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SEVER

scholars who first translated the Old Testament into Greek. So called from their number or approximate number. See SEPTUAGINT.

Sever (sever), v. t. [O. Fr. sevrer, severer, to separate; Mod. Fr. sevrer, to wean; from L. separare, to separate. See SEPARATE] 1. To part or divide by violence; to separate by cutting or rending; as, to sever the body or the arm at a single stroke. 2. To part from the rest by violence, cutting, or the like; as, to sever the head from the body.3. To separate; to disjoin, referring to things that are distinct but united by some tie; as, the dearest friends severed by cruel necessity. 4. To separate and put in different orders or places.

The angels shall come forth and sever the wicked Mat. xiii. 49. from among the just.

5. To disjoin; to disunite: in a general sense, but usually implying violence.

Our state can not be severed; we are one.

6. To keep distinct or apart.

Milton.

And I will sever in that day the land of Goshen, in which my people dwell, that no swarm of flies shall Ex. viii. 22. be there.

7. In law, to disunite; to disconnect; to part possession; as, to sever an estate in jointtenancy. Blackstone.

Sever (sev'èr), v. i. 1. To make a separation or distinction; to distinguish.

The Lord will sever between the cattle of Israel Ex. ix. 4. and the cattle of Egypt.

2. To suffer disjunction; to be parted or rent asunder.

Tennyson.

Her lips are sever'd as to speak. Severable (sev'ér-a-bl), a. Capable of being severed.

Several (sev'èr-al), a. [O. Fr. several, from severer. See SEVER.] 1. Separate; distinet; not common to two or more: now mainly used in legal phraseology; as, a several A several fishery fishery; a several estate.

is one held by the owner of the soil, or by title derived from the owner. A several estate is one held by a tenant in his own right, or a distinct estate unconnected with any other person.

Each might his several province well command, Would all but stoop to what they understand. Pope. We may assume that the Germans in their own country had no distinct ideas of several property in land. Brougham.

2. Single; individual; particular.

Each several ship a victory did gain. Dryden. 3. Different; diverse; distinct.

Divers sorts of beasts came from several parts to drink. Bacon.

Four several armies to the field are led. Dryden. 4. Consisting of a number; more than two, but not very many; divers; as, several persons were present when the event took place. A joint and several note or bond, one executed by two or more persons, each of whom is bound to pay the whole amount named in the document.

Several (sev'èr-al), n. 1. A few separately or individually; a small number, singly taken: with a plural verb.

Addison.

Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them. 2. A particular person or thing; a particu

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could not keep my eye steady on them severally so as to number them. Newton.

-To be jointly and severally bound in a contract, is for each obligor to be liable to pay the whole demand, in case the other or others are not able. A state of sepSeveralty (sev'èr-al-ti), n. aration from the rest, or from all others.Estate in severalty, an estate which the tenant holds in his own right without being joined in interest with any other person. It is distinguished from joint-tenancy, coparcenary, and common.

The rest of the land in the country, however, was not possessed in severalty, but by the inhabitants of each district in common. Brougham.

Severance (sev'èr-ans), n. The act of severing or state of being severed; separation; the act of dividing or disuniting; partition.

No established right of primogeniture controlled the perpetual severance of every realm, at each sucMilman. cession, into new lines of kings.

severance.

-The severance of a jointure, in law, a sev erance made by destroying the unity of interest. Thus when there are two jointtenants for life, and the inheritance is purchased by or descends upon either, it is a So also when two persons are joined in a writ and one is non-suited; in this case severance is permitted, and the other plaintiff may proceed in the suit. Severe (se-vēr'), a. [Fr. sévère, from L. severus, serious, severe.] 1. Serious or earnest in feeling or manner; exempt from levity of appearance; sedate; grave; austere; not light, lively, or cheerful. eyes severe and beard of formal cut.' Shak. Your looks must alter, as your subject does, From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe. Waller.

'With

2. Very strict in judgment, discipline, or government; not mild or indulgent; rigorous; harsh; rigid; merciless; as, severe criticism; severe punishment.

Shak.

Come, you are too severe a moraler. Let your zeal, if it must be expressed in anger, be more severe against thyself than against others. Fer. Taylor.

3. Strictly regulated by rule or principle; exactly conforming to a standard; rigidly methodical; hence, not allowing or permitting unnecessary or florid ornament, amplification, and the like; not luxuriant; as, a severe style of writing; the severest style of Greek architecture; the severe school of German music. Restrained by reason and severe principles.' Jer. Taylor. The Latin,

a most severe and compendious language.' Dryden.-4. Sharp; afflictive; distressing; violent; extreme; as, severe pain, anguish, torture; severe cold; a severe winter. 5. Difficult to be endured; exact; critical; rigorous; as, a severe test; a severe examination.

In a severe

Severely (sē - vēr'li), adv. manner; gravely; rigidly; strictly; rigorously; painfully; fiercely. Kept severely from resort of men.' Shak. may severely repent.' Swift. severely kind.' Savage.

A peace we Fondly or

More formidable Hydra stands within, Whose jaws with iron teeth severely grin. Dryden. Severeness (se-ver'nes), n. Severity. Sir W. Temple.

Eccles, one of Severian (se-vē'ri-an), n. the followers of Severius, a Monophysite, who held, in opposition to the Julianists, that the Saviour's body was corruptible. Severity (se-ver'i-ti), n. [L. severitas. See SEVERE.] The quality or state of being severe; as, (a) gravity or austerity; extreme strictness; rigour; harshness; as, the severity of a reprimand or reproof; severity of discipline or training; severity of penalties. 'Strict age and sour severity. Milton.

Shak

It is too general a vice, and severity must cure it. (b) The quality or power of afflicting, distressing, or paining; extreme degree; extremity; keenness; as, the severity of pain or anguish; the severity of cold or heat. (c) Extreme coldness or inclemency; as, the severity of the winter. (d) Harshness; cruel treatment; sharpness of punishment; as, severity practised on prisoners of war. (e) Exactness; rigour: niceness; as, the severity of a test. ()Strictness; rigid accuracy. Confining myself to the severity of truth.' Dryden.

Severy (sev'èr-i), n. [Also written civery, and supposed to be a corruption of ciborium] In arch, a bay or compartment in a vaulted roof; also, a compartment or division of scaffolding. Oxford Glossary.

SEWERAGE

[From L. seroco, sevocatum-se, apart, and voco, to call.] A calling aside. Bailey. A Mexican plant, Sevoeja (sev-o-ä hä), n. the Stenanthium frigidum. It possesses acrid and poisonous qualities, and is used as an anthelmintic.

Sevocation † (sẽ-võ kāshon), n

Sèvres Ware (sã-vr war), n. A kind of porcelain ware, unsurpassed for artistic design and brilliancy of colouring, manufactured at Sèvres, in France.

Sewt (su), v. t. [See SUE.] 1. To pursue; to follow. Spenser.-2. To bring on and remove meat at table; to assay or taste, as meats and drinks, before they are served up, or in presence at the table. Sew (so), v.t. [A. Sax. siwian, seowian, suwan, O.H.G. and Goth. siujan, O.Fris. sia, Dan. 8ye, Icel. sýja; cog. L. suo, Skr. siv, to sew. Seam is from this stem.] To unite or fasten together with a needle and thread.

They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons. Gen. iii. 7. -To sew up, (a) to inclose by sewing; to inclose in anything sewed.

Thou sewest up mine iniquity. Job xiv. 17. If ever I said loose-bodied gown sew me up in the skirts of it.

Shak.

(b) To close or unite by sewing; as, to sero up a rent.To be sewed up, (a) naut. to rest upon the ground, as a ship, when there is not sufficient depth of water to float her. A ship thus situated is said to be sewed up by as much as is the difference between the surface of the water and her floating-mark or line. (b) To be brought to a standstill; to be dead beaten; to be ruined or overwhelmed. Dickens. [Colloq.] (c) To be intoxicated. [Slang.] Sew (so), v.i. To practise sewing; to join things with stitches. Or teach the orphan girl to sew.' Tennyson. Sewt (su), v.t. [Ö. Fr. essuer, Fr. essuyer, now to wipe dry, but originally to draw off moisture or water; from L. exsucare, to extract the juice-L. ex, out, and sucus, succus, juice; hence, sewer, sewage.] To let off the water from; to drain a pond for taking the fish.

Sew (su), v.i. To ooze out. [Provincial.] Sew,tn. A viand; a kind of pottage. Gower. Sewage (su'āj), n. [From sew, to drain, perhaps directly from sewer.] 1. The matter which passes through the drains, conduits, or sewers, leading away from human habitations singly, or from houses collected into villages, towns, and cities. It is made up of excreted matter, solid and liquid, the water necessary to carry such away, and the waste water of domestic operations, together with the liquid waste products of manufacturing operations, and generally much of the surface drainage water of the area in which the conveying sewers are situated.-2. A systematic arrangement of sewers, drains, &c., in a city, town, &c.; the general drainage of a city, &c., by sewers; sewerage (which see).

Sewel (sü'el), n. [Probably for sherrell or showell, from shew, show.] In hunting, a scarecrow, generally made of feathers, hung up to prevent deer from entering a place. Sewer (su'ér), n. [From sew, to drain; O. Fr. essuier, essuyer, a drain, a conduit.] A subterranean channel or canal formed in cities, towns, and other places to carry off superfluous water, soil, and other matters. In England, Courts of Commissioners of Sewers are temporary tribunals with authority over all defences, whether natural or artificial, situate by the coasts of the sea, all rivers, water-courses, &c., either navigable or entered by the tide, or which directly or indirectly communicate with such rivers. Sewer † (sü'er), n. [From sew, to follow, to bring on and remove meats at table; O. Fr. sewer, squire.] An officer who serves up a feast and arranges the dishes, and who also provides water for the hands of the guests. Clap me a clean towel about you, like a sewer. and bareheaded march afore it with a good confidence. B. Jonson. One who sews or uses the

Sewer (sō'èr), n. needle. 1. The system of Sewerage (sü'èr-āj), n. sewers or subterranean conduits for receiv ing and carrying off the superfluous water and filth of a city; as, the sewerage of the city of London. See SEWER. 2. The matter carried off by sewers. Called also Sewage.-Sewerage is generally applied to the system of sewers, and Sewage to the matter carried off.

SEWIN

Sewin, Sewen (sü'in, sü'en), n. A fish which has often been regarded as a variety of the salmon trout, salmon peal, or bull trout, but is regarded by Couch as a distinct species, the silver salmon (Salmo cambricus). Sewing (so'ing). n. 1. The act or occupation of sewing or using the needle.-2. That which is sewed by the needle.-3. pl. Compound threads of silk wound, cleaned, doubled, and thrown, to be used for sewing. Sewing-machine (so'ing-ma-shen), n. A machine for sewing or stitching cloth, &c., now in extensive use, and largely superseding sewing by hand. Sewing-machines are of several classes; as, (a) those in which the needle is passed completely through the work, as in hand-sewing; (b) those making a chainstitch, which is wrought by the crotchet hook, or by an eye-pointed needle and auxiliary hook; (c) those making a fair stitch on one side, the upper thread being interwoven by another thread below; (d) those making the lock-stitch, the same on both sides. The modifications, improvements, and additions made to the sewing-machine since its introduction are very numerous. It has now been adapted to produce almost all kinds of stitching which can be done by the hand.

Sewing-needle (sō'ing-ne-dl), n. A needle used in sewing.

Sewster (so'stér), n. A woman that sews; a seamstress. B. Jonson. Sex (seks), n. [Fr. sexe, from L. sexus (for sectus), a sex, from seco, to cut, to separate.] 1. The distinction between male and female, or that property or character by which an animal is male or female. Sexual distinctions are derived from the presence and development of the characteristic generative organs-testis and ovary-of the male and female respectively.-2. One of the two divisions of animals formed on the distinction of male and female. Which two great sexes animate the world.' Milton.-3. In bot. the structure of plants which corresponds to sex in animals, as staminate or pistillate; also, one of the groups founded on this distinction. See SEXUAL.-4. By way of emphasis, womankind; females: generally preceded by the definite article the.

Unhappy sex! whose beauty is your snare. Dryden. Shame is hard to be overcome; but if the sex ence get the better of it, it gives them afterwards

no more trouble.

Garth.

Sex (seks) A Latin prefix signifying six. Sexagecuple (sek-saj'e-ku-pl), a. Proceeding by sixties; as, a sexagecuple ratio. Pop. Ency.

Sexagenarian (seks'a-je-na"ri-an), n. [See below.] A person aged sixty or between sixty and seventy.

Sexagenarian (seks'a-je-nä"ri-an), a. Sixty years old; sexagenary.

I count it strange, and hard to understand, That nearly all young poets should write old; That Pope was sexagenarian at sixteen, And beardless Byron academical. E. B. Browning. Sexagenary (sek-saj'en-a-ri), a. [L. sexagenarius, from sexaginta sixty, from sex, six.] Pertaining to the number sixty; composed of or proceeding by sixties.-Sexagenary arithmetic, that which proceeds according to the number sixty. See SEXAGESIMAL. Sexagenary (sek-saj'en-a-ri), n. 1. A sexagenarian.

The lad can be as dowff as a sexagenary like myself. Sir W. Scott. 2 A thing composed of sixty parts or containing sixty.

Sexagesima (seks-a-jes'i-ma), n. [L. sexagesimus, sixtieth.] The second Sunday before Lent, so called as being about the sixtieth day before Easter.

Sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), n. A sexagesimal fraction. See under SEXAGESIMAL.a. Sexagesimal (seks-a-jes'i-mal), a. Sixtieth; pertaining to the number sixty.-Sexagesi mal or sexagenary arithmetic, a method of computation by sixties, as that which is ased in dividing minutes into seconds.Sexagesimal fractions, or sexagesimals, fractions whose denominators proceed in the ratio of sixty; as, Jo, 1600, 7115 The denominator is sixty or its multiple. These fractions are called also astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. They are still retained in the division of the circle, and of time, where the degree or hour is divided into sixty minutes, the minutes into sixty seconds, and so on.

Sexanary (seks'a-na-ri), a. Consisting of six or sixes; sixfold. [Rare.]

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Sexangle (seks'ang-gl), n. In geom. a figure having six angles, and, consequently, six sides; a hexagon.

Sexangled, Sexangular (seks'ang-gld, seksang'gu-lèr), a. Having six angles; hexagonal.

Sexangularly (seks-ang'gu-lêr-li), adv. With six angles; hexagonally. Sexdecimal (seks-des'i-mal), a. [L. sex, six, and decem, ten. ] In crystal. having sixteen faces: applied to a crystal when the prism or middle part has six faces, and the two summits taken together ten faces, or the reverse.

Sexdigitism (seks-dij'i-tizm), n. [L. sex, six, and digitus, a finger or toe.] The state of having six fingers on one hand or six toes on one foot.

Sexdigitist (seks-dij'i-tist), n. One who has six fingers on one hand or six toes on one foot.

In

Sexduodecimal (seks'du-o-des"i-mal), a. [L. sex, six, and duodecim, twelve.] crystal. having eighteen faces: applied to a crystal when the prism or middle part has six faces, and two summits together twelve faces.

Sexed (sekst), a. Having sex: used in composition. 'Gentle sexed.' Beau. & Fl. Sexenary (seks'e-na-ri), a. Proceeding by sixes: applied specifically to an arithmetical system whose base is six. Sexennial (sek-sen'ni-al), a. [L. sex, six, and annus, year.] Lasting six years, or happening once in six years.

Sexennially (sek-sen'ni-al-li), adv. Once in six years.

Sexfid, Sexifid (seks'fid, seks'i-fid), a. [L. sex, six, and findo, fidi, to divide.] In bot. six-cleft; as, a sexfid calyx or nectary. Sexfoil (seks'foil), n. [L. sex, six, and folium, a leaf.] A plant or flower with six leaves. Sexhindman (seks-hind'man), n. In early Eng. hist. one of the middle thanes, who were valued at 6008.

Sexillion (sek-sil'li-on), n. Sextillion. Sexisyllable (seks'i-sil-la-bl), n. [L. sex, six, and E. syllable.] A word having six syllables.

Sexivalent (sek-siv'a-lent), a. In chem. having an equivalence of six; capable of combining with or becoming exchanged for six hydrogen atoms.

Sexless (seks'les), a. Having no sex; destitute of the characteristics of sex. Shelley. Sexlocular (seks-lok'u-lér), a. [L. sex, six, and loculus, a cell.] In bot. six-celled; having six cells for seeds; as, a sexlocular pericarp.

Sexlyt (seks'li), a. Belonging to a charac

teristic of sex; sexual.

Should I ascribe any of these things to my sexly weaknesses I were not worthy to live. Queen Elizabeth. Sext, Sexte (sekst, seks'ti), n. [L. sextus, sixth.] In the R. Cath. Ch. one of the canonical hours of prayer, usually recited at noon; the sixth hour of the day. Sextain (seks'tan), n. [From L. sex, six.] A stanza of six lines.

Sextans (seks'tanz), n. [L.] 1. In Rom. antiq. a coin, the sixth part of an as.-2. In astron, the sextant.

Sextant (seks'tant), n. [L. sextans, sextantis, a sixth part.] 1. In math. the sixth part of a circle. Hence-2. An improved form of quadrant, capable of measuring angles of 120°. It consists of a frame of metal, ebony, &c., stiffened by cross-braces, and having an arc embracing 60° of a circle. It has two mirrors, one of which is fixed to a movable index, and various other appendages. It is capable of very general application, but it is chiefly employed as a nautical instrument for measuring the altitudes of celestial objects, and their apparent angular distances. The principle of the sextant, and of reflecting instruments in general, depends upon an elementary theorem in optics, viz. if an object be seen by repeated reflection from two mirrors which are perpendicular to the same plane, the angular distance of the object from its image is double the inclination of the mirrors. The annexed figure shows the usual construction of the sextant. QP is the graduated arc, BI the movable index, B mirror fixed to the index, A mirror (half-silvered, half-transparent) fixed to the arm, GG' coloured glasses, that may be interposed to the sun's rays. To find the angle between two stars hold the instrument so that the one is seen directly through telescope T and the unsilvered portion of the mirror, and

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angle required; half degrees being marked as degrees, because what is measured by the index is the angle between the mirrors and this is half that between the objects. Box sextant, a surveyor's instrument for measuring angles, and for filling in the details of a survey, when the theodolite is used for the long lines, and laying out the larger triangles.-3. In astron. a constellation situated across the equator and south of the ecliptic.

Sextary (seks'ta-ri), n. [L. sextarius, from sextus, sixth, from sex, six.] An ancient Roman dry and liquid measure containing about a pint.

Sextary (seks'ta-ri), n. The same as Sacristy Sextary land, land given to a church or religious house for maintenance of a sexton or sacristan. Also written Sextery. Sextet, Sextetto (seks'tet, seks-tet'to), n. Same as Sestet.

Sextile (seks'til), a. [L. sextus, sixth, from sex, six.] Denoting the aspect or position of two planets when distant from each other 60 degrees or two signs. This position is marked thus

The moon receives the dusky light we discern in its sextile aspect from the earth's benignity. Glanville. Used also as a noun. Sextillion (seks-til'li-on), n. [From L. sex, six, and E. million.] According to English notation, a million raised to the sixth power; a number represented by a unit with thirtysix ciphers annexed; according to French notation, by a unit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. Spelled also Sexillion. Sexto (seks'to), n. pl. Sextos (seks'tōz). [L.] A book formed by folding each sheet into six leaves.

Sexto-decimo (seks-to-des'i-mo), n. [L. sextus decimus, sixteenth-sextus, sixth, and decimus, tenth.] A book, pamphlet, or the like, folded so that each sheet makes sixteen leaves; the size of the book thus folded. Usually indicated thus, 16mo, 16°. Used also adjectively. Called also Sixteenmo. Sexton (seks'ton), n. [Contr. from sacristan (which see)] An under officer of the church, whose business, in ancient times, was to take care of the vessels, vestments, &c., belonging to the church. The greater simplicity of Protestant ceremonies has rendered this duty one of small importance, and in the Church of England the sexton's duties now consist in taking care of the church generally, to which is added the duty of digging and filling up graves in the churchyard. The sexton may be at the same time the parish clerk.

Sextonryt (seks' ton-ri), n. Sextonship. Berners.

Sextonship (seks'ton-ship), n. The office of a sexton.

Sextry (seks'tri), n. Same as Sacristy. Sextuple (seks'tu-pl), a. [L.L. sextuplus, from L. sex, six.] 1. Sixfold; six times as much.-2. In music, applied to music divided into bars containing six equal notes or their equivalents, generally considered a sort of compound common time.

Sextuplet (seks'tu-plet), n. In music, a double triplet, six notes to be performed in the time of four.

Sexual (seks'ü-al),a. [L. sexualis (Fr. sexuel), from sexus, sex.] Pertaining to sex or the sexes; distinguishing the sex; denoting what is peculiar to the distinction and office of male and female; pertaining to the genital organs; as, sexual characteristics; sexual diseases; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce.-Sexual system, in bot. a system of classification; the method founded on the distinction of sexes in plants, as male and

SEXUALIST

female. Called also Artificial System, Linnæan System. See LINNEAN. Sexualist (seks'ü-al-ist), n. One who believes and maintains the doctrine of sexes in plants; or one who classifies plants by the sexual system. The state or Sexuality (seks-u-al'i-ti), n. quality of being distinguished by sex. Sexualize (seks'ü-al-iz), v.t. To give sex to; to distinguish into sexes. 'Sexualizing, as it were, all objects of thought.' Whitney. Sexually (seks'u-al-li), adv. In a sexual manner or relation.

Sey (sy), n. [Fr. saye.] A sort of woollen cloth; say. [Scotch.]

Sey (si), n. The opening in a garment through which the arm passes; the seam in a coat or gown which runs under the arm. [Scotch.]

Sey (sy), v.t. [L. G. sijen, A. Sax. sihan, seon, to strain; Icel. sia, to filter.] To strain, as milk. [Scotch.] Seye,t pret. of see.

Saw. Chaucer.

'Sfoot (sfut), interj. An imprecation abbreviated from God's foot.

'Sfoot, I'll learn to conjure and raise devils. Shak. Sforzando, Sforzato (sfor-tsän'do, sfor-tsä'to). [It., forcing, forced.] In music, a term written over a note or notes to signify that they are to be emphasized more strongly than they would otherwise be in the course of the rhythm. Generally contracted sf. Sfregazzi (sfra-gat'si), n. [It. sfreggare, to rub-L ex, and frico, to rub.] In painting. a mode of glazing adopted by Titian and other old masters for soft shadows of flesh, &c., and which consisted in dipping the finger in the colour and drawing it once along the surface to be painted with an Fairholt even movement.

Sfumato (sfü-ma'to), a. [It., smoky.] In painting, a term applied to that style of painting wherein the tints are so blended that the outline is scarcely perceptible, the whole presenting an indistinct misty ap

pearance.

Sgraffitto (sgraf-fe'to), a. [It., scratched.] Applied to a species of painting in which the ground is prepared with dark stucco, on which a white coat is applied; this is afterwards chipped away, so as to form the design from the dark ground underneath. Shabt (shab), v.i. [See SHABBY.] To play mean tricks; to retreat or skulk away meanly or clandestinely. [Old cant.] Shab (shab), v.t. [See SHABBY.] To rub or scratch, as a dog or cat scratching itself. Shab (shab), n. [See SHABBY.] A disease incident to sheep; a kind of itch which makes the wool fall off; scab. Shabbed + (shab'ed), a. Mean; shabby.

They mostly had short hair, and went in a shabbed condition, and looked rather like prentices. A. Wood

Shabbily (shab'i-li), adv. In a shabby manner; as, (a) with threadbare or worn clothes; as, to be clothed shabbily. (b) Meanly; in a despicable manner.

Shabbiness (shab'i-nes), n. The quality of being shabby; the state of being threadbare or much worn; meanness; paltriness. Shabble (shab'l), n. [A form of sabre, D. sabel, G. sübel, a sabre.] A crooked sword or hanger; a cutlass. [Scotch.] Shabby (shab'i), a. [A softened form of scabby; Prov. E. shabby, itchy, mangy, from shab, itch; A. Sax. sceab, a scab, sceabig, scabby, mangy. See SCAB.] 1. Ragged; threadbare; torn or worn. 'The necessity of wearing shabby coats and dirty shirts.' Macaulay.2. Clothed with threadbare or much-worn garments. The dean was so shabby.' Swift. 3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, a shabby fellow; shabby treatment.

You're shabby fellows-true-but poets still, Byron. And duly seated on the immortal hill. Shabrack (shab'rak), n. [G. schabracke, Fr. chabraque, Hung. csabrág, Turk. tshaprák.] The cloth furniture of a cavalry officer's charger.

Shack (shak), n. [In meanings 1 and 2 from shake; in 3 more probably a form of shag.] 1. Grain shaken from the ripe ear, eaten by hogs, &c., after harvest. [Provincial English.1-2. Beech, oak, &c., mast for swine's food. [Provincial English.]-3. A liberty of winter pasturage.-Common of shack, the right of persons occupying lands lying together in the same common field, to turn out their cattle after harvest to feed promiscuously in that field.-4. A shiftless fellow; a sturdy beggar; a vagabond. [Provincial English.]

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Shack (shak), v. i. [Prov. E. and Sc., to shake. See above.] 1. To be shed or fall, as corn at harvest.-2. To feed in stubble, or upon the waste corn of the field.-3. To rove about, as a stroller or beggar. [A provincial word.] Shackatory (shak'a-to-ri), n. [For shake Dekker. a Tory.] An Irish hound. Shack-bolt (shak'bolt), n. In her. a fetter such as might be put on the wrists or ankles of prisoners.

Shackle (shak'l), n. [Generally used in the
plural] [A. Sax. scacul, sceacul, a shackle,
from scacan, sceacan, to shake; D. schakel, a
link of a chain. It probably meant origin-
ally a loose, dangling fastening.] 1. A fetter,
gyve, handcuff, or something else that con-
fines the limbs so as to restrain the use of
'Bolts and
them or prevent free motion.
shackles. Shak.-2. That which obstructs
or embarrasses free action.

The shackles of an old love straiten'd him.
Tennyson.

It is when Milton escapes from the shackles of the dialogue, when he is discharged from the labour of uniting two incongruous styles, when he is at liberty to indulge his choral raptures without reserve, that he rises even above himself. Macaulay.

3. Naut. (a) a link in a chain-cable fitted with a movable bolt, so that the chain can be separated. (b) A ring on the port through which the port-bar is passed to close the port-hole effectually.-4. A link for coupling railway-carriages, &c. [American.]-5.† A fetter-like band or chain worn on the legs

or arms for ornament.

He told me. that they had all ear-rings made of gold and gold-shackles about their legs and arms. Dampier. 6. The hinged and curved bar of a padlock by which it is hung to the staple. Shackle (shakl), v. t. pret. & pp. shackled; ppr. shackling. 1. To chain; to fetter; to tie or confine the limbs of, so as to prevent free motion.

To lead him shackled and exposed to scorn
Of gathering crowds.
F. Philips.

2. To bind or confine so as to obstruct or embarrass action.

You must not shackle him with rules about indifferLocke.

ent matters.

3. To join by a link or chain, as railway-carriages. [American.]

Shackle (shak'l),n. (See SHACK, n.] Stubble. [Provincial English.]

Shackle-bar (shack'l-bär), n. The United States name for the coupling bar or link of a railway carriage. Shackle-bolt (shak'l-bōlt), n. gyve; a shack-bolt.

A shackle; a

'What device does he bear on his shield?' asked Ivanhoe. Something resembling a bar of iron, and a padlock painted blue on the black shield.'-'A fetterlock and shackle-bolt azure,' said Ivanhoe; 'I know not who may bear the device, but well I ween it might now be mine own.' Sir W. Scott.

Shackle-bone (shak'l-bon), n. [Lit. the bone on which shackles are put; L. G. shakebein.] The wrist. [Scotch.] Shacklockt (shak'lok), n. A shackle-bolt; a sort of shackle. W. Browne.

Shackly (shak'l-i), a. Shaky; ricketty.

[United States.]

Shad (shad), n. sing. and pl. [Prov. G. schade, a shad; comp. Arm. sgadan, W. ysgadan, a herring.] A teleostean fish of the genus Alosa, family Clupeidae, which inhabits the sea near the mouths of large rivers, and in the spring ascends them to deposit its spawn. It attains a length of 3 feet, and is distinguished by the absence of sensible teeth, and by an irregular spot behind the gills. Two species of shad are found off the British coast, the Twaite (A. vulgaris) and the Allice shad (A. finta), but their flesh is dry and not much esteenied here. In the United States a species of shad, plentiful in the Hudson, Delaware, Chesapeake, and St. Lawrence, is much esteemed and is consumed in great quantities in the fresh state.

Shad-bush (shad 'bush), n. A name of a shrub or small tree common in the Northern United States (Amelanchier canadensis), so called from its flowering in April and May when the shad ascend the rivers. The fruit is edible and ripens in June, whence the name June-berry. Called also Service-berry. Shaddock (shad'dok), n. [After Captain Shaddock, who first brought it to the West Indies, early in the eighteenth century.] A tree and its fruit, which is a large species of orange, the produce of the Citrus decumana, a native of China and Japan. The fruit weighs sometimes from 10 to 20 lbs., is

[merged small][merged small][graphic]

Shaddock Tree (Citrus decumana).

Shade (shad), n. [A. Sax. sceadu, shade, shadow. See SHADOW.] 1. A comparative obscurity caused by the interception, cutting off, or interruption of the rays of light; dimness or gloom caused by interception of light. Shade differs from shadow, as it implies no particular form or definite limit; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light. Hence, when we say, let us resort to the shade of a tree, we have no thought of form or size, as of course we have when we speak of measuring a pyramid or other object by its shadow.

The fainty knights were scorched, and knew not where

To run for shelter, for no shade was near. Dryden. 2. Darkness; obscurity. In this sense used often in the plural. Solemn shades of endless night. Shak.

The shades of night were falling fast. Longfellow. 3. A shaded or obscure place; a place sheltered from the sun's rays, as a grove or close wood; hence, a secluded retreat.

Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there
Shak.
Weep our sad bosoms empty.

4. A screen; something that intercepts light, heat, dust, &c.; as, (a) a coloured glass in a sextant or other optical instrument for solar observations. (b) A hollow conic frustum of paper or metal surrounding the flame of a lamp, in order to confine the light within a given area. (c) A hollow globe of ground glass or other translucent material, used for diffusing the light of a lamp, gas jet, &c. (d) A hollow cylinder perforated with holes, used to cover a nightlight.

She had brought a rushlight and shade, which, with praiseworthy precaution against fire, she had stationed in a basin on the floor." Dickens.

(e) A hollow glass covering for protecting ornaments, &c., from dust. 'Spar figures under glass shades.' Mayhew. A device for protecting the eyes from the direct rays of the sun or artificial light.-5. Protection; shelter; cover.-6. In painting, the dark part of a picture; deficiency or absence of illumination.

'Tis every painter's art to hide from sight,
And cast in shades, what seen would not delight.
Dryden.

7. Degree or gradation of light.

White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees or shades and mixtures, as green, come only in by Locke. the eyes.

8. A small or scarcely perceptible degree or amount; as, coffee is a shade lower. 'Slender shade of doubt.' Tennyson.-9. A shadow. Since every one hath, every one, one shade.' Shak. [Poetical.]

Envy will merit, as its shade, pursue.

Pope.

10. The soul, after its separation from the body: so called because the ancients supposed it to be perceptible to the sight, not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes.

Swift as thought the flitting shade
Through air his momentary journey made.
Dryden.

SHADE

11. pl. The abode of spirits; the invisible world of the ancients; hades: with the.

Virgil, who represents him in the shades surrounded by a crowd of disciples. W. Mure.

Shade (shad), v.t. pret. & pp. shaded; ppr. shading. 1. To shelter or screen from light by intercepting its rays; to shelter from the light and heat of the sun; as, a large tree shades the plants under its branches; shaded vegetables rarely come to perfection. I went to crop the sylvan scenes,

And shade our altars with their leafy greens. Dryden. 2 To overspread with darkness or obscurity; to obscure. Bright orient pearl, alack, too timely shaded. Shak.

Thou shad'st

Milton.

The full blaze of thy beams. 3. To shelter; to hide. 'Sweet leaves, shade folly.' Shak. Ere in our own house I do shade my head.' Shak.-4. To cover from injury; to protect; to screen.

Leave not the faithful side That gave thee being, still shades thee and protects. Milton.

5. In drawing and painting, (a) to paint in obscure colours; to darken. (b) To mark with gradations of colour.-6. To cover with a shade or screen; to furnish with a shade or something that intercepts light, heat, dust, &c.

He was standing with some papers in his hand by a table with shaded candles on it. Dickens.

Shade-fish (shad'fish), n. See MAIGRE.
Shadeful (shad'ful), a. Shady. Drayton.
Shadeless (shad'les), a. Without shade.

A gap in the hills, an opening
Shadeless and shelterless.

Wordsworth.

Shader (shad'ér), n. One who or that which shades.

Shad-frog (shad'frog), n. A very handsome species of American frog, Rana halecina, so named from its making its appearance on land at the same time the shads visit the shore. It is very active and lively, making leaps of from 8 to 10 feet in length. Shadily (sha'di-li), adv. In a shady manner; umbrageously.

Shadiness (sha'di-nes), n. The state of being shady; umbrageousness; as, the shadiness of the forest.

Shading (shad'ing), n. 1. The act or process of making a shade; interception of light; obscuration.-2. That which represents the effect of light and shade in a drawing; the filling up of an outline.

Shadoof, Shaduf (sha-duf'), n. A contrivance extensively employed in Egypt for raising water from the Nile for the purpose of irrigation. It consists of a long stout rod suspended on a frame at about one-fifth of

Raising water by Shadoofs.

its length from the end. The short end is weighted so as to serve as the counterpoise of a lever, and from the long end a bucket of leather or earthenware is suspended by a rope. The worker dips the bucket in the river, and, aided by the counterpoise weight. empties it into a hole dug on the bank, from which a runnel conducts the water to the lands to be irrigated. Sometimes two shadoofs are employed side by side. When the waters of the river are low two (or more) shadoofs are employed, the one above the other. The lower lifts the water from the

49

river and empties it into a hole on the bank, the upper dips into this hole, and empties the water into a hole at the top of the bank, whence it is conveyed by a channel to its destination.

Shadow (shad'o), n. [A. Sax. scadu, sceadu, a shadow; O. Sax. scado, Goth. skadus, D. schaduw, O.H.G. scato, Mod. G. schattenshade, shadow, from a root ska, skad, Skr. chhad, to cover; comp. Gr. skotos, darkness.] 1. Shade within defined limits; the figure of a body projected on the ground, &c., by the interception of light; obscurity or deprivation of light apparent on a plane, and representing the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, of a tower. Shadow, in optics, may be defined a portion of space from which light is intercepted by an opaque body. Every opaque object on which light falls is accompanied with a shadow on the side opposite to the luminous body, and the shadow appears more intense in proportion as the illumination is stronger. An opaque object illuminated by the sun, or any other source of light which is not a single point, must have an infinite number of shadows, though not distinguishable from each other, and hence the shadow of an opaque body received on a plane is always accompanied by a penumbra, or partial shadow, the complete shadow being called the umbra. See PENUMBRA.-2. Dark ness; shade; obscurity.

Night's sable shadows from the ocean rise. Sir F. Denham. 3. Shade; the fainter light and coolness caused by the interception of the light and heat of the sun's rays.

In secret shadow from the sunny ray
On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid.

Spenser

4. Shelter; cover; protection; security. He that dwelleth in the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty. Ps. xci. 1. 5. Obscure place; secluded retreat. 'To secret shadows I retire.' Dryden.-6. Dark part of a picture; shade; representation of comparative deficiency or absence of light. After great lights there must be great shadows. Dryden.

7. Anything unsubstantial or unreal, though having the deceptious appearance of reality; an image produced by the imagination. 'What shadows we are and what shadows we pursue.' Burke.

Shadows to-night

Have struck more terror to the soul of Richard Than can the substance of ten thousand soldiers. Shak.

8. A spirit; a ghost; a shade. 'If we sha dows have offended.' Shak. A shadow like an angel.' Shak.-9. An imperfect and faint representation; adumbration; a prefiguration; a foreshowing; a dim bodying forth.

The law having a shadow of good things to come, and not the very image of the things, can never, &c. Heb. x. 1.

In the glorious lights of heaven we perceive a shadow of his divine countenance. Raleigh.

10. Inseparable companion; that which follows or attends a person or thing like a shadow. Sin and her shadow, Death.' Milton.-11. Type; mystical representation. "Types and shadows of that destin'd seed.' Milton.-12. Slight or faint appearance. No variableness, neither shadow of turning.' Jam. i. 17.-13. A reflected image, as in a mirror or in water; hence, any image or portrait.

Narcissus so himself himself forsook,

And died to kiss his shadow in the brook. Shak. 14. An uninvited guest, introduced to a feast by one who is invited: a translation of the Latin umbra.

I must not have my board pester'd with shadows, That under other men's protection break in Without invitement. Massinger.

-Shadow of death, approach of death or dire calamity; terrible darkness. Job iii. 5. Shadow (shad'o), v. t. 1. To overspread with obscurity or shade; to intercept light or heat from; to shade.

The warlike elf, much wonder'd at this tree, So fair and great, that shadow'd all the ground. Spenser. 2. To cloud; to darken; to obscure; to throw a gloom over. The shadow'd livery of the burnish'd sun.' Shak.

I must not see the face I love thus shadow'd. Beau. & Fl 3. To conceal; to hide; to screen. [Rare.] Let every soldier hew him down a bough, And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow The number of our host. Shak.

SHAFT

4. To protect; to screen from danger; to shroud. 'Shadowing their right under your wings of war.' Shak.-5. To mark with slight gradations of colour or light; to shade. Peacham.-6. To paint in obscure colours. Void spaces which are deeply shadowed.' Dryden.-7. To represent faintly or imperfectly; to body forth.

Augustus is shadowed in the person of Æneas. Dryden. 8. To represent typically; as, the healing power of the brazen serpent shadoweth the efficacy of Christ's righteousness. In this sense the word is frequently followed by forth; as, to shadow forth the gospel dispensation.-9. To follow closely; to attend as closely as a shadow, especially in a secret or unobserved manner.

Shadowiness (shad'o-i-nes), n. State of being shadowy or unsubstantial. Shadowing (shad'ō-ing), n. 1. Shade or gradation of light and colour; shading.

More broken scene made up of an infinite variety of inequalities and shadowings that naturally arise from an agreeable mixture of hills, groves, and valleys. Addison.

2. In painting, the art of correctly representing the shadows of objects.

Shadowish (shad'o-ish), a. Shadowy. 'Our religion being that truth whereof theirs was but a shadowish prefigurative resemblance.' Hooker. [Rare.]

Shadowless (shad'o-les), a. Having no shadow. R. Pollok.

Shadowy (shad'ō-i), a. [A. Sax. sceadwig. See SHADOW.] 1. Full of shade; causing shade; accompanied by shade; dark; gloomy. 'Shadowy forests.' Shak. This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods.' Shak.

Tell them, that by command, ere yet dim night
Her shadowy cloud withdraws, I am to haste.
Milton.

2. Faintly representative; typical. Those shadowy expiations weak, the blood of bulls and goats. Milton.-3. Unsubstantial; unreal. His (the goblin's) shadowy flail.' Milton.

Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and fictitious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death. Addison.

4. Dimly seen; obscure; dim.

And summons from the shadowy past The forms that once have been. Longfellow. 5. Indulging in fancies or dreamy imaginations.

Wherefore those dim looks of thine, Shadowy dreaming Adeline? Tennyson. Shadrach (sha'drak), n. [From Shadrach, one of the three persons on whose bodies the fiery furnace had no power, mentioned in Dan. iii. 26, 27.] A mass of iron in which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect.

Shady (sha'di), a. 1. Abounding with shade or shades; casting or causing shade. And Amaryllis fills the shady groves.' Dryden. 2. Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat.

Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter.

[graphic]

Bacon.

3. Such as cannot well bear the light; of doubtful morality or character; equivocal; as, a shady character; a shady transaction. [Slang.]

Our newspapers have not yet got the length of sending an emissary to the Treasury to ask Mr. Gladstone if he does not think the Ewelme appointment a shady business. Sat. Rev. Shamlet (shaf'fl), v.i. [A form of shuffle.] To hobble or limp.

Shaffert (shaf'fl-ér), n. A hobbler; one that limps.

Shafites (shaf'i-its), n.pl. [From the founder, called Al-shafei.] One of the four sects of the Sunnites or orthodox Mohammedans. Shaft (shaft), n. [G. schacht, Dan. skakt, the shaft of a mine; comp. Sc. sheugh, a trench, a shaft, as in coal-sheugh. As to change from guttural to labial comp. laugh.] In mining, a narrow deep pit or opening made into the earth as the entrance to a mine or coal-field, by which the workers descend, and through which the mineral is brought to the surface. Shafts are also formed to allow the passage of pure air into a coal-mine, or for drawing up through them the foul air from the workings. The former is named a downcast shaft, the latter an upcast.

Shaft (shaft), n. [A. Sax. sceaft, a dart, an arrow, a spear, a pole; Icel. skaft, skapt, an arrow or dart, a handle; Dan. skaft, a handle or haft, a column; D. and G. schaft, a shaft, pole, handle. Usually regarded as lit. the thing shaped or smoothed by shaving or scraping, from A. Sax. scafan, to shave,

ch, chain; ch, Sc. loch; g, go; j, job; h, Fr. ton; ng, sing; TH, then; th, thin; w, wig; wh, whig; zh, azure.-See KEY.

SHAFT-ALLEY

to scrape; but this is doubtful. Comp. L. scapus, a shaft, scipio, a staff; Gr. skaptron, skeptron, a staff.] 1. An arrow; a missile weapon. Shafts of gentle satire, kin to charity. Tennyson.

So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow
With vigour drawn must send the shaft below.
Dryden.
2. A body of a long cylindrical shape; a stem,
stalk, trunk, or the like; the columnar part
of anything; specifically, in arch. (a) the
body of a column between the base and the
capital; the fust or trunk. It always di-
minishes in diameter, sometimes from the
bottom, sometimes from a quarter, and
sometimes from a third of its height, and
sometimes it has a slight swelling, called
the entasis, in the lower part of its height.
In the Ionic and Corinthian columns the
difference of the upper and lower diameters
of the shaft varies from a fifth to a twelfth
of the lower diameter. See COLUMN. (b)
The spire of a steeple. (c) The part of a
chimney which rises above the roof. (d) In
middle-age architecture, one of those small
columns which are clustered round pillars,
or used in the jambs of doors and windows,
in arcades, &c.-3. The interior space of a
blast-furnace. -4. The stem or stock of a
feather or quill.-5. The handle of certain
tools, utensils, instruments, or the like; as,
the shaft of a hammer, axe, whip, &c.-6. A
long lath at each end of the heddles of a
loom.-7. In mach. (a) a kind of large axle;
as, the shaft of a fly-wheel; the shaft of a
steamer's screw or paddles; the shaft or
crank-axle of a locomotive. (b) A revolving
bar or connected bars serving to convey the
force which is generated in the engine or
other prime mover to the different working
machines, for which purpose it is provided
with drums and belts, or with cog-wheels.
8. One of the bars between a pair of which a
horse is harnessed to a vehicle; a thill; also,
the pole or tongue of a carriage, chariot, &c.
-To make a shaft or a bolt on't, a prover-
bial expression put by Shakspere into the
mouth of Slender (Merry Wives, iii. 4) sig-
nifying to take the risk come what may.
The shaft was the arrow of the long-bow,

the bolt that of the cross-bow.
Shaft-alley (shaft'al-li), n. A passage in a
screw steamer between the after bulk-head
of the engine - room and the shaft-pipe
around the propeller shaft, and allowing
access thereto.
A person
Shaft-bender (shaft'bend-er), n.
who bends timber by steam or pressure.
A de-
Shaft-coupling (shaft'kup-ling), n.
vice for connecting two or more lengths of
shafting together. See COUPLING.
Shafted (shaft'ed), a. 1. Having shafts; or-
namented with shafts or small clustering
pillars.

The lordly hall itself is lighted by a fine Gothic window of shafted stone at one end. Sir W. Scott. 2. Having a handle: a term used in heraldry to denote that a spear-head has a handle to it.

Shaft-horse (shaft'hors), n. The horse that goes in the shafts or thills of a cart, chaise, or gig.

In mach, the sysShafting (shaft'ing), n. tem of shafts connecting a machine with the prime mover, and through which motion is communicated to the former by the latter. See SHAFT.

Shaftment, Shaftman (shaft'ment, shaft'man), n. [A. Sax. scaftmund - scæft, a shaft, and mund, a hand.] A span, a measure of about 6 inches.

The thrust mist her, and in a tree it strake And entered in the same a shaftman deepe. Harrington. Shag (shag), n. [A. Sax. sceacga, a brush of coarse hair; probably allied to Icel. skegg, Dan. skiæg, a beard, and perhaps connected with Icel. skaga, to stand out, to be prominent; skagi, a promontory.] 1. Coarse hair 'True Witor nap, or rough woolly hair.

ney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn.' Gay-2. A kind of cloth having a long coarse nap.-3. The green cormorant or crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax cristatus). At the commencement of spring there rises on the middle of the head a fine tuft of outspread feathers, about 1 inch. high, capable of erection, and in that state presenting a toupet or large plume. On the occiput also are ten or twelve rather long subulate feathers.-4. A kind of tobacco cut into fine shreds.

Shag (shag), a. Hairy; shaggy. 'Fetlocks shag and long.' Shak.-Shag tobacco. See SHAG, 4

50

Shag (shag), v.t. 1. To make rough or
hairy.-2. To make rough or shaggy; to de-
form.

Brigands who live in mountain caverns shagged
Fraser's Mag.
with underwood,
In the United
Shag-bark (shag'bärk), n.
States, a popular name for Carya alba, a
kind of hickory. Some call it Shell-bark.
Shag-eared (shag'erd), a. Having shaggy

ears.

Shak.

Thou liest, thou shag-ear'd villain!
[Some editions read here (Macbeth, iv. 2)
shag-hair'd, an epithet occurring also in
II Henry VI. iii. 1.]
Shagged (shag'ed), a.
hair or wool.

1. Rough with long

Lean are their looks, and shagged is their hair.
Dryden.
2. Rough as with wood; rugged.
Shagginess, Shaggedness (shag'i-nes,
shag'ed-nes), n. The state of being shaggy;
roughness with long loose hair or wool.
1. Rough with long hair
Shaggy (shag'i), a.
or wool.

A lion's hide he wears,
About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin.

Dryden.

2. Rough; rugged; as, the shaggy tops of
Milton.
the hills.
Shag-haired (shaghard), a. Having long
shaggy hair. Shak

Shagreen (sha-gren'), n. [Fr. chagrin, Vene-
tian, sagrin, from Turk. sagri, Per. saghri,
shagreen.] 1. A species of leather prepared
without tanning, from horse, ass, and camel
skin, its granular appearance being given by
imbedding in it, whilst soft, the seeds of a
species of chenopodium, and afterwards
shaving down the surface, and then by
soaking causing the portions of the skin
which had been indented by the seeds to
swell up into relief. It is dyed with the
green produced by the action of sal ammo-
niac on copper filings. It is also made of the
skins of the shark, sea-otter, seal, &c. It
was formerly much used for watch, spec-
tacle, and instrument cases.-2. Chagrin.
See CHAGRIN.

Shagreen, Shagreened (sha-grēn', sha-
grènd'), a. Made of the leather called sha-
green. 'A shagreen case of lancets.' T.

Hook.
Shah (shä), n. [Per., a king, a prince (hence
chess).] 1. A title given by European writers
to the monarch of Persia, but in his own
country he is designated by the compound
Shah Nameh
appellation of Padishah.

[Per., the Book of Kings. ], the title of seve-
ral Eastern works, the most ancient and
celebrated of which is the poem in the mo-
dern Persian language by the poet Firdousi.
It contains the history of the ancient Per-
sian kings.-2. A chieftain or prince.
Shahi (sla'hi), n. A Persian copper coin of
the value of d.
Shaik (shak), n.

See SHEIK.
Shail+ (shal), v.t. [Allied to LG. schelen,
G. shielen, Dan. skiele, to squint, to be ob
lique.] To walk sidewise.

You must walk straight, without skiewing and
Sir R. L'Estrange.
shailing to every step you set.

Shake (shak), v.t. pret. shook; pp. shaken
(shook obs. or vulgar); ppr. shaking. [A. Sax.
scacan, sceacan, pret. scóc, sceóc, pp. scacen;
Icel. and Sw. skaka, to shake; allied to D.
schokken, to shake, to jog; G. schaukeln, to
swing. See also SHOCK.] 1. To cause to
move with quick vibrations; to move ra-
pidly one way and the other; to make to
tremble, quiver, or shiver; to agitate; as, the
wind shakes a tree; an earthquake shakes
the hills or the earth.

I shook my lap, and said, So God shake out every
man from his house and from his labour, that per-
formeth not this promise, even thus be he shaken out
Neh. v. 13.
and emptied.
The rapid wheels shake heaven's basis.
Sound the pipe, and cry the slogan-
Let the pibroch shake the air.

Milton.

Aytoun.

2. To move or remove by agitating; to throw
off by a jolting, jerking, or vibrating motion;
to rid one's self of: generally with an ad-
verb, as away, off, out, &c.

Shake off the golden slumber of repose. Shak.
At sight of thee my heart shakes off its sorrows.
Addison.

3. To move from firmness; to weaken the
stability of; to endanger; to threaten to
overthrow.

When his doctrines grew too strong to be shook
by his enemies, they persecuted his reputation.
Atterbury.

4. To cause to waver or doubt; to impair

SHAKE-FORK

the resolution of; to depress the courage of.

Milton.

His fraud is then thy fear; which plain infers Thy equal fear, that my firm hope and love Can by his fraud be shaken or seduced. 5. To give a tremulous or vibrating sound to; to trill; as, to shake a note in music. — 6. To rouse suddenly and with some degree of violence; as, to shake one from a trance. Thomson. In this sense usually with up.

The coachman shook up his horses, and carried them along the side of the school close. Hughes. -To shake hands, a phrase which, from the action of friends at meeting and parting, sometimes signifies, (a) to make an agreement or contract; to ratify, confirm, or settle; as, to shake hands over a bargain. (b) To take leave; to part.

Nor can it be safe for a king to tarry among them who are shaking hands with their allegiance. Eikon Basilikē. -To shake a loose leg, to live a roving, unsettled life. [Vulgar.]

Shake a loose leg at the world as long as you can. W. H. Ainsworth. -To shake off the dust from the feet, to disclaim or renounce solemnly all intercourse with a person or persons.

shake

And whosoever will not receive you,. off the very dust from your feet for a testimony Lu. ix. 5. against them.

-To shake the head, to express disapproba-
tion, reluctance, dissent, refusal, negation,
reproach, disappointment, and the like.

For how often I caught her with eyes all wet,
Shaking her head at her son and sighing.
Tennyson.

Shake (shāk), v.i. To be agitated with a
waving or vibratory motion; to tremble; to
shiver; to quake; to totter; as, a tree shakes
with the wind; the house shakes in a tempest.
The foundations of the earth do shake. Is. xxiv, 18.
Under his burning wheels

Milton.

The steadfast empyrean shook throughout, All but the throne itself of God. -To shake down, to occupy an improvised bed; to betake one's self to a shake-down. 'An eligible apartment in which five or six of us shook down for the night.' W. H. Russell. [Colloq.]--To shake together, to be on good terms; to get along smoothly together; to adapt one's self to another's habits, way 'The rest of the men had of working, &c. shaken well together.' Macmillan's Mag. [Colloq.]-To shake up, same as to shake together.

W. Collins.

I can't shake up along with the rest of you. Shake (shāk),n. 1. A vacillating or wavering motion; a rapid motion one way and the other; a shock or concussion; agitation; tremor.

The great soldier's honour was composed Of thicker stuff which could endure a shake. Herbert. 2. A brief moment; an instant. [Colloq.]3. In music, (a) a rapid reiteration of two notes comprehending an interval not greater than one whole tone nor less than a semitone; a trill. (b) The sign (tr., abbreviation of trill) placed over a note indicating that it is to be shaken or trilled.-4. A crack or fissure in timber, produced by great heat, strain of wind, rapid drying, seasoning, or the like.-5. A fissure in the earth. [Provincial.]-6. The staves and heading of a cask, ready for setting up, and packed in small bulk for convenience of transport.-7. pl. A trembling fit; specifically, ague; intermittent fever.-Shake of the hand, a friendly clasp of another's hand.

Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand. Addison.

-No great shakes, lit. no great windfall; hence, nothing extraordinary; of little value; little worth. [Colloq.]

I had my hands full, and my head too, just then, so it (his drama of Marino Faliero') can be no great Byron. shakes. A temporary Shake-down (shak'doun), n. substitute for a bed, as that formed on chairs or on the floor. The term is probably derived from straw being used to form the rough beds of early times. Shakee (sha-kē′), n. East Indian coin of the value of about 3d. sterling.

Y

Shake-fork.

An

Shake-fork (shak'fork),

N.

A fork to toss hay about. In her. the shakefork is in form like the pall, but the ends do not touch the edges of the shield, and have points in the same. manner as the pile.

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