of expression to; to paraphrase; to translate; to construe. Who turns a Persian tale for half-a-crown, Just writes to make his barrenness appear. Pope. 11. To change or alter the state, nature, or appearance of in any way; to alter into something else; to metamorphose; to transform; to transmute; to change. Mountains turned into clouds." Shak.

The empiric alchemist

Can turn, or holds it possible to turnt Metals of drossiest ore to perfect gold. Milton. 12. To transfer; to put into different hands. Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens. Lam. v. 2.

13. To reverse; to repeal. God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion upon thee. Deut. xxx. 3.

14. To revolve, ponder, or agitate, as in the mind; to place in different points of view; to consider and reconsider.

Turn these ideas about in your mind, and take a view of them on all sides. Watts. 15. To make suitable, fit, or proper; to adapt. [Perhaps only in pp.]

However improper he might have been for studies of a higher nature, he was perfectly well turned for trade. Addison,

16. To change from a fresh, sweet, or natural condition; to cause to ferment, turn sour, or the like; as, warm weather turns milk; to turn cider, beer, wine, and the like.-17. To put, bring, or place in a certain state or condition; as, the wine has turned him sick; a subject turned into ridicule. 'A slave that still... turns me to shame.' Shak-To turn adrift, to expel from some safe or settled place, position, or office; to sever all connection with; to cast out; to throw upon one's own resources; as, the lazy rogues were turned adrift.-To turn against, (a) to direct towards or against; hence, to use to one's disadvantage, injury, or the like; as, his argument was turned against himself; they turned their arms against their best friends. (b) To render unfavourable, hostile, or opposed to; as, his master was turned against him by false reports. To turn aside, to ward off; to avert; as, to turn aside a blow, a thrust, &c.-To turn away, (a) to dismiss from service; to discharge; to discard.

I must turn away some of my followers. (b) To avert.

Shak.

We pray to God to turn away some evil from us. Dr. H. More. -To turn back, (a) to cause to return or retrace one's footsteps; hence, to drive off or away; as, the intruder was turned back; I was half on my way, but was turned back by stress of weather. (b) To send back; to re

turn.

We turn not back the silks upon the merchant When we have spoiled them. Shak. -To turn down, to fold or double down. Is not the leaf turned downt Shak.

-To turn forth, to drive away; to cast out; to expel.

Shak.

Turn melancholy forth to funerals. -To turn in, to fold or double in. Thus a wise tailor is not pinching, But turns at every seam an inch in. Hudibras. -To turn off, (a) to dismiss or put away with contempt; to discharge.

He turned off his former wife to make rooin for Addison. this marriage. (b) To give over; to resign. Dr. H. More. (c) To deflect; to divert.

The institution of sports was intended by all gov ernments to turn off the thoughts of the people from busying themselves in matters of state, Addison. (d) To accomplish; to perform; to complete; as, the printer turned off 10,000 copies. (e) To shut off, as a fluid, by means of a stopcock, valve, &c., so as to prevent the working, operation, or effect of; to stop or withdraw the effective supply of; as, to turn off the gas, the water, the steam. (f) To hang: to execute, as a criminal. [Slang.] Hence, with probable primary reference to altar and halter, or to the noose or knot, to put through the marriage ceremony; to marry. I saw them turned off at exactly a quarter past 12. Dickens-To turn on, to open a passage to, or admit, as a fluid, by means of a stopcock or valve, so as to allow to do the required work or have the desired effect; to put on or provide with the effective supply of; as, to turn on the gas, steam, water, &c.