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SHAKEN

Shaken (shak'n), p. and a. 1. Caused to shake; agitated. - 2. Cracked or split; as, shaken timber.

Nor is the wood shaken nor twisted, as those about Cape Town. Barrow's Travels.

Shaker (shak'êr), n. 1. A person or thing that shakes or agitates; as, Neptune, the shaker of the earth-2 A member of a religious sect founded in Manchester about the middle of the eighteenth century: so called popularly from the agitations or movements in dancing which forms part of their ceremonial, but calling themselves the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Appearing. The Shakers teach a system of doctrine founded partly on the Bible and partly on the supposed revelations of Mother Anne Lee, their first inspired leader, and her successors. They lead a celibate life, hold their property in common, engage in agriculture, horticulture, and a few simple trades. They believe the millennium has come, that they hold communication with the spirits of the departed, and have the exercise of spiritual gifts. They wear a peculiar dress, and abstain from the use of pork as food. They teach the theory of non-resistance as opposed to war and bloodshed. They are now mostly confined to the United States of America. Sometimes called Shaking Quaker.-3. A variety of pigeon.

Shake-rag (shákʼrag), n. A ragged fellow; a tatterdemalion.

The principles

State or quality

He was a shake-rag like fellow, and, he dared to say, had gypsy blood in his veins. Sir W. Scott. Shakerism (shák’ér-izm), n. of the Shakers. Shakiness (shák′i-nes), n. of being shaky. Shako (shak'ō), n. [Fr. schako, borrowed from Hung, caákó (pron. tshako), Pol. tzako, a shako.] A kind of military headdress, in shape somewhat resembling a truncated cone, with a peak in front and sometimes another behind, and generally ornamented with a spherical or other shaped body rising in front of the crown. Shaksperian, Shakspearian (shak-spě'ri-an), a. Relating to or like Shakspere. Spelled variously Shakespearean, Shakespearian, Shaksperean, and Shakspearean. Shaky (shak'i), a. 1. Loosely put together; ready to come to pieces. 2. Full of shakes or cracks; cracked, split, or cleft, as timber. 3. Disposed to shake or tremble; shaking; as, a shaky hand. [Colloq.]—4. Of questionable integrity, solvency, or ability. Specifically applied at the universities to one not likely to pass his examination. [Colloq.] Other circumstances occurred.

which seemed

to show that our director was-what is not to be found in Johnson's dictionary-rather shaky. Thackeray. Shale (shål), n. [A form of scale or shell; G. schale, a skin or bark, a shell, a thin layer. See SHELL.] 1. A shell or husk.

Bitu

Your fair show shall suck away their souls Leaving them but the shales and husks of men. Shak. 2 In geol. a species of schist or schistous elay; slate clay; generally of a bluish or yellowish gray colour, more rarely of a dark blackish or reddish gray, or grayish black, or greenish colour. Its fracture is slaty, and in water it moulders into powder. It is often found in strata in coal-mines, and commonly bears vegetable impressions. It is generally the forerunner of coal. minous shale is a sub-variety of argillaceous slate, is impregnated with bitumen, and burns with flame. It yields, when distilled at a low red heat, an oil of great commercial importance, to which, from its being rich in paraffin, the name of paraffin-oil has been The coal-measures of Linlithgowgiven. shire are specially rich in bituminous shales of great value. Alum also is largely manufactured from the shales of Lancashire, Yorkshire, and Lanarkshire. There are sandy, calcareous, purely argillaceous, and carbonaceous shales. Shale (shal), e.t.

To peel.

Life in its upper grades was bursting its shell, or was thaling off its husk. Is. Taylor. Shall (shal), originally v.t., now only auxil iary. Pres I shall, thou shalt, he shall, pl. 1, 2, and 3 shall; imperf. should, shouldest or shouldst, should, pl. should. [Formerly schal, shal, shul, pret sholde, shulde; A.Sax.

al, sceal, I shall, I have to, I ought; pl. scuLon, pret sceolde, scolde, inf. sculan. This is a preteritive present, that is a preterite which has been transformed into a present, having then acquired a new preterite of its own.

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Similar forms occur throughout the Teutonic tongues, all regarded as from a verb signifying to kill; so that shall originally meant I have killed; hence, I have become liable for the wergild, then I owe, I ought, I shall.] 1. As independent verb: (a) to owe; to be under obligation for. By that faith I shal to God.' Chaucer. (b) Have to; be called upon; be obliged; must. [In this sense almost the auxiliary.]

First tel me whider I shal (go) and to what man Chaucer.

Al drery was his chere and his loking Whan that he sholde out of the chambre go. Chaucer. 2. As an auxiliary: (a) to express mere futurity, forming the first persons singular and plural of the future tense (including the future perfect), and simply foretelling or declaring what is to take place = am to, are to; as, I or we shall ride to town on Monday. This declaration simply informs another of a fact that is to take place. Of course there may be an intention or determination in the mind of the speaker, but shall does not express this in the first person, though will does, I will go, being equivalent to I am determined to go, I have made up my mind to go. Hence, I will be obliged, or we will be forced, to go is quite wrong. The rest of the simple future is formed by the auxiliary will; that is to say, the future in full is, I shall, thou wilt, he will, we shall, you will, they will. In indirect narrative, however, shall may express mere futurity in the second and third persons in such sentences as, he says or thinks he shall go.

(b) In the second and third persons shall implies (1) control or authority on the part of the speaker, and is used to express a promise, command, or determination; as, you shall receive your wages; he shall receive his wages; these phrases having the force of a promise in the person uttering them; thou shalt not kill; he may refuse to go, but for all that he shall go. (2) Or it implies necessity or inevitability, futurity thought certain and answered for by the speaker.

Sorrow on love hereafter shall attend. Shak. He that escapes me without some broken limb shall acquit him well. Shak.

(c) Interrogatively, shall I go? shall we go? shall he go? shall they go? ask for direction or refer the matter to the determination of the person asked. But shall you go? asks rather for information merely as to the future without referring to another's intention. (d) After conditionals, as if or whether, and in dependent clauses generally, shall, in all the persons, expresses simple futurity;

as,

(I shall say, or we shall say, If Thou shalt say, ye or you shall say, He shall say, they shall say. Whosoever (if any one) therefore shall break one of these least commandments, and shall teach men so, he shall be called the least, &c. Mat. v. 19.

(e) Should, though in form the past of shall, is not used to express simple past futurity; thus, I shall go, means I am to go, but we do not say I should go yesterday, for I was to go or to have gone yesterday. In the indirect speech, however, it is so used; as, I said I should go; I arranged that he should go.

SHALLOWNESS

'it seems'-but this expression is now less common than it would seem."

B. Fonson.

He is no suitor then? So it should seem. Shall and will are often confounded by inaccurate speakers or writers, and even writers such as Addison sometimes make a slip. In quoting the following lines from a song in Sir George Etherege's 'She Would if she Could' (1704), Mr. R. Grant White says, 'I do not know in English literature another passage in which the distinction between shall and will and would and should is at once so elegantly, so variously, so precisely, and so compactly illustrated."

How long I shall love him I can no more tell,
Than, had I a fever, when I shou'd be well.
My passion shall kill me before I will show it,
And yet I wou'd give all the world he did know it;
But oh how I sigh, when I think show'd he woo me,
I cannot refuse what I know wou'd undo me.
See also WILL.

Shalli (shalli), n. [Connected with shawl; the same word as challis.] A kind of twilled cloth, made from the native goats' hair at Angora. Simmonds.

Shalloon (shal-lön'), n. [Fr. chalon, a woollen stuff, said to be from Chalons, in France.] A slight woollen stuff.

In blue shalloon shall Hannibal be clad. Swift.

Shallop (shal'lop), n. [Fr. chaloupe, French form of sloop; D. sloep. See SLOOP.] 1. A sort of large boat with two masts, and usually rigged like a schooner.-2. A small light vessel with a small mainmast and foremast, with lug-sails. 'The shallop flitteth silken-sail'd.' Tennyson. Shallot (sha-lot'), n. [Abbrev. of eschalot (which see). See also SCALLION.] A plant, the Allium ascalonicum, a species of onion, the mildest cultivated. It grows wild in many parts of Palestine, especially near Ascalon, whence it derives its specific name. The bulb is compound, separating into divisions termed cloves, by which the plant is propagated. It is sufficiently hardy to endure the severest winters of England. The shallot is used to season soups and made dishes, and makes a good addition in sauces, salads, and pickles.

Shallow (shal'ló), a. [Probably same word as Icel. skjálgr, wry, oblique, the water being shallow where the beach sinks obliquely downward; comp. also shoal, shelf.] 1. Not deep; having little depth; having the bottom at no great distance from the surface or edge; as, shallow water; a shallow trench; a shallow basket.

I had been drowned but that the shore was shelvy and shallow. Shak. Dryden.

I am made a shallow forded stream,
Seen to the bottom.

2. Not intellectually deep; not profound; not penetrating deeply into abstruse subjects; superficial; empty; silly; as, a shallow mind or understanding; shallow skill. 'Deep vers'd in books, and shallow in himself. Milton.-3. Thin and weak of sound; not deep, full, or round. "The sound perfecter, and not so shallow or jarring.' Bacon.

Shallow (shal'lō), n. A place where the water is not deep; a shoal; a shelf; a flat; a sand-bank.

A swift stream is not heard in the channel, but upon shallows of gravel. Bacon.

There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;

Omitted, all the voyage of their life

Is bound in shallows and in miseries.

Shak.

The Parliament resolved that all pictures... should be burned. Macaulay. Should is very commonly used (1) to express present duty or obligation, as I, we, they Shallow (shal'ló), v.t. To make shallow. should (now and always) practise virtue; or to express past duty or obligation; as, have paid the bill on deI should mand; it was my duty, your Thou shouldst -duty, his duty to pay the bill He should on demand, but it was not You should paid.

(2) To express a merely hypothetical case or a contingent future event, standing in the same relation to would that shall does to will; thus, as we say I shall be glad if you will come, so we say I should be glad if you would come. In such phrases as, if it should rain to-morrow, if you should go to London next week, if he should arrive within a month, it is to be regarded as the future subjunctive. In like manner should is used after though, grant, admit, allow, &c. (3) It is often used in a modest way to soften a statement; thus, 'I should not like to say how many there are,' is much the same as I hardly like, I do not like; so I should not care if I were at home' I do not. Similarly, 'It should seem' often is nearly the same as

In long process of time the silt and sands shall so choak and shallow the sea in and about it. Sir T. Browne. That thought alone the state impairs, Thy lofty sinks, and shallows thy profound. Young. Shallow (shal'lo), n. A local name for the fish called also Rudd and Red-eye. See RUDD. Yarrell. Shallow-brained (shal'lō-brand), a. Of no depth of intellect; empty-headed. A company of lewd, shallow-brained huffs.' South. Shallow-hearted (shal'lo-hart-ed), a. capable of deep or strong feeling or affection. 'Ye sanguine, shallow-hearted boys.' Shak.

no more!

In

O my cousin, shallow-hearted! O my Amy, mine Tennyson. Shallowly (shal'lõ-li), adv. In a shallow manner; as, (a) with little depth. (b) Superficially; simply; without depth of thought or judgment; not wisely. Shak. Shallowness (shal'lo-nes), n. The state or quality of being shallow; as, (a) want of depth; small depth; as, the shallowness of

SHALLOW-PATED

water, of a river, of a stream. (b) Superficialness of intellect; want of power to enter deeply into subjects; emptiness; silliness. The shallowness and impertinent zeal of the vulgar sort.' Howell. Shallow-pated (shal'lō-pāt-ed), a. Of weak mind; silly. Ash.

Shalm, Shalmie (sham, shạm'i), n. A musical wind-instrument formerly in use; a shawm (which see). Shalote (sha-lot'), n. See ESCHALOT and

SHALLOT.

Shalt (shalt). The second person singular of shall; as, thou shalt not steal. Shaly (sha'li), a. Partaking of the qualities

of shale.

Sham (sham), n. [Perhaps a form of shame; Prov. E. sham, shame; sham, to blush for shame; comp., however, Prov. G. schem, schemen, delusive appearance, phantom; scheme, shade, shadow; 0. H. G. sciman, to gleam.] One who or that which deceives expectation; any trick, fraud, or device that deludes and disappoints; delusion; imposture; humbug.

Believe who will the solemn sham, not 1. Addison. In that year (1680) our tongue was enriched with two words, Mob and Sham, remarkable memorials of a season of tumult and imposture. Macaulay.

Sham (sham), a. False; counterfeit; pretended; as, a sham fight.

Self-interest and covetousness cannot keep society orderly and peaceful, let sham philosophers say what they will. Kingsley.

-Sham plea, in law, a plea entered for the mere purpose of delay.

Sham (sham), v. t. pret. & pp. shammed; ppr. shamming. 1. To deceive; to trick; to cheat; to delude with false pretences.

They find themselves fooled and shammed into conviction. Sir R. L'Estrange.

2. To obtrude by fraud or imposition. We must have a care that we do not... sham fallacies upon the world for current reason.

Sir R. L'Estrange. 3. To make a pretence of in order to deceive; to feign; to imitate; to ape; as, to sham illness. To sham Abraham, a sailor's term for pretending illness in order to avoid doing duty in the ship, &c. See ABRAHAM-MAN. Sham (sham), v.i. To pretend; to make false pretences.

Then all your wits that fleer and sham,
Down from Don Quixote to Tom Tram,
From whom I jests and puns purloin,
And slily put them off for mine.

Prior.

Sham - Abram (sham - ã'bram), a. Pretended; mock; sham. See under SHAM, v.t. 'Sham-Abram saints.' Hood.

Shaman (sham'an), n. A professor or priest of Shamanism; a wizard or conjuror, among those who profess Shamanism. Shaman (sham'an), a. Relating to Shamanism.

Shamanism (sham'an-izm), n. A general name applied to the idolatrous religions of a number of barbarous nations, comprehending those of the Finnish race, as the Ostiaks, Samoyedes, and other inhabitants of Siberia, as far as the Pacific Ocean. These nations

A believer in

generally believe in a Supreme Being, but to this they add the belief that the government of the world is in the hands of a number of secondary gods both benevolent and malevolent towards man, and that it is absolutely necessary to avert their malign influence by magic rites and spells. The general belief respecting another life appears to be that the condition of man will be poorer and more wretched than the present; hence death is an object of great dread. Shamanist (sham'an-ist), n. Shamanism. Shamble (sham'bl), n. [A. Sax. scamel, a stool, a bench, a form; Dan skammel, Icel. skemmill, a footstool, a bench, a trestle; Sc. skemmils, shambles; from L. scamellum, scamillus, dims. of scammum, a stool or bench.] 1. In mining, a niche or shelf left at suitable distances to receive the ore which is thrown from one to another, and thus raised to the top.-2. pl. The tables or stalls where butchers expose meat for sale; a slaughter-house; a flesh market: often treated as a singular. To make a shambles of the parliament house.' Shak. Whatsoever is sold in the shambles, that eat. 1Cor.x.25. Hence-3. A place of indiscriminate slaughter or butchery.

The whole land was converted into a vast human shambles. Prescott.

Shamble (sham'bl), v.i pret. & pp. shambled; ppr. shambling. [Å form of scamble

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(which see)] To walk awkwardly and unsteadily, as if the knees were weak. Shambling (sham'bl-ing), a. [From shamble.] Moving with an awkward, irregular, clumsy pace; as, a shambling trot; shambling legs. Shambling (sham'bl-ing), n. An awkward, clumsy, irregular pace or gait.

By that shambling in his walk it should be my rich banker, Gomez, whom I knew at Barcelona. Dryden. Shame (sham), n. [A. Sax. sceamu, scamu, Icel. skamm, skömm, Dan. and Sw. skam, G. scham, O.H.G. scama, shame; probably from a root-verb skiman, to redden; seen also in A. Sax. scima, a gleam; E. shimmer.] 1. A painful sensation excited by a consciousness of guilt, or of having done something which injures reputation, or by the exposure of that which nature or modesty prompts us to conceal. 'Burns with bashful shame.' Shak.

Hide, for shame, Romans, your grandsires' images, That blush at their degenerate progeny. Dryden. Shame prevails when reason is defeated. Rambler. 2. The cause or reason of shame; that which brings reproach and degrades a person in the estimation of others. Guides, who are the shame of religion.' South.

And every woe a tear can claim,
Except an erring sister's shame.

Byron.

3. Reproach; ignominy; dishonour; disgrace; derision; contempt.

Ye have borne the shame of the heathen.
Ezek. xxxvi. 6.

4. The parts which modesty requires to be covered. Is. xlvii. 3.-For shame! an interjectional phrase signifying you should be ashamed; shame on you!-To put to shame, to cause to feel shame; to inflict shame, disgrace, or dishonour on.

Seeing they crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh, and put him to an open shame. Heb. vi. 6. Shame (sham), v. t. pret. & pp. shamed; ppr. shaming. 1. To make ashamed; to cause to blush or to feel degraded, dishonoured, or disgraced. 'Shame enough to shame thee, wert thou not shameless." Shak.

Who shames a scribbler? Break one cobweb through,

He spins the slight self-pleasing thread anew. Pope. 2. To cover with reproach or ignominy; to disgrace.-3. To mock at; to deride.

Ye have shamed the counsel of the poor. Ps. xiv. 6. Shame (sham), v. i. To be ashamed. To its trunk authors give such a magnitude, as I shame to repeat. Raleigh. Shak.

I do shame to think of it.

Shamefaced (sham'fast), a. ['Shamefaced was once shamefast, shamefacedness was shamefastness, like steadfast and steadfastness; but the ordinary manifestations of shame being by the face, have brought it to Trench. its present orthography.' See SHAMEFAST.] Bashful; easily confused or put out of countenance.

Conscience is a blushing shamefaced spirit. Shak. Your shamefaced virtue shunn'd the people's praise. Dryden.

Bash

Shamefacedly (sham'fast-li), adv. fully; with excessive modesty. Shamefacedness (sham'fäst-nes), n. Bashfulness; excess of modesty. Shamefastt (sham'fast), a. [A. Sax. sceamfæst.] Shamefaced; modest.

He saw her wise, shamefast and bringing forth children. North.

It is a pity that shamefast and shamefastness... should have been corrupted in modern use to shamefaced and shamefacedness. The words are properly of the same formation as steadfast, steadfastness, soothfast, soothfastness, and those good old English words now lost to us, rootfast, rootfastness. As by rootfast our fathers understood that which was firm and fast by its root, so by shamefast, in like manner, that which was established and made fast by (an honourable shame. To change this into shame faced is to allow all the meaning and force of the word to run to the surface, to leave us, ethically, a far inferior word. Trench. Shamefastness + (sham'fast-nes), n. Shamefacedness; great modesty. In mannerly aparell with shamfastnes." Bible, Tyndale's

trans., 1526. Shameful (sham'ful), a. 1. Bringing shame or disgrace; scandalous; disgraceful; injurious to reputation.

His naval preparations were not more surprising than his quick and shameful retreat. Arbuthnot. 2. Raising shame in others; indecent. 'Phobus flying so most shameful sight.' Spenser. Shamefully (sham'ful-li), adv. In a shameful manner; with indignity or indecency; disgracefully.

Shamefulness (sham'ful-nes), n. The state

SHANGIE

or quality of being shameful; disgracefulness; disgrace; shame.

The king debated with himself
If Arthur were the child of shamefulness,
Or born the son of Gorlois.
Tennyson.

Shameless (sham'les), a. 1. Destitute of shame; wanting modesty; impudent; brazenfaced; immodest; audacious; insensible to disgrace.

To tell thee whence thou camest, of whom derived. Were shame enough to shame thee, wert thou put shameless. Shak

2. Done without shame; indicating want of shame; as, a shameless disregard of honesty.

The shameless denial hereof by some of their friends, and the more shameless justification by some of their flatterers, makes it needful to exemplify.

Raleigh Shamelessly (sham'les-li), adv. In a shameless manner; without shame; impudently. He must needs be shamelessly wicked that abhors not this licentiousness. Sir M. Hale Shamelessness (sham'les-nes), n. The state or quality of being shameless; destitution of shame; want of sensibility to disgrace or dishonour; impudence.

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Shak

They will shame us; let them not approach. -We are shame-proof, my lord. Shamer (sham'èr), n. One who or that which makes ashamed. Beau. & FL Sham-fight (sham'fit), n. A pretended fight or engagement.

Shammel (sham'l), n. Same as Shamble. Shammer (sham'èr), n. One that shams: an impostor.

Shammy, Shamoy (sham'i, sham'oi), n. [A corruption of chamois, the animal and its prepared skin.] 1. A species of antelope, the Antilope rupicapra; the chamois.-2. A kind of leather originally prepared from the skin of this animal, but much of the article sold under this name is now made of the skin of the common goat, the kid, and even the sheep.

Shamois (sham'oi), n. Same as Shammy. A mode of Shamoying (sham'oi-ing), n. preparing leather by working oil into the skin instead of the astringent, or chloride of ammonium, commonly used in tanning. Shampoo (sham-pö'), v. t. [Hind. tshampña, to squeeze.] 1. To rub and percuss the whole surface of the body of, and at the same time to extend the limbs and rack the joints, in connection with the hot bath, for the purpose of restoring tone and vigour a practice introduced from the East.-2. To wash thoroughly and rub or brush effectively a person's head, using either soap or a soapy preparation. Shampoo (sham-po), n. The act or operation of shampooing.

Shamrock (sham'rok), n. [Ir. seamrog, Gael seamrag, trefoil, white clover.] The name commonly given to the national emblem of Ireland, as the rose is that of England and the thistle of Scotland. It is a trefoil plant, generally supposed to be the plant called white clover (Trifolium repens), but some think it to be rather the wood-sorrel (Oralie Acetosella) (which see). The plant sold in Dublin and elsewhere on St. Patrick's Day is the small yellow trefoil (Trifolium minus). Shan (shan), n. Same as Shanny. Shan (shan), n.

Naut. a defect in spars, most commonly from bad collared knots; an injurious compression of fibres in tinber; the turning out of the cortical layers when the plank has been sawed obliquely to the central axis of the tree. Shand (shand), a. (O.E. schande, schonde, A. Sax. scand, sceond, shame, disgrace.] Worthless. [Scotch.]

Shand (shand), n. Base coin. [Scotch.]

'I doubt Glossin will prove but shand after a', Mistress,' said Jabos....but this is a gude half-crown ony way. "Sir W. Stelt.

Shandry, Shandrydan (shan'dri, shan'dridan), n. A one-horse Irish conveyance. 'An ancient rickety-looking vehicle of the kind once known as shandrydan' Cornhill Mag.

Shandygaff (shan'di-gaf), n. A mixture of beer and ginger-beer.

(Men) slid into cool oyster cellars for iced gingerbeer and shandygaff. G. A. Šala. Shangie, Shangan (shangʻi, shang'an), n. A shackle; a stick cleft at one end for putting the tail of a dog in by way of mischief, or to frighten him away. [Scotch]

SHANING

Shaning (shan'ing), n. Same as Shanny. Shank (shangk), n [A. Sax. scane, sceane, seanca, sceanca, the bone of the leg, the leg, earm-scanca, the arm-bone; Dan. & Sw. skank; G. and D. schenkel, the shank. Akin Sc. skink, a shin of beef, and perhaps shin.] 1. The whole leg, or the part of the leg from the knee to the ankle; the tibia or shin-bone. 'Crooked crawling shanks.' Spen

ser.

His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide
For his shrunk shank.
Shak.

2 In a horse, the part of the fore-leg between the knee and the fetlock.-3. That part of an instrument, tool, or other thing which connects the acting part with a handle or other part by which it is held or moved; as, specifically, (a) the stem of a key between the bow and the bit. (b) The stem of an anchor connecting the arms and the stock. (e) The tang or part of a knife, chisel, &c., inserted in the handle. (d) The straight portion of a hook. (e) The straight part of a nail between the head and the taper of the point. () The body of a printing type. (g) The eye or loop on a button.-4. That part of a shoe which connects the broad part of the sole with the heel.-5. In metal. a large ladle to contain molten metals, managed by a straight bar at one end and a cross-bar with handles at the other end, by which it is tipped to pour out the metal. 6. In arch. (a) the shaft of a column. (b) The plain space between the channels of the triglyph of a Doric frieze. - To ride Shanks' nag or mare, to perform a journey on foot or on one's legs or shanks. [Colloq.] Shank (shangk), v.i. 1. To be affected with disease of the pedicel or footstalk; to fall off by decay of the footstalk: often with of.

The germens of these twelve flowers all swelled, and ultimately six fine capsules and two poor cap. sules were produced; only four capsules shanking ed. Darwin.

2. To take to one's legs. [Scotch.] Shank (shangk), v. t. [Scotch.] To send off without ceremony.

They think they should be lookit after, and some say ye should baith be shankit aff till Edinburgh Castle. Sir W. Scott.

-To shank one's self awa', to take one's self off quickly, Sir W. Scott. Shank-beer (shangk'bër), n. Same as Schenkbeer.

Shanked (shangkt), a. Having a shank. Shanked (shangkt), p. and a. Affected with disease of the shank or footstalk. Shanker (shangk ́èr), n. See CHANCRE. Shanklin-sand (shangk'lin-sand), n. In geol. another name for lower greensand of the chalk formation: so called from its being conspicuously developed at Shanklin in the Isle of Wight.

Shank-painter (shangk'pan-ter), n. Naut. a short rope and chain which sustains the shank and flukes of an anchor against the ship's side, as the stopper fastens the ring and stock to the cat-head.

Shanny (shan'ni), n. A small fish allied to the blenny, and found under stones and seaweeds, where it lurks. It is the Blennius pholis of Linnæus, and the Pholis lævis of modern authors. By means of its pectoral fins it is able to crawl upon land, and when the tide ebbs will often creep upon shore until it finds a crevice wherein it can hide until the tide returns.

Shanscrit (shan'skrit), n. An old spelling

of Sanscrit.

Sha'n't (shant). A contraction of Shall Not. [Colloq)

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The other shape

If shape it might be called that shape had none,
Distinguishable in member, joint, or limb. Milton.

3. A pattern to be followed; a model; a mould; as, to cut shapes for ladies' dresses, jackets, &c.-4. In cookery, a dessert dish made of blanc-mange, rice, corn-flour, &c., variously flavoured, or of jelly, cast into a mould, allowed to stand till it sets or firms, and then turned out to be served.-5. Form of embodiment, as in words; form, as of thought or conception; concrete embodiment or example, as of some quality.

Yet the smooth words took no shape in action.
Froude.

6. A dress for disguise; a guise.

This Persian shape laid by, and she appearing
In a Greekish dress.
Massinger.

Shape, pp. Formed; figured; prepared.

Chaucer.

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Shapeliness (shap'li-nes), n. The state of being shapely; beauty or proportion of form. Shapely (shap'li), a. Well formed; having a regular and pleasing shape; symmetrical. The shapely column.' T. Warton. Shapesmith (shap'smith), n. One that undertakes to improve the form of the body. [Burlesque.]

No shapesmith yet set up and drove a trade,
To mend the work that Providence had made.
Garth,

POURNET.

Shanty (shan'ti), a. [A form of jaunty.] Shapournet (sha-pör'net). In her. see CHAJaunty; gay; showy. [Provincial.] Shanty, Shantee (shan'ti), n. [From Ir. sean, old, or from sion, weather, and tig, a house] A hut or mean dwelling; a temporary building.

Shanty (shan'ti), v.i. To live in a shanty. (Rare)

Shanty-man (shan'ti-man), n One who lives in a shanty; hence, a backwoodsman; a lumberer.

Shapable (shap'a-bl), n. 1. Capable of being shapel; shapeable.-2. Having a proper shape or form.

I made things round and shapable, which before were hithy thangs indeed to look upon. De Foe. Shape (sháp), v. t. pret. shaped; pp. shaped or shapen; ppr. shaping. [A. Sax. sceapan, rapan, O. Sax. scapan, Goth. skapan, skapjan, Icel. skapa, Dan. skabe, O.H.G. scafan, Mod. G. schaffen, to shape, form, create;

Shard (shärd), n. [Also sherd; A. Sax. sceard, from sceran, to shear, to separate; cog. Icel. skard, a notch, a gap; Dan. skaar, an incision, a sherd; akin share.] 1. A piece or fragment of an earthen vessel or of any brittle substance; a potsherd; a fragment. 'Shards, flints, and pebbles.' Shak. 'Dashed your cities into shards.' Tennyson. Thus did that poor soul wander in want and cheerless discomfort,

Bleeding, barefooted, over the shards and thorns of existence. Longfellow.

2. The shell of an egg or of a snail.-3. The wing-case of a beetle.

They are his shards, and he their beetle. Shak. 4. The leaves of the artichoke and some other vegetables whitened or blanched. 'Shards or mallows for the pot.' Dryden. 5. A gap in a fence. Stanihurst.-6. A bourne or boundary; a division. Spenser.

SHARK

Borne along

'The

Shard-borne (shärd'börn), a. by its shards or scaly wing-cases. shard-borne beetle.' Shak. Sharded (shärd'ed), a. Having wings sheathed with a hard case. The sharded beetle.' Shak.

Shardy (shärd'i), a. Consisting of or formed by a shard or shards; furnished with shards. The hornet's shardy wings.' J. R. Drake. Share (shar), n. [A. Sax. scearu, a portion, a shearing, a division; scear, scar, that which divides, the share of a plough, both from sceran, to cut. Akin shear, sheer, shire, shore, sharp, short, scaur, skirt. See SHEAR.] 1. A certain quantity; a part; a portion; as, a small share of prudence or good sense. 2. A part or portion of a thing owned by a number in common; that part of an undivided interest which belongs to each proprietor; as, shares in a bank; shares in a railway; a ship owned in ten shares.-3. The part of a thing allotted or distributed to each individual of a number; portion among others; apportioned lot; allotment; dividend. 'My share of fame.' Dryden.-4. The broad iron or blade of a plough which cuts the bottom of the furrowslice; ploughshare.

Sharpened shares shall vex the fruitful ground. Dryden. -To go shares, to go share and share, to partake, to be equally concerned. [Colloq.]

She fondly hoped that he might be inclined to go share and share alike with Twin junior. Thackeray. Share (shar), v. t. pret. & pp. shared; ppr. sharing. [From the noun.] 1. To divide in portions; to part among two or more.

The latest of my wealth I'll share amongst you.

Shak.

Suppose I share my fortune equally between my children and a stranger. Swift.

2. To partake or enjoy with others; to seize and possess jointly or in common. 'Who stay to share the morning feast.' Tenny

80.

Great Jove with Cæsar shares his sov'reign sway. Milton. In vain does valour bleed, While avarice and rapine share the land. Milton. 3. To receive as one's portion; to enjoy or suffer; to experience. Shak.-4. To cut; to shear; to cleave.

Scalp, face, and shoulder the keen steel divides, And the shared visage hangs on equal sides. Dryden. Share (shär), v.i. To have part; to get one's portion; to be a sharer.

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A right of inheritance gave every one a title to share in the goods of his father. Locke. Share-beam (shārbēm), n. That part of a plough to which the share is applied. Share-bone (shar'bōn), n. The os pubis, the smallest of the three portions of the os innominatum, which is placed at the upper and fore part of the pelvis.

Share-broker (shär brök-ér), n. A dealer or broker in the shares and securities of joint-stock companies and the like. Shareholder (sharhöld-ér), n. One that holds or owns a share or shares in a jointstock company, in a common fund, or in some property; as, a shareholder in a railway, mining, or banking company, &c. Share-line (sharlin), n. The summit line of elevated ground; the dividing line. Share-list (shar'list), n. A list of the prices of shares of railways, mines, banks, government securities, and the like. Sharer (sharer), n. One who shares; one who participates in anything with another; one who enjoys or suffers in common with another or others; a partaker.

People not allowed to be sharers with their companions in good fortune will hardly be sharers in bad. Sir R. L'Estrange. Shark (shärk), n. [Usually derived from L. carcharias, Gr. karcharias, a shark, from karcharos, sharp-pointed, with sharp or jagged teeth; but the want of intermediate forms renders this etymology a little doubtful. Perhaps from A. Sax. sceran, to shear, to cut. Comp. Icel skerthingr, a shark. The noun and the verb appear to have been applied to persons as early as to the fish.] 1.One of a group of elasmobranchiate fishes, celebrated for the size and voracity of many of the species. The form of the body is elongated, and the tail thick and fleshy. The mouth is large, and armed with several rows of compressed, sharp-edged, and sometimes serrated teeth. The skin is usually very rough, covered with a multitude of little osseous tubercles or placoid scales. They are the most formidable

SHARK

and voracious of all fishes, pursue other marine animals, and seem to care little whether their prey be living or dead. They often follow vessels for the sake of picking up any offal which may be thrown overboard, and man himself often becomes a victim to their rapacity. The sharks formed the genus Squalus, Linn., now divided into

44444

White Shark (Carcharias vulgaris). several families, as the Carcharidæ, or white sharks, Lamnidae, or basking sharks, Scymnidæ, including the Greenland shark, Scyllidæ, or dog-fishes, &c. The basking shark (Selache maxima) is by far the largest species, sometimes attaining the length of 40 feet, but it has none of the ferocity of the others. The white shark (Carcharias vulgaris) is one of the most formidable and voracious of the species. It is rare on the British coasts, but common in many of the warmer seas, reaching a length of over 30 feet. The hammer-headed sharks (Zygæna), which are

Hammer-headed Shark (Zygana malleus). chiefly found in tropical seas, are very voracious, and often attack man. The shark is oviparous or ovoviviparous, according to circumstances.-2. A greedy, artful fellow; one who fills his pockets by sly tricks; a sharper; a cheat. 'Cheaters, sharks, and shifting companions.' Bp. Reynolds.-3. Trickery; fraud; petty rapine. Wretches who live upon the shark.' South.

See

Shark (shärk), v.i. [Origin doubtful. the noun. Shirk appears to be a weakened form of this.] To play the petty thief, or rather to live by shifts and petty stratagems; to swindle; to cozen; to play a meanly dishonest or greedy trick. B. Jonson.

That does it fair and above-board without legerdemain, and neither sharks for a cup or reckoning. Bp. Earle.

-To shark out, to slip out or escape by low artifices. [Vulgar.] Shark (shark), v.t. To pick up hastily, slily, or in small quantities: with up.

Young Fortinbras,

Hath in the skirts of Norway here and there Shark'd up a list of lawless resolutes. Shak. Sharker (shärk'er), n. One who lives by sharking; an artful fellow. 'A rengado a dirty sharker.' Wotton. Shark-ray (shark'ra), n. See RHINOBATIDE. Sharn (sharn), n. The dung of oxen or cows. [Scotch.]

Sharock (shar'ok), n. A silver coin in India, worth about 18. sterling.

Sharp (shärp), a. [A. Sax. scearp, from the root of sceran, to shear, to cut; L.G. scharp, D. scherp, Icel. skarpr, G. scharf. See SHARE.] 1. Having a very thin edge or fine point; keen; acute; not blunt; as, a sharp knife, or a sharp needle; a sharp edge easily severs a substance; a sharp point is easily made to penetrate it. My cimeter's sharp point.' Shak.-2. Terminating in a point or edge; not obtuse; somewhat pointed or edged; ridged; peaked; as, a hill terminates in a sharp peak or a sharp ridge; a sharp roof.-3. Abruptly turned; bent at an acute angle; as, a sharp turn of

54

the road.-4. Acute of mind; quick to discern or distinguish; penetrating; ready at invention; witty; ingenious; discriminating; shrewd; subtle. The sharpest witted lover in Arcadia. Sir P. Sidney.

Nothing makes men sharper than want. Addison. Many other things belong to the material world wherein the sharpest philosophers have not yet obtained clear ideas. Watts. Hence-5. Subtle; nice; witty; acute: said of things. Sharp and subtle discourses.' Hooker.

He pleaded still not guilty and alleged
Many sharp reasons to defeat the law.

Shak.

6. Affecting the organs of sense, as if pointed or cutting: as, (a) quick or keen of sight; vigilant; attentive; as, a sharp eye; sharp sight.

SHARPNESS

cal composition, or to raise a note a semitone.

Sharp (sharp), v.i. To play tricks in bargaining; to act the sharper.

Your scandalous life is only cheating or sharping
one half of the year and starving the other.
Sir R. L'Estrange.

Sharp (sharp), adv. 1. Sharply.
No marvel, though you bite so sharp at reasons. Shak.
Is a man bound to look out sharp to plague himself?
Feremy Collier.
2. Exactly; to the moment; not a minute
behind.

Captain Osborne .. will bring him to the 150th mess at five o'clock sharp. Thackeray. Cut sharply and Sharp-cut (sharp'kut), a. clearly; cut so as to present a clear, welldefined outline, as a figure on a medal or an engraving; hence, presenting great distinctness; well-defined; clear. Dryden.

To sharp-eyed reason this would seem untrue. (b) Affecting the organs of taste like fine points; sour; acid; acrid; bitter; as, sharp vinegar; sharp-tasted citrons. Sharp physic. Shak. (c) Affecting the organs of hearing like sharp points; piercing; penetrating; shrill; as, a sharp sound or voice.

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Milton.

My falcon now is sharp and passing empty. Shak. To satisfy the sharp desire I had Of tasting these fair apples. 10. Fierce; ardent; fiery; violent; impetuous; as, a sharp contest.

A sharp assault already is begun. Dryden. 11. Severe; afflicting; very painful or distressing; as, sharp tribulation; a sharp fit of the gout. A sharp torture." Tillotson. Sharp misery had worn him to the bones. Shak 12. Biting; pinching; piercing; as, sharp air; sharp wind or weather.-13. Gritty; hard; as, sharp sand.-14. Emaciated; lean; thin; as, a sharp visage.-15. Keenly alive to one's own interest; keen and close in making bargains or in exacting one's dues; ready to take advantage; barely honest: of persons; hence, characterized by such keenness: of things.

I will not say he is dishonest, but at any rate he is sharp. Trollope. Yet there was a remarkable gentleness and childishness about these people, a special inaptitude for any kind of sharp practice. Dickens.

16. In phonetics, applied to a consonant pronounced or uttered with breath and not with voice; surd; non-vocal; as, the sharp mutes p, t, k.-17. In music, (a) raised a semitone, as a note. (b) Too high; so high as to be out of tune or above true pitch.-Sharp is often used adverbially. See separate entry. -To brace sharp (naut.), to turn the yards to the most oblique position possible that the ship may sail well up to the wind.Sharp is frequently used in the formation of compounds, many of which are selfexplanatory; as, sharp-cornered, sharpedged, sharp-pointed, sharp-toothed, &c. Sharp (sharp),n. 1. An acute or shrill sound.

The lark, straining harsh discords and unpleasing sharps.' Shak.-2. In music, (a) a note artificially raised a semitone. (b) The sign () which, when placed on a line or space of the staff at the commencement of a movement, raises all the notes on that line or space or their octaves a semitone in pitch. When, in the course of the movement, it precedes a note, it has the same effect on it or its repetition, but only within the same bar.Double sharp, a character (x) used in chromatic music, and which raises a note two semitones above its natural pitch.-3. A sharp consonant. See the adjective. -4. pl. The hard parts of wheat which require grinding a second time. Called also Middlings.-5.†A pointed weapon. Jeremy Collier.-6. A portion of a stream where the water runs very rapidly. C. Kingsley. [Provincial. ]-7. A sewing-needle, one of the most pointed of the three grades-blunts, betweens, and sharps.

Sharp (shärp), v.t. 1. To make keen or acute; to sharpen. "To sharp my sense.' Spenser.-2. To mark with a sharp, in musi

Sharpen (sharp'n), v.t. [From the adjective.] To make sharp or sharper; as, (a) to give a keen edge or fine point to; to edge; to point; as, to sharpen a knife, an axe, or the teeth of a saw; to sharpen a sword.

All the Israelites went down to the Philistines to sharpen every man his share and his coulter, and his axe and his mattock. 1 Sam. xiii. 20.

(b) To make more eager or active; as, to sharpen the edge of industry. Hooker.(c) To make more intense, as grief, joy, pain, &c.

It may contribute to his misery, heighten the anguish, and sharpen the sting of conscience. South. (d) To make more quick, acute, or ingenious. Quickness of wit, either given by nature or sharpened by study.' Ascham. (e) To render quicker or keener of perception.

The air sharpen'd his visual ray
To objects distant far.

[graphic]

Milton.

(f) To render more keen; to make more eager for food or for any gratification; as, to sharpen the appetite; to sharpen a desire. Epicurean cooks

Sharpen with cloyless sauce his appetite. Shak. (9) To make biting, sarcastic, or severe. Sharpen each word. Ed. Smith. (h) To render more shrill or piercing.

Inclosures not only preserve sound, but increase and sharpen it. Bacon.

(i) To make more tart or acid; to make sour; as, the rays of the sun sharpen vinegar.() In music, to raise, as a sound, by means of a sharp; to apply a sharp to. Sharpen (sharp'n), v.i. To grow or become sharp. Now she sharpens. Shak. Sharper (sharp'èr), n. [See the adjective.] A shrewd man in making bargains; a tricky fellow; a rascal; a cheat in bargaining or gaming.

Sharpers, as pikes, prey upon their own kind.
Sir R. L'Estrange.
Who proffers his past favours for my virtue
Tries to o'erreach me-is a very sharper.
Coleridge.

Sharp-ground (sharp'ground), a. Whetted
till it is sharp; sharpened. 'No sharp-
ground knife.' Shak.
Sharpie (sharp'i), n. Naut. a long, sharp,
flat-bottomed sail-boat. [United States.]
Sharpling (sharp'ling), n. A fish, the stickle-
back. [Provincial.]

Sharp-looking (sharp'luk-ing), a. Having the appearance of sharpness; hungry looking; emaciated; lean. A needy, holloweyed, sharp-looking wretch. Shak. Sharply (sharp'li), adv. In a sharp or keen manner; as, (a) with a keen edge or a fine point. (b) Severely; rigorously; roughly. Rebuke them sharply. Tit. i. 13. (c) Keenly; acutely; vigorously; as, the mind and memory sharply exercised. (d) Vio lently; vehemently.

At the arrival of the English ambassadors, the soldiers were sharply assailed with wants. Hayward. (e) With keen perception; exactly; minutely.

You contract your eye when you would see sharply. Bacon.

Acutely; wittily; with nice discernment. To this the Panther sharply had replied.' Dryden. (g) Abruptly; steeply; as, the bank rises sharply up.

Sharpness (sharp'nes), n. The state or quality of being sharp; as, (a) keenness of an edge or point; as, the sharpness of a razor or a dart. (b) Pungency; acidity; as, the sharpness of vinegar. (c) Eagerness of desire or pursuit; keenness of appetite, as for food, and the like. (d) Pungency of pain; keenness; severity of pain or affliction; as, the sharpness of pain, grief, or anguish; the sharpness of death or calamity.

And the best quarrels in the heat are curst
By those that feel their sharpness. Shak

SHARP-SET

(e) Severity of language; pungency; satirical sarcasm; as, the sharpness of satire or rebake.

Some did all folly with just sharpness blame.
Dryden.

Acuteness of intellect; the power of nice discernment; quickness of understanding; ingenuity; as, sharpness of wit or understanding. (g) Quickness of sense or perception; as, the sharpness of sight. (h) Keenness; severity; as, the sharpness of the air or weather. (2) Keenness and closeness in transacting business or exacting one's dues; equivocal honesty; as, his practice is characterized by too much sharpness. Sharp-set (sharp'set), a. 1. Eager in appetite; affected by keen hunger; ravenous. The sharp-set squire resolves at last, Whate er befel him not to fast.

Somerville.

2 Eager in desire of gratification. [Familiar in both senses.]

The town is sharp-set on new plays. Pope. Sharp-shooter (sharp'shöt-ér), n. One skilled in shooting at an object with exactness; one skilled in the use of the rifle. In milit a name formerly given to some of the best shots of a company, who were armed with rifles, and took aim in firing. They are now superseded by the better arms and organization of modern armies.

A

Sharp-shooting (sharp'shot-ing), n. shooting with great precision and effect, as riflemen. Applied also to a sharp skirmish of wit or would-be wit.

The frequent repetition of this playful inquiry on the part of Mr. Pecksniff, led at last to playful an. swers on the part of Mr. Montague, but after some little sharp-shooting on both sides, Mr. Pecksniff became grave almost to tears. Dickens.

Sharp-sighted (shärp'sit-ed), a. 1. Having quick or acute sight; as, a sharp-sighted eagle or hawk.-2. Having quick discernment or acute understanding; as, a sharpsighted opponent; sharp-sighted judgment. A healthy, perfect, and sharp-sighted mind. Sir J. Davies.

Sharp-tail (sharp'tal), n. A passerine bird of the sub-family Synallaxine, family Certhidae or creepers.

Sharp-visaged (sharp'viz-ajd), a. Having a sharp or thin face.

The Welsh that inhabit the mountains are commonly sharp-visaged. Sir M. Hale. Sharp-witted (shärp'wit-ed), a. Having an acute or nicely-discerning mind. 'A number of dull-sighted, very sharp-witted men." Wotton.

Shasht (shäsh), n. 1. A sash. Cotton.2 A turban. Fuller.

Shaster, Shastra (shas'ter, shäs'tra), n. [Skr. shastra, from shas, to teach.] A law or book of laws among the Hindus: applied particularly to a book containing the authorized institutes of their religion, and considered of divine origin. The term is applied, in a wider sense, to treatises containing the laws or institutes of the various arts and sciences, as rhetoric.

Shathmont (shath'mont), n. [See SHAFTMAN.] A measure of 6 inches. [Scotch.] Shatter (shat'ter), v. t. [A softened form of scatter; to shatter is literally to smash into small pieces that scatter or fly apart. See SCATTER] 1. To break at once into many pieces; to dash, burst, or part by violence into fragments; to rend, split, or rive into splinters; as, an explosion of gunpowder shatters a rock; lightning shatters the sturdy

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2. To break up; to disorder; to derange; to give a destructive shock to; to overthrow; as, his mind was now quite shattered.

In the strength of this I rode, Shattering all evil customs everywhere. Tennyson. 3. To scatter; to disperse.

I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude,
And with forc'd fingers rude

Shatter your leaves before the mellowing year.
Milton.

4. To dissipate; to make incapable of close and continued application. A man... of shattered humour.' Norris.

Shatter (shat'ter), v.i. To be broken into fragments; to fall or crumble to pieces by any force applied.

Some shatter and fly in many places. Bacon, Shatter (shat'ter), ". One part of many into which anything is broken; a fragment: used chiefly in the plural, and in the phrases

to break or rend into shatters.

Stick the candle so loose, that it will fall upon the glass of the sconce, and break it into shatters.

Swift.

55

Shatter-brain (shat'tér-brán), n. A careless giddy person; a scatter-brain. Shatter-brained, Shatter-pated (shat'Disordered tér-brand, shat'ter-pât-ed), a.

in intellect; intellectually weak; scatterbrained.

You cannot... but conclude that religion and devotion are far from being the mere effects of ig. norance and imposture, whatever some shatterbrained and debauched persons would fain persuade themselves and others. Dr. F. Goodman.

Shattery (shat-tér'i), a. Brittle; easily falling into many pieces; not compact; loose of texture.

A coarse grit-stone... of too shattery a nature. Pennant. to be used except in ordinary buildings. Shauchle, Shaughle (shach'l), v. i. To walk with a shuffling or shambling gait. [Scotch.] Shauchle, Shaughle (shach'), v. t. To distort from the proper shape or right direction by use or wear.-Shaughled shoon, shoes trodden down on one side by bad walking; fig. applied to a jilted woman. Burns; Sir W. Scott. [Scotch.]

Shaul (shal), a. Shallow. 'Duncan deep, and Peebles shaul.' Burns. [Scotch.] Shave (shav), v.t. pret. shaved; pp. shaved or shaven; ppr. shaving. [A. Sax. scafan, to shave, to scrape, to smooth, to plane; common to the Teutonic tongues; Icel. scafa, Dan. skave, Sw. skafva, D. schaaven, Goth. skaban, G. schaben: same root as Gr. skaptō, to dig; L. scabo, to scrape.] 1. To cut or pare off from the surface of a body by a razor or other edged instrument; as, to shave the beard. Often with off.

Neither shall they shave off the corner of their

beard.

Lev. xxi. 5.

2. To pare close; to make smooth or bare by cutting or paring from the surface of; especially, to remove the hair from by a razor or other sharp instrument; as, to shave the chin or head; to shave hoops or staves.

The bending scythe

Shaves all the surface of the waving green. Gay. 3. To cut in thin slices. Plants bruised or shaven in leaf or root.' Bacon.-4. To skim along or near the surface of; to sweep along. He scours the right-hand coast, sometimes the left; Now shaves with level wing the deep. Milton. 5. To strip; to oppress by extortion; to fleece. To shave a note, to purchase it at a great discount, or to take interest upon it much beyond the legal rate. [United States colloquialism.]

Shave (shav), v. i. 1. To use the razor; to remove the beard or other hair with a razor. 2. To be hard and severe in bargains; to cheat.

Shave (shav), n. [See the verb.] 1. The act or operation of shaving; a cutting off of the beard.-2. A thin slice; a shaving.-3. An instrument with a long blade and a handle at each end for shaving hoops, &c.; also, a spokeshave.-4. The act of passing so closely as almost to strike or graze; an exceedingly narrow miss or escape: often with close or near. [Colloq.]

The next instant the hind coach passed my engine by a shave.. Dickens. 'By Jove, that was a near shave!' This exclamation was drawn from us by a bullet which whistled within an inch of our heads. W. H. Russell.

5. A false report or alarm voluntarily propagated with a view to deceive; a trick. [Slang.]

The deep gloom of apprehension-at first a shave of old Smith's, then a well-authenticated report. W. H. Russell. Shave-grass (shav'gras), n. A plant of the genus Equisetum (E. hyemale) employed for polishing wood, ivory, and brass. See EQUISETUM. Shaveling (shav'ling), n. A man shaved; hence, a friar or religieux. [In contempt.] By St. George and the Dragon, I am no longer a shaveling than while my frock is on my back. Sir W. Scott. Shaver (shav'er), n. 1. One who shaves or whose occupation is to shave.-2. One who is close in bargains or a sharp dealer. This Lewis is a cunning shaver

Swift.

3. One who fleeces; a pillager; a plunderer. By these shavers the Turks were stripped of all Knolles. they had.

4. A humorous fellow; a wag.-5. A jocular name for a young boy; a youngster. [Compare as to this last sense Gypsy chavo, a child.]

Shavie (shav'i), n. A trick or prank. 'Mony a prank an' mirthfu' shavie. Blackwood's Mag. [Scotch.]

Shaving (shaving), n. 1. The act of one who shaves.-2. A thin slice pared off with

SHE

a shave, a knife, a plane, or other cutting instrument.

Shaving-brush (shav'ing-brush), n. A brush used in shaving, for spreading the lather over the beard.

Shaw (sha), n. [A Scandinavian word; Dan. skov, Icel. skógr, Sw. skog, a wood or grove.] 1. A thicket; small wood; a shady place. "This grene shaw.' Chaucer. Close hid beneath the greenwood shaw.' Fairfax.-2. A stem with the leaves, as of a potato, turnip, &c. [Now only Scotch or northern English in both senses.]

Shaw (sha), v.t. To show. [Scotch.] Shaw-fowl (sha'foul), n. [Shaw here a form of show.] The representation or image of a fowl made by fowlers to shoot at. Shawl (shal), n. [Fr. châle, from Ar. and Per. shal, a shawl.] An article of dress, usually of a square or oblong shape, worn by persons of both sexes in the East, but in the west chiefly by females as a loose body or shoulder covering. Shawls are of several sizes and divers materials, as silk, cotton, hair, or wool; and occasionally they are formed of a mixture of some or all these staples. Some of the Eastern shawls, as those of Cashmere, are very beautiful and costly fabrics. They are now successfully imitated in Europe. The use of the shawl in Europe, at least of a vestment under that name, belongs almost entirely to the present century.

ment.

Shawl (shal), v.t. To cover with a shawl. Rebecca was shawling herself in an upper apartThackeray. Shawm, Shalm (sham), n. [0. Fr. chalemel, Mod. Fr. chalumeau, from calamellus, a dim. of L. calamus, a reed, a reed-pipe.] An old wind-instrument similar in form to the clarionet. Others think it was formed of pipes made of reed or of wheaten or oaten straw.

Shay (sha), n. A chaise. Lamb. [Colloq. vulgarism.] Shaya (sha'a), n. Oldenlandia umbellata.

See SHAYA-ROOT.

Shaya-root (sha'a-röt), n.

The root of

the Oldenlandia umbellata, nat. order Cinchonaces. The outer bark of the roots of this plant furnishes the colouring matter for the

Shaya (Oldenlandia umbellata). durable red for which the chintzes of India are famous. The plant grows wild on the Coromandel coast, and is also cultivated there. The leaves are considered by the native doctors as expectorant. Written also Chaya-root.

she (she), pron.-possessive her or hers, dative her, objective her; nom. pl. they, possessive their or theirs, dative them, objective them. [A. Sax. seo, the, that, the nom. fem. of the def. art. Though now used as the feminine corresponding to he, it is not strictly so, having taken the place of heo, the proper feminine, in the twelfth century. It was first used in the northern dialects as a pronoun in the forms sco, sho. The possessive her and the later hers are from the old feminine pronoun heo, genit. hire; whereas, seó had genit. there.] 1. The nominative feminine of the pronoun of the third person, used as a substitute for the name of a female, or of something personifiled in the feminine; the word which refers to a female mentioned in the preceding or following part of a sentence or discourse. Then Sarah denied, saying, I laughed not; for she was afraid. Gen. xviii. 15.

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