VIGOUR convey the notion of active strength or the power of action and exertion, in distinction from passive strength or strength to endure. Vigourt (vig'or), v.t. To invigorate. Viking (vik'ing), n. [Icel. vikingr, a viking, a pirate; lit. one who lives beside or frequents bays and fiords; hence, one who lurked in the bays and flords and issued from them to plunder-vík, a bay, and term. -ing, one who belongs to or is descended from (r being the masc. art.).] A rover or sea-robber belonging to one of the predatory bands of Northmen who infested the European seas during the eighth, ninth, and tenth centuries. Viking has been frequently confounded with sea-king, but the latter was a man connected with a royal race, and who took by right the title of king when he assumed the command of men, although only of a ship's crew; whereas the former name is applicable to any member of the rover bands. Longfellow. She was a prince's child, I but a viking wild. Vil (vil), n. Same as Vill. Vild, Vilde + (vild), a. An old form of Vile. It occurs frequently in the older editions of Shakspere. 'Till ye have rooted all the relickes out of that vilde race.' Spenser. Vile (vil), a. [Fr. vil, vile, from L. vilis, worthless, vile.] 1. Of small value; held in little esteem; low; base; mean; worthless; despicable. A poor man in vile raiment.' Jam. ii. 2. I never knew man hold vile stuff so dear. Shak. 2. Morally base or impure; depraved; bad; wicked; abject; villainous. Wisdom and goodness to the vile seem vile. Shak. Men sought to prove me vile Because I wish'd to give them greater minds. Tennyson. Hence the word is very frequently used as an epithet of opprobrium, contempt, disgust, or odium generally. "Tis a vile thing to die.' Shak. The vile blows and buffets of this world.' Shak. But for these vile guns He would himself have been a soldier." Shak. In durance vile here must I wake and weep. Burns. Viled (vild), a. [See VILD.] Vile; scurrilous. He granted life to all except one, who had used viled speeches against King Edward. Sir J. Hayward. Vilely (vil'li), adv. In a vile manner; basely; meanly; shamefully; abjectly; opprobriously; odiously: badly; wretchedly; worthlessly. I tell this tale vilely.' Shak. 'His work so noble vilely bound up.' Shak. The Volscians vilely yielded the town. Shak. Vileness (vil'nes), n. The state or quality of being vile; as, (a) baseness; despicableness; meanness; contemptibleness; worthlessness. Considering the vileness of the clay, I wondered that no tribune of that age durst ever venture to ask the potter, What dost thou make? Swift. (b) Moral or intellectual baseness; deprav ity; degradation; impurity; wickedness; sinfulness; extreme badness. We, sensible of our corruption and vileness, may be fearful and shy of coming near unto him. Barrow. Viliaco (vil-i-ä'ko), n. [O. It. vigliacco, a villain.] A villain; a scoundrel; a coward. B. Jonson. Vilification (vil'i-fi-kā”shon), n. The act of vilifying or defaming. Dr. H. More. Vilifier (vil'i-fi-ér), n. One who defames or traduces. Vilify (vil'i-fi), v.t. pret. & pp. vilified; ppr. vilifying. [L. vilifico-vilis, vile, and facio, to make.] 1. To make vile; to debase; to degrade. [Rare.] Their Maker's image 2. To attempt to degrade by slander; to defame; to traduce. Many passions dispose us to depress and vilify the merit of one rising in the esteem of inankind. Addison. SYN. To defame, traduce, asperse, calumniate, slander. Vilipend (vil'i-pend), v.t. [L. vilipendo, to hold in slight esteem-vilis, worthless, and pendo, to weigh, to value, to esteem.] To express a disparaging or mean opinion of; to slander; to vilify; to treat slightingly or contemptuously. Volatility which is impatient of or vilipends the conversation and advice of seniors.' Sir W. Scott. On George's intercourse with Amelia he put an instant veto, menacing the youth with maledictions if he broke his commands, and vilipending the poor innocent girl as the basest and most artful of vixens. Thackeray. 566 Vilipendency (vil-i-pen'den-si), ". Disesteem; slight. Bp. Hacket. Vility (vili-ti), n.” Vileness; baseness. The comedians wore these (socks) to represent the vility of the persons they represented. Bp. Kennet Vill (vil), n. [0. Fr. ville, a village, L. villa, a country house, a farm.] A small collection of houses; also, a manor; a parish; the outpart of a parish. Wharton. (See VILLAGE.) In old writings mention is made of entire-vills, demi-vills, and hamlets. Hence they were called villeins or villani-inhab itants of the vill or district. Brougham. Villa (villa), n. [L. villa, a country seat, a country house, a farm, a villa, a contr. of vicula, from vicus, a village. See VICINAGE, VILLAIN.] A country seat; a country residence, usually of some size and pretension; a rural or suburban mansion. Village (vil'laj), n. [Fr. village, from L. villa. See VILLA.] 1. A small assemblage of houses, less than a town or city, and larger than a hamlet. A walled town is more worthier than a village. Shak. The word is often used adjectively of, pertaining, or belonging to a village; hence, sometimes, rustic. The early village cock Hath twice done salutation to the morn. Shak. Some village Hampden, that with dauntless breast, The little tyrant of his fields withstood. Gray. 2. In law, sometimes a manor; sometimes a whole parish or subdivision of it; most commonly an outpart of a parish consisting of a few houses separate from the rest. Called also a Vill. Villager (vil'laj-ér), n. An inhabitant of a village. Brutus had rather be a villager Than to repute himself a son of Rome Shak. Villagery (vil'laj-ér-i), n. A district of villages. The maidens of the villagery.' Shak. Villain (villan or villan), n. [O. Fr. villain, villein, vilein, Mod. Fr. vilain, from L. L. villanus, a farm-servant, from villa, a country house. See VILLA.] 1. A member of the lowest class of unfree persons during the prevalence of the feudal system; a feudal serf. In respect to their lords or owners the villains had no rights, except that the lord might not kill or maim them, or ravish the females; they could acquire or hold no property against their lord's will; they were obliged to perform all the menial services he demanded; and the cottages and plots of land they occupied were held merely at his will. In respect, however, of other persons besides their lord they had the rights and privileges of freemen. Villains were either (a) regardant, or (b) in gros8. In the former case they were annexed to the soil (adscripti or adscriptitii glebæ), belonging to a manor as fixtures, passing with it when it was conveyed or inherited; they could not be sold or transferred as persons separate from the land. In the latter case they were not affixed to a manor, but belonged personally to their lord, who could sell or transfer them at will. In this sense spelled also Villein. Hence-2. An ignoble base-born person generally; a boor, peasant, or clown. Pour the blood of the villain in one basin, and the blood of the gentleman in another, what difference shall here be proved? Bacon. 3. A man extremely depraved, and capable or guilty of great crimes; a vile, wicked person; a scoundrel, knave, rascal, or rogue, such as a murderer, robber, incendiary, ravisher, seducer, &c. One may smile, and smile, and be a villain. Shak. 4. Sometimes used with the force of a term of endearment. Sweet villain! most dear'st! my collop! Shak. Villain (vil'lan or villan), a. Appropriate to a villain or slave; servile; base. Villain bonds and despot sway.' Byron. Villainize,t v.t. See VILLANIZE. Villainous (vil'lan-us), a. 1. Suited to, like, or pertaining to a villain; very wicked or depraved; extremely vile. There is nothing but roguery to be found in villainous man. Shak. 2. Proceeding from extreme wickedness or depravity; as, a villainous action.-3. Pitiful; sorry; mean; vile; wretched. 'Villainous saltpetre.' Shak 'A villainous trick of thine eye.' Shak. Used adverbially: 'Foreheads villainous low.' Shak. Spelled also Villanous. - Villainous judgment. See VILLENOUS. VILLENAGE Villainously (villan-us-li), adv. In a villainous manner; as, (a) wickedly: depravedly; basely. (b) Sorrily; wretchedly; meanly. Spelled also Villanously. Shak Villainousness (vil'lan-us-nes), n. The state or quality of being villainous; baseness; extreme depravity. 1. The quality of Villainy (vil'lan-i), n. being villainous; the qualities characteristic of a villain; extreme depravity; atrocious wickedness; as, the villainy of the thief or the robber; the villainy of the seducer. The commendation is not in his wit, but in his vil lainy. Shak. 2. Foul language or discourse; disgraceful or obscene speech. Barrow.-3. A crime; an action of deep depravity. [In this sense the word has a plural.] Such villainies roused Horace into wrath. Dryden. Spelled also Villany. Villakin (villa-kin), n. 1. A little villa. Villany (villan-i), n. Villainy (which see). Villarsia (vil-lar'si-a), n. [After Dr. Villars, a French botanist.] A genus of aquatic or marsh plants, nat. order Gentianaceæ. They inhabit all parts of the world, and are elegant plants when in blossom. One species, V. nymphæoides, a floating plant, is a native of Europe, and is found in Great Britain in rivers and still waters, although rare. It is a beautiful plant, resembling a water-lily in habit, with large yellow-fringed flowers, easily cultivated. Villatic (vil-lat'ik), a. [L. villaticus, pertaining to a farm or villa. See VILLA.] Pertaining to a farm. 'Tame villatic fowl.' Milton. Villein (vil'len), n. A feudal tenant of the lowest class, who held his lands in villenage. See VILLAIN, 1. Villein (vil'len), a. Of or pertaining to a villein or villenage. - Ville in services, in feudal law, base, but certain and determined, services performed in consideration of the tenure of land. Villein socage, a species of tenure of lands held of the king by certain villein or base services. See VILLENAGE. Villenage, Villeinage (vil'len-aj), n. [See VILLAIN] A tenure of lands and tenements by base services. It was originally founded on the servile state of the occupiers of the soil, who were allowed to hold portions of land at the will of their lord, on condition of performing base and menial services. Where the service was base in its nature, and undefined as to time and amount, the tenure received the name of pure villenage, but where the service, although of a base nature, was certain and defined, it was called privileged villenage, and sometimes ville in socage. It frequently happened that lands held in villenage descended in uninterrupted succession from father to son, until at length the occupiers or villeins became entitled, by prescription or custom, to hold their lands against the lord so long as they performed the required services. And although the villeins themselves acquired freedom, or their land came into the possession of freemen, the villein services were still the condition of the tenure, according to the custom of the manor. These customs were preserved and evidenced by the rolls of the several courts-baron, in which they were entered, or kept on foot by the constant immemorial usage of the several manors in which the lands lay. And as such tenants had nothing to show for their estates but the entries into those rolls, or copies of them authenticated by the steward, they at last came to be called tenants by copy of court-roll, and their tenure a copy-hold. It is difficult to say whether England owes more to VILLENOUS the Roman Catholic religion or to the Reformation. For the amalgamation of races and for the abolition of villenage, she is chiefly indebted to the influence which the priesthood in the middle ages exercised over the laity. Macaulay. Villenous (vil'len-us), a. Of or pertaining to a villein.-Villenous judgment, in law, a judgment which deprived one of his lex libera, whereby he was discredited and disabled as a juror or witness; forfeited his goods and chattels and lands for life; wasted the lands, razed the houses, rooted up the trees, and committed his body to prison. Wharton. Villi (villi), n. pl. [Pl. of L. villus, hair.] 1. In anat. fine small fibres, resembling a covering of down or the pile of velvet, as on the internal coat of the intestinal canal.2. In bot. long, straight, and soft hairs, covering the fruit, flowers, and other parts of a plant Villiform (villi-form), a. [L. villus, shaggy hair, and forma, shape.] Having the form or character of villi; resembling the plush or pile of velvet; as, the villiform teeth of the perch and other fishes. Villosity (vil-los'i-ti), n. The state of being villous, or covered with long smooth hairs. Villous, Villose (vil'lus, villōs), a. (L. villosus, from villus, hair.] Abounding with villi; having the surface covered with fine hairs or woolly substance; nappy; shaggy; rough; as, a villous membrane. The villous coat of the stomach and intestines is the inner mucous membrane, so called from the innumerable villi or fine fibrils with which its internal surface is covered. Vim (vim), n. [L. acc. of vis, strength.] Vigour; energy; activity. [Colloq.] Vimen (vi'men), n. [L] In bot. a long and flexible shoot of a plant. Viminal (vim'i-nal), a. [From L. vimen, riminis, a twig, from vieo, to weave, to plait.] Pertaining to twigs; consisting of twigs; producing twigs. Vimineous (vi-min'ē-us), a. [L. vimineus, from vimen, a twig. See above.] Made of twigs or shoots. The hive's vimineous dome.' Prior. [Rare.] Vina (vē'na), n. An Indian seven-stringed guitar, with a long finger-board provided with about twenty movable frets, and having a gourd attached to each end. Spelled also Veena. Vinaceous (vī-ná'shus), a. [L. vinaceus, from vinum, wine.] 1. Belonging to wine or grapes.-2. Of the colour of wine; as, a vinaceous red colour. Vinaigrette (vin-a-gret), n. [Fr., from vinaigre, vinegar.] 1. A small box of gold, silver, &c., with perforations on the top, for holding aromatic vinegar contained in a sponge, or smelling-salts. It is used like a smelling-bottle. The name is also given to a smelling-bottle containing aromatic vinegar.-2. A vinegar sauce. [Rare.]-3. A small two-wheeled vehicle to be drawn like a bath-chair by a boy or man. Simmonds. [Rare.] Vinaigrous (vin'āg-rus), a. Sour like vinegar; hence, crabbed, peevish, or ill-tempered. Carlyle. Vinatico (vi-nat'i-kō), n. [Perhaps from Sp. vinatico, vinaceous, from its colour.] A coarse mahogany obtained from Persea indica, which grows in Madras. Spelled also Venatica Vincentian (vin-sen'shi-an), a. Of or pertaining to Saint Vincent de Paul; specifically, applied to certain religious associations founded by him, the best known of which is the Vincentian Congregation, an association of secular priests to promote the education of the clergy, preach to the poor, &c. Vincetoxicum (vin-se-tok'si-kum), n. [L. rinco, to conquer, and toxicum, poison.] A genus of plants, nat, order Asclepiadaceæ. V. officinale inhabits the south of Europe. It is emetic and purgative, and is an old antidote to poisons. Vincible (vin'si-bl), a. [From L. vinco, to conquer. See VICTOR.] Capable of being vanquished, conquered or subdued; conquerable. 'Not vincible in spirit.' Sir J. İlayward. Vincibleness, Vincibility (vin'si-bl-nes, vin-si-bil'i-ti), n. The state or quality of being vincible; capability of being conquered; conquerableness. The vincibility of such a love." Richardson. Vincturet (vingk'tür), n. [L. vinctura, from vincio, vinctum, to bind.] A binding. Vinculum (ving'kū-lum), n. [L., from vincio, to bind.] 1. A bond of union; a bond or 567 tie.-Divorce a vinculo matrimonii, in law, an entire release from the bond of matrimony, with leave to marry again.-2. In alg. a character in the form of a line or stroke drawn over a quantity when it consists of several terms, in order to connect them together as one quantity and show that they are to be multiplied or divided, &c., together: thus, a+bxc, indicates that the sum of a and b is to be multiplied by c; whereas the expression without this character would indicate simply that b is to be multiplied by c, and the product added to a. Vindemial (vin-de'mi-al), a. [L. vindemialis, from vindemia, vintage, from vinum, wine, and demo, to take away.] Belonging to a vintage or grape harvest. Bailey. Vindemiate (vin-de'mi-at), v.i. [L. vindemio, vindemiatum. See VINDEMIAL.] To gather the vintage. [Rare.] Now vindemiate... towards the expiration of this month. Evelyn. The Vindemiation (vin-dē'mi-a"shon), n. operation of gathering grapes. Bailey. Vindemiatrix (vin-de'mi-at-riks), n. A star of the third magnitude in the constellation Virgo. The VINEGAR of same origin.] Revengeful; given to revenge. I am vindictive enough to repel force by force. Dryden. Vindictively (vin-dik'tiv-li), adv. In a vin dictive manner; by way of revenge; revengefully. Vindictiveness (vin-diktiv-nes), n. The state or quality of being vindictive; revenge- Vindicability (vin'di-ka-bil”i-ti), n. Vindicate (vin'di-kāt), v.t. pret. & pp. vindi- Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain! Pope. When the respondent denies any proposition, the opponent must vindicate it. Watts. 5. To avenge; to punish; to retaliate. "To vindicate and punish infidelity.' Bacon. And vindicate on Athens thy disgrace.' Dryden. Vindication (vin-di-kä'shon), n. [L. vindicatio, vindicationis, from vindico. See VINDICATE] The act of vindicating, or the state of being vindicated; as, (a) a justification against denial or censure, or against objections or accusations. This is no vindication of her conduct. Broome. (b) The act of supporting by proof or legal process; the proving of anything to be just; as, the vindication of a title, claim, or right. (c) Defence from wrong or oppression, by force or otherwise; maintenance of a cause against an assailant or enemy; as, the vindication of the rights of man; the vindication of our liberties or the rights of conscience. If one proud man injure or oppress an humble man it is a thousand to one another undertakes his patronage, defence, and vindication. Sir M. Hale. Vindicative (vin-di-kä'tiv), a. 1. Tending to vindicate.-2. Vindictive; revengeful. He, in heat of action, Vined (vind), a. Having leaves like those of the vine; ornamented with vine leaves. 'Wreathed, and vined, and figured columns." Wotton. Vine-disease (vîn'diz-ēz), n. A disease affecting the vine; more particularly, (a) a disease resulting from the presence of a parasitic microscopic fungus, Oidium Tuckeri, which first showed itself in an English hothouse in 1845, and in a few years spread itself over France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and Portugal, appearing in its most virulent form in Madeira, the wine-crop of which it practically annihilated for a time. The disease manifests itself by the development of the fungus over the leaves or shoots as well as over the berries themselves, covering the affected parts with a white powdery-looking net-work of beaded fibres. Growth is soon arrested, and decay or drying up, accompanied with an offensive smell, follows. Sulphur is said to be a reliable remedy. (b) A disease due to the invasion of the parasitic insect Phylloxera vastatrix, which, making its first appearance near Avignon in France in 1865, spread over in less than ten years a great part of the richest vinegrowing regions of that country, almost entirely destroying the crops in several districts. When the Phylloxera attacks a vine the rootlets exhibit peculiar swellings, and the insects multiply so rapidly as soon to overrun all the roots, and by absorbing nourishment from the plant reduce it to a totally exhausted state. No certain remedy has as yet been discovered against this evil. Many other fungous and insect parasites attack the vine, but with far less destructive effects. Vine-dresser (vin'dres-ér), n. One who dresses, trims, prunes, and cultivates vines. Vine-fretter (vin'fret-ér), n. A small insect that injures vines, the Aphis vitis. Called also Vine-grub. Vinegar (vin'e-gér), n. [Fr. vinaigre, from vin, L. vinum, wine, and aigre, sour, L. acer, sharp, sour.] 1. Dilute and impure acetic acid, obtained by the vinous fermentation. In wine countries it is obtained from the acetous fermentation of inferior wines, but in this country it is usually procured from an infusion of malt which has previously undergone the vinous fermentation. Vinegar may also be obtained from strong beer, by the fermentation of various fruits, or of a solution of sugar mixed with yeast; in short, all liquids which are capable of the vinous fermentation may be made to produce vinegar. 120 parts of water, 12 of brandy, 3 of brown sugar, 1 of tartar, and of sour dough, if left for some weeks in a warm place, yield a strong and pleasant vinegar. All the above vinegars yield by distillation a purer and somewhat weaker acetic acid, called distilled vinegar.-Radical vinegar, a more concentrated solution of acetic acid, obtained by distilling 3 parts of dry powdered acetate of soda with 97 of oil of vitriol, as pure and concentrated as possible. This vinegar, holding camphor and essential oils in solution, constitutes the aromatic vinegar of the shops.- Wood vinegar, an impure acetic acid obtained by the distillation of wood: called also Pyroligneous Acid. Com VINEGAR mon and distilled vinegar are used in pharmacy for preparing many remedies, and externally in medicine, in the form of lotions. The use of vinegar as a condiment is universal. It is likewise the antiseptic ingredient in pickles.-2. Anything really or metaphorically sour; sourness of temper. -Vinegar of lead, a liquor formed by digesting ceruse or litharge with a sufficient quantity of vinegar to dissolve it. Vinegar (vin'e-gér), v.t. 1. To make into vinegar, or to make sour like vinegar. Hoping that he hath vinegared his senses As he was bid. B. Jonson. 2. To apply vinegar to; to pour vinegar over; also, to mix with vinegar. Dickens. Vinegar-cruet (vin'e-gér-krö-et), n. A small glass bottle for holding vinegar. Vinegar-eel (vin'e-gér-el),n. The Anguillula aceti, a minute species of nematoid worm frequently found in vinegar. Vinegarette (vin'e-ger-et), n. A vinaigrette. See VINAIGRETTE, 1 And at parting I gave my dear Harry A beautiful vinegarette. Thackeray. Vinegar-plant (vin'e-gér-plant), n. A peculiar state of the Penicillium glaucum, a fungus found on decaying substances, and in fluids in a state of acetification. It forms a flocculent mass, which is tough and crustlike or leathery. A small piece of this when immersed in a mixture of sugar or treacle and water produces a rather insipid kind of vinegar. Vinegar-yard (vin'e-gér-yärd), n. A yard where vinegar is made and kept. Simmonds. Vine-grub (vin'grub), n. Same as Vine fretter. Vine-mildew (vin'mil-du), n. A fungus of the genus Oidium (0. Tuckeri), very destructive to vines. See OIDIUM, VINE-DISEASE. Vinert (vin'er), n. 1. An orderer or trimmer of vines.-2. A member of the vintners' company. Marvell Vinery (vin'er-i), n. 1. A vineyard. Fabyan. 2. A kind of greenhouse where vines are cultivated, and grapes ripened by artificial heat from stoves and flues. Vinewt (vin'u), n. Mouldiness. Holland. Vinewed, Vinnewedt (vin'ud), a. [A form of finewed, also written fenowed, from A. Sax fynegian, to become musty, from fynig, musty.] Mouldy; musty. 'Speak then thou vinewedst leaven.' Shak. Vinewednesst (vin'üd-nes), n. The state or quality of being vinewed or mouldy; mustiness; mouldiness. Vineyard (vin'yärd), n. [Vine and yard.] A plantation of vines producing grapes; literally, an inclosure or yard for vines. Vingt-un (vant-ün), n. [Fr., twenty-one.] A popular game at cards, depending on the number of pips on the cards dealt out, or the esteemed value of the cards. The object is to get as near as possible to the number twenty-one without exceeding it. Vinic (vin'ik), a. [L. vinum, wine.] Of or pertaining to wine or alcohol; as, vinic acid. Vinifacteur (vin-i-fak'tèr), n. [Fr., winemaker.] A contrivance for collecting the alcoholic vapours that escape during the process of vinous fermentation. The vinifacteur, which is a cap on the vat surrounded by cold water, collects, condenses, and returns them to the must. Vinifera (vi-nif'er-e), n. pl. [L. vinum, wine, and fero, to bear.] Same as Vitaceae. Vinnewed. See VINEWED. Vinny (vin'i), a. [A. Sax. fynig, musty. See VINEWED.] Mouldy; musty. Malone. Vinolency+ (vin'ō-len-si), n. [L. vinolentia, from vinum, wine.] Drunkenness; winebibbing. Vinolent (vin'o-lent), a. [L. vinolentus, from vinum, wine.] Given to wine; full of wine. Chaucer. Vinometer (vi-nom'et-ér), n. [L. vinum, wine, and Gr. metron, measure.] A form of hydrometer for measuring the strength of wine. Vin-ordinaire (van-or-de-nár), n. [Fr., ordinary wine.] A cheap claret much drunk in France. Vinose (vin'ōs), a. Same as Vinous. Vinosity (vi-nos'i-ti), n. State or quality of being vinous. Vinous (vin'us), a. [L. vinosus, from vinum, wine.] Having the qualities of wine; pertaining to wine; vinose; as, a vinous taste; a vinous flavour.-Vinous fermentation. See FERMENTATION. Vinquish (ving'kwish), n. A state of pining or languishing; a disease in sheep. Written also Vanquish. 568 Vint (vint), v.t. [From vintage.] To gather at the vintage; to manufacture or make from the vintage. [Colloq.] I wouldn't give a straw for the best wine that ever was vinted, after it had lain here a couple of years. Trollope. Vintage (vin'taj), n. [Rather suggested by such words as vintner, LL vinitor, vinitarius, one who has charge of wines, from L. vinum, wine, than taken directly from Fr. vendange, vintage, from L. vindemia, the vintage-vinum, wine, and demo, to take away.] 1. The produce of the vine for the season; as, vintage is abundant.-2. The time of gathering the crop of grapes. Sweet is the vintage, when the showering grapes Byron. In this neighbourhood was the great house called the vintric, with vast wine-vaults beneath. Pennant. Viny (vin'i), a. Belonging to vines; producing vines; abounding in vines. Baie's viny coast.' Thomson. Viol (vi'ol), n. [Fr. viole, a viol; It. viola, Pr. viola, viula, ML vitula, vidula, a viol or similar stringed instrument. Diez takes the word from L. vitulari, to be joyful, to celebrate a festival. Fiddle may have the same origin. See FIDDLE.] An ancient musical instrument of much the same form as the violin, but having the belly and back flat, and with larger bends in the sides than that instrument. It may be considered as the parent of our modern instruments of the violin kind. The viol was a stringed instrument with frets, and played on by a bow. There were three sorts, treble, tenor, and bass, each having from three to six strings, which were tuned in fourths and thirds. Viol da gamba -From Harleian MS. The treble viol was somewhat larger than our violin, and the music for it was written in the treble clef. The tenor viol was about the same length and breadth as the modern tenor violin, but thicker in the body, and the music for it was in the mean or C clef. The dimensions of the bass viol were much the same as those of the violoncello, and the music for it was written in the bass clef. The smaller viols were called viol da braccio, from being held by the arm; the larger, viol da gamba, from being placed between the legs. The viol da gamba held its place longer than the smaller viols, but at last gave way to the violoncello.-Viol d'amore, an obsolete instrument of the violin family. In addition to five or seven catgut strings, VIOLATION the same number of metal strings, tuned in unison, were placed under the finger-board, which, by the production of sympathetic sound, gave a peculiar quality of tone to the instrument.-Viola pomposa, a species of viol da gamba, invented by Bach, having five strings, the four lower of which were tuned like the violoncello in fifths, and the fifth string was tuned to E. Viola (vi'o-la), n. [It.] A large kind of violin, to which the part between the second violin and the bass is generally assigned. It has four catgut strings, of which the third and fourth are covered with silver wire. It is tuned C (in the second space of the bass staff), D, A, G, reckoning upwards, and is an octave higher in pitch than the violoncello, and a fifth lower than the violin. It is called also tenor violin, and alto viola, from the music being written for it in the alto clef.-Viola di Bardone. Same as Barytone. Viola pomposa. See under VIOL Viola (vi'o-la), n. [L] The violet, an extensive genus of plants, the type of the nat. order Violacea, common to both hemispheres. The species are exceedingly numerous; they are elegant low herbs, for the most part perennial, rarely annual. The violets are favourite flowers in all northern and temperate climates, and many of them are among the first to make their appearance in the spring. The greatest favourites are the varieties of the V. odorata, or common sweet violet, and of V. tricolor, the pansy, or heart's-ease, V. odorata being especially esteemed for its fragrance and early appearance. The roots of several species of Viola were formerly used in medicine. They contain a bitter alkaloid (violin, which see), which acts as an emetic and purgative. Violable (vi'o-la-bl), a. [L. violabilis. See VIOLATE. Capable of being violated, broken, or injured. Violacea (vi-o-la'sē-ē), n. pl. A nat. order of polypetalous exogens, having the genus Viola for its type. The species are herbs, shrubs, or undershrubs, generally with alternate, simple leaves, furnished with stipules. The flowers are usually irregular, pedunculate, erect or drooping, axillary, solitary, or numerous. The order is divided into two tribes, Violeæ and Alsodine. Violes chiefly consist of European, Siberian, and American plants; Alsodineæ are South American and African plants. The roots of all the Violacea appear to be more or less emetic, a property which is strongly possessed by the South American species Violaceous (vi-o-la'shus), a. [L. violaceus, from viola, a violet.] Resembling violets in colour. Violascent (vi-o-las'sent), a. Approaching Experience, manhood, honour ne'er before Oft have they violated The temple, oft the law, with foul affronts. Milton. 4. To infringe; to sin against; to transgress, as a contract, law, promise, or the like, either by a positive act contrary to the promise, &c., or by neglect or non-fulfilment. Makest the vestal violate her oath.' Shak. To violate the sacred trust of silence.' Milton. Those reasonings by violating common sense tend to subvert every principle of rational belief Beattie. 5. To ravish; to deflower by force; to commit rape on. Prior.-SYN. To injure, outrage, hurt, wrong, interrupt, disturb, infringe, transgress, profane, desecrate, deflower, ravish. Violation (vi-o-la'shon), n. 1. The act of violating, treating with violence, or injuring.-2. Interruption, as of sleep or peace. 3. Desecration; act of irreverence; profanation or contemptuous treatment of sacred venerable things; as, the violation of a church. 4. Infringement; transgression; non-observance; as, the violation of law or positive command; a violation of covenants, engagements, and promises; a violation of VIOLATIVE vows. The wilful violation of oaths.' Hooker. 5. Ravishment; rape. If your pure maidens fall into the hand of hot and forcing violation Shak. Violative (vi'õ-lāt-iv), a. Violating; tending to or causing violation. Violator (vi'o-lat-ér), n. 1. One who violates, injures, interrupts, or disturbs; as, a violator of repose.-2. One who infringes or transgresses; as, a violator of law.-3. One who profanes or treats with irreverence; as, a violator of sacred things.-4. A ravisher. Shak. Violence (vi'ô-lens), n. [L. violentia, from violens. See VIOLENT.] 1. The quality of being violent; force; vehemence; intensity or strength of action or motion. Torn with the violence of this conflict.' Milton. To be imprisoned in the viewless wind, Shak. 4. Power exerted unjustly or without consent; unjust force; force employed against rights, laws, liberty, or the like; outrage; injury; hurt; attack; assault. 'Do violence to no man." Mark iii. 14. To prevent the tyrant's violence.' Shak.-5. Ravishment; rape. To do violence on,t to attack; to murder. But, as it seems, did violence on herself.' Shak. To do violence to, to outrage; to force; to injure. Great discomfort to all men would follow the inroad made by a violent change in its distribution, because a violence would be done to all inen's feelings and habits of thinking. Brougham. SYN. Force, vehemence, fury, outrage, fierceness, violation, infraction, infringement, transgression. Violence (vi'ō-lens), v.t. 1. To do violence to; to assault; to injure. Nature violenced.' B. Jonson.-2. To bring by violence; to compel. Our high court of justice, to which the loyal and the noble, the honest and the brave, were violenced by ambition and malice. Feltham. Violent (vi'ō-lent), a. [L. violens, violentis, from vis, strength; akin violate.] 1. Characterized by the exertion of force accompanied by rapidity; forcible and quick or sudden; impetuous; furious; as, a violent blow or shock; a violent conflict. A violent cross wind from either coast.' Milton. Violent fires soon burn out themselves. Shak. Repair those violent harms that my two sisters 6. Severe; extreme; sharp; acute; as, violent pains.-7. Extorted; not voluntary. Vows made in pain are violent and void. Milton. -Violent presumption, in law, see PRESUMPTION.-Violent profits, in Scots law, the penalty due by a tenant who forcibly or unwarrantably retains possession after he ought to have removed.-SYN. Forcible, impetuous, fierce, vehement, severe, outrageous, boisterous, turbulent, furious, passionate. Violent (vi'o-lent), n. An assailant. Such violents shall not take heaven, but hell, by force. Dr. H. More. Violent (vi'ō-lent), v.t. To urge with violence. Fuller. Violent (vi'o-lent), v. i. To act or work with violence; to be violent. Shak. Violently (vi'o-lent-li), ade. In a violent manner; by violence; by force; forcibly; vehemently; as, the wind blows violently. Temperately proceed to what you would Thus violently redress. Shak Violescent (ví-ō-les'sent), a. Tending to a violet colour; violascent. Violet (vi'ō-let), n. [Fr. violet, violette, from L. viola, a violet.] 1. The common name of the different species of the genus Viola. 'Daisies pied and violets blue.' Shak. See VIOLA. 2. A bluish purple colour or pigment like that of the violet. It is produced by a mixture of red and blue. Fairholt.-3. One of the primary colours or kinds of light, being the most refrangible of the coloured rays of the spectrum. See COLOUR.-Violet powder, starch reduced to a very fine powder, and scented with orris powder or other perfume: used for nursery and other purposes. Violet (vi'o-let), a. Having the colour of violet; dark blue inclining to red. Violet-snail (vi'ō-let-snål), n. See IANTH Violin (vi'ō-lin), n. [It. violino, a dim. of viola. See VIOL. ] A well-known stringed musical instrument, consisting of four catgut strings, the lowest of which is covered with silvered copper wire, stretched by means of a bridge over a hollow wooden body, and played with a bow; a fiddle. It is considered the most perfect of musical instruments, on account of its capabilities of fine tone and expression, and of producing all the tones in any scale in perfect tune. It forms with its cognates, the viola, violoncello, and double-bass, the main element of all orchestras. The principal parts of the violin are the scroll or head, in which are placed the pins for tuning the strings; the neck, which connects the scroll with the body, and to which is attached the fingerboard, upon which the strings are stopped by the fingers of the left hand as it holds the neck in playing; the belly, over which the strings are stretched, and which has two f-shaped sound holes, one on each side; the back or under side; the sides or ribs, uniting the back and belly; the tail-piece, to which the strings are fastened; and the bridge. The four strings of the violin are tuned at intervals of fifths, G, on the upper space of the bass staff, D, A, E reckoning upwards. Every intermediate semitone in its ordinary compass of 34 octaves may be produced by stopping the strings, and the compass may be almost indefinitely extended upwards by the harmonics produced by touching the strings lightly. The violin can, to a limited extent, be made to produce harmony by sounding two or three strings together. Instruments of the violin kind are of great antiquity. Violin (vi'o-lin), n. An emetic substance contained in all parts of the common violet. It has not been obtained pure, and is perhaps identical with emetin from ipecacu anha. Violoncellist (vi'o-lon-sel"ist or veō-lonchel'ist), n. A performer on the violoncello. Violoncello (vi'ô-lon-sellō or vē'ō-lon-chel"ló), n. [It., a dim. of violone.] A powerful and expressive bow instrument of the violin kind, held by the performer between the knees, and filling a place between the violin and double-bass. It has four strings, the It is two lowest covered with silver wire. tuned in fifths, C (on the second ledger-line below the bass-staff), G, D, A reckoning upwards, and is an octave lower than the viola or tenor violin. Its ordinary compass from C on the second ledger-line below extends to A on the second space of the treble, but soloists frequently play an octave higher. Violone (vě-o-lō'nā), n. [It.] Same as Doublebass. Viper (vi'pěr), n. [Fr. vipère, from L. vipera, probably contracted from vivipera - vivus, alive, and pario, to bring forth, as bringing forth its young alive.] 1. A name correctly applicable to all the members of a family (Viperidae) of poisonous serpents, but in popular or common usage applied, gener VIRELAY ally with an epithet, to only a few members of the family, as the common viper (Pelias berus, Vipera communis of some naturalists), Head and Tail of Common Viper (Pelias berus). the horned viper (Cerastes Hasselquistii), the plumed viper (Clotho cornuta), and the death viper or death adder (Acanthophis tortor). The common viper is the only poisonous serpent which occurs in Britain, but it is not very common or very dangerous, except in very dry and warm parts of the country, and during the hot season. See VIPERIDE.-2. A person or thing mischievous or malignant. Where is that viper bring the villain forth. Shak. Jenny, the viper, made me a mocking curtsey and went. Tennyson. Viper's bugloss. See ECHIUM. — Viper's grass. See SCORZONERA. Viperidae (vi-péri-de), n. pl. The vipers. One of the two families into which the sub-order Viperina is divided, the members of which are distinguished from those of Crotalida by the absence of a pit between the eyes and the nostrils. Among the species are the common viper (Pelias berus) of Europe, the horned viper (Cerastes Hasselquistii) of North Africa, the puff-adder (Clotho arietans) of the Cape of Good Hope, the common asp (Vipera aspis), common in many parts of Europe, and the death adder or black snake (Acanthophis tortor) of Australia, whose bite is said to be sometimes fatal in a quarter of an hour. See VIPER, PUFFADDER, VIPERINA. The Viperina (vi-pèr-i'na), n. pl. One of the two sub-orders of Ophidia (snakes or serpents), characterized by having only two perforated poison-fangs in the upper jaw, while in the Colubrina, the other sub-order, this jaw is furnished with solid teeth either with or without additional canaliculated fangs. The lower jaw in the Viperina is well supplied with teeth, and both jaws are feeble. scales of the abdomen are bold, broad, and arranged like overlapping bands. The head is large in proportion to the neck, and very wide behind, so that it has been not unaptly compared to the ace of spades. The hinder limbs are not seen. The sub-order Viperina comprises two families, Viperidæ or vipers, and Crotalidæ or rattlesnakes, the former being mostly confined to the Old World, while the latter are wholly American. This sub-family comprises some of the most terrible reptiles known. Viperine (vi'pèr-in), a. [L. viperinus. See VIPER] Pertaining to a viper or to vipers; Viperish (vi'per-ish), a. Somewhat viperous as, viperine snakes. and malignant; inclining to the character of a viper. Viperous (vi'pèr-us), a. Having the qualities of a viper; malignant; venomous; as, a viperous tongue. Daniel. Some viperous critic may bereave The opinion of thy worth for some defect. Viraginian (vī-ra-jin'i-an), a. Having the qualities of a virago, [Rare.] The remembrance of his old conversation among the viraginian trollops. Milton. Viraginity (vi-ra-jin'i-ti), n. The qualities of a virago. [Rare.] Virago (vi-ra'go), n. [L, a heroic maiden, a hervine, a female warrior, from vir, a man. See VIRILE.] 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, and courage; a female who has the robust body and masculine mind of a man; a female warrior. Pope. Hence2. A bold, impudent, turbulent woman; a termagant: now the usual meaning. Viret (vér), n. [O. Fr. vire, an arrow for the cross-bow; Sp. vira, a light kind of dart. See VIRETON. A barbed arrow for the crossbow; a quarrel. Viret (věr), v.i. [See VEER.] To change direction; to turn about; to veer. Sir P. Sidney. Virelay (vir′ē-lā), n. [Fr. virelai-virer, to turn, and lai, a song, a lay.] An ancient French song or short poem always in short VIRENT lines of seven or eight syllables, and wholly in two rhymes, with a refrain. "To which a lady sung a virelay.' Dryden. Virent (vi'rent), a. [L. virens, virentis, from vireo, to be green.] Green; verdant; fresh. In these, yet fresh and virent, they carve out the figures of men and women. Sir T. Browne. Vireo (vir'e-o), n. [L. vireo, a greenfinch.] A genus of passerine singing birds belonging to the family Vireonidae. They are mostly confined to North America. Vireonidae (vir-e-on'i-de), n. pl. A family of passerine birds of which Vireo is the type. The family, which is peculiar to America, is represented by seven genera and fifty species. The members consist of moderate or small-sized singing birds. Virescent (vi-res'sent), a. [L.virescens, virescentis, ppr. of viresco, to grow green, incept. verb from vireo, to be green.] Slightly green; beginning to be green. Viretont (vir'e-ton), n. [Fr. virer, to turn. See VEER] A species of arrow or quarrel spirally winged with brass so as to give it a whirling motion when shot from the crossbow. Virgaloo (ver'ga-lö), n. See VIRGOLEUSE. Virgate (ver'gat), n. [L. virga, a rod, in Virgert (vérj'ér), n. A verger. Virgilia (ver-jil'i-a), n. [A name given to the genus by Lamarck in honour of Virgil, from the interest his Georgics possess for botanists.] A genus of plants, nat. order Leguminos. The species are chiefly tropical. The roots of V. aurea, an Indian species, yield a yellow dye. V. lutea, of North America, now more usually called Cladrastis Virgilia aurea (Cladrastis tinctoria). tinctoria, is an elegant hardy shrub, frequently cultivated in gardens. The bark yields a yellow colouring matter. Virgilian (ver-jil'i-an), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Virgil, the Roman poet; as, the Vir gilian poems.-2. Resembling the style of Virgil. Virgin (ver'jin), n. [L. virgo, virginis, a virgin, from same root as virga, a rod or twig, from a root meaning to swell or be luxuriant, seen also in Gr. orgaō, to swell, to teem, orge, passion, orgia, orgies.] 1. A woman who has had no carnal knowledge of man; a maiden of inviolate chastity. Gen. xxiv. 16.-2. A woman not a mother. Milton [Rare.-3. A man who has preserved his chastity. 1 Cor. vii. 25. These are they which were not defiled with women; for they are virgins. Rev. xiv. 4. 4. An insect producing eggs from which young come forth though there has been no fecundation by a male.-5. The sign or the constellation Virgo. When the bright Virgin gives the beauteous days.' Thomson. See VIRGO. Virgin (ver'jin), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a maid or virgin; becoming a virgin; maidenly; modest; indicating modesty; as, a virgin blush; virgin shame. Rosed over with the virgin crimson of modesty.' Shak.-2. Pure; chaste; undefiled. Pardon, goddess of the night, Shak. 3. Untouched; unused; fresh; new; as, virgin soil; virgin gold.-4. Unsullied; pure. The white cold virgin snow upon my heart.' Shak. Virgin (ver'jin), v.i To play the virgin; to be or to continue chaste. 570 Virginal (ver'jin-al), a. Pertaining to a virgin; maidenly; as, virginal chastity. 'With mildness virginal. Spenser. Virginal (ver'jin-al), n. [Fr. virginal, from being commonly played by young ladies or virgins.] An obsolete keyed musical instrument with one string, jack and quill to each Virginal. note. It differed from the spinet only in being square instead of triangular, and was the precursor of the harpsichord, now superseded by the pianoforte. It was sometimes called a pair of virginals; pair being used in the former sense of a set. Dekker. Thy teeth... leap up and down like the nimble jacks of a pair of virginals. Sometimes used adjectively. Where be these rascals that skip up and down Faster than virginal jacks? Ram Alley (1611). Virginal (ver'jin-al), v.i. To strike, as on a virginal; to pat or tap with the fingers. 'Still virginalling upon his palm.' Shak. Virgin-born (ver'jin-born), a. Born of the Virgin: an epithet applied to our Saviour by Milton. Virginhead (ver'jin-hed), n. Virginity; virginhood. The chaste virginhead." Beau. & Fl. Virginhood (ver'jin-hud), n. Virginity; maidenhood. Virginia (ver-jin'i-a), n. 1. A largely used tobacco, grown and manufactured in Virginia, United States. Fair rolls of the best Virginia. Macaulay.-2. One of the asteroids discovered 4th October, 1857. Virginian (ver-jin'i-an), a. Of or pertaining to the state of Virginia.- Virginian creeper, the Ampelopsis hederacea, a shrubby climbing plant often planted to cover walls. Called also American Ivy.-Virginian deer. See CARIACOU-Virginian quail. Same as Virginian Colin. See ORTYX.-Virginian silk, a species of Asclepias (4. syriaca), the seeds of which furnish a silk-like down which has been used for the manufacture of textile fabrics. The fibre of its stalks is used for the manufacture of thread, cloth, ropes, nets, &c.-Virginian snake-root. See POLYGALA. Virginity (ver-jin'i-ti), n. [L. virginitas.] The state of being a virgin; virginhood; the state of having had no carnal knowledge of man; perfect chastity. Virgin's-bower (vèr'jinz-bou-er), n. A plant of the genus Clematis, the C. Vitalba, called also Traveller's-joy and Old Man's Beard.-Sweet virgin's bower, the Clematis flammula. It grows in the south of Europe; the leaves are powerfully epispastic, and the flowers deliciously fragrant. The leaves Virgo (vergo), n. [L. See VIRGIN.] One of are used as a rubefacient in rheumatism. the twelve signs or constellations of the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 22d of August. It is the sixth in order of the signs beginning with Aries, and contains, according to the British catalogue, 110 stars, among which are two remarkable stars; the first, Spica Virginis, of the first magnitude, and the second Vindimiatrix, of the third magnitude. Virgo is usually represented with an ear of corn in her hand, intended to denote the period of harvest. Virgoleuse (ver'go-lus), n. [Fr. virgouleuse, from Virgoulée, a village near Limoges in France.] A variety of pear; the virgaloo. See VERGOULEUSE. Virgularia (vér-gu-la'ri-a), n. [L. virgula, a little rod, from virga, a rod.] A genus of cœlenterate animals of the order Alcyonaria, closely allied to the genus Pennatula. extremity, which is buried in the sand or mud, is always without polypi, and somewhat resembles the barrel of a feather. Shak. One VIRTUAL Virgulate (vergu-lat), a. [See VIRGULE. } Rod-shaped. Virgule (vergül), n. [Fr., from L. virgula, a little rod, a critical or accentual mark; a dim. of virga, a rod.] A comma. [Rare.] In the MSS. of Chaucer, the line is always broken by a cesura in the middle, which is pointed by a vir gule. Virid (virid), a. [L. viridis, green.] Green; verdant. [Rare.] Hallam. Viridescence (vir-i-des'sens), n. The state or quality of being viridescent. Viridescent (vir-i-des'sent), a. Slightly green; greenish. Viridity (vi-rid'i-ti), n. [L. viriditas, from viridis, green. See VERDANT.] Greenness; verdure; the colour of fresh vegetables. This deification of their trees for their age and perennial viridity.' Evelyn. Viridness (vir'id-nes), n. Greenness; viridity. Virile (vir'il or vir'il), a. [Fr. viril, from L virilis, from vir, a man; cog. A. Sax., O.Sax., and O.H.G. wer, Icel. verr, Goth. rair, Ir. and Gael, fear, man; Gr. herós (=féros or vērōs), a hero; Skr. vira, a hero. From L. vir comes also virtus, E. virtue.] 1. Pertaining to a man as opposed to a woman; belonging to the male sex; hence, pertaining to procreation; as, the virile power.2. Masculine; not puerile or feminine: as, virile strength or vigour. Man and all his virile virtues.' Feltham, Virilescence (vir-il-es'sens), n. [L. virilis, manly.] In med. that condition in an aged female when she assumes certain of the characteristics of the male. Dunglison. Virility (vi-ril'i-ti), n. [Fr. virilité, L. virilitas. See VIRILE] 1. Manhood; the state of one of the male sex who has arrived at the maturity and strength of a man, and to the power of procreation.-2. The power of procreation. 3. Character or conduct of man; masculine conduct or action. A country gentlewoman pretty much famed for this virility of behaviour in party disputes.' Addison. Viripotentt (vi-rip'o-tent), a. [L. vir, viri, a man, and potens, potentis, able, fit.] Fit for a husband; marriageable. Holinshed. Virmilion t (ver-mil'yon), n. and a. Same as Vermilion. Roscommon. Virole (vi-rol, n. [Fr] In her, the hoop, ring, or mouthpiece of the bugle or hunting horn. Viroled (vi-rold'), pp. In her. an epithet applied to the garnishings of the bugle horn, being the rings or rims which surround it at various parts. Virose (vi'ros), a. [L. virosus, virulent, poisonous, from virus, poison.] 1. Poisonous. 2. In bot. emitting a fetid odour. Virtù (ver-tö), n. [It. virtù. See VERTU ] Same as Vertu. His holiness's taste of virtù. Chesterfield. I had thoughts in my chamber to place it in view, To be shown to my friends as a piece of arti Goldsmith Virtual (vértu-al), a. [Fr. virtuel; from L virtus. See VIRTUE.] 1. Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy without any material or sensible contact; proceeding or characterized by transference of virtue, that is force, energy, or influence. Heat and cold have a virtual transition without communication of substance. Bacon 2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact: not actual but equivalent, so far as result is concerned; as, the virtual presence of a man in his agent or substitute.-3. Potential. Stillingfleet. Virtual focus, in optics, the point from which rays which have been rendered divergent by reflection or refraction appear to issue. - Virtual velocity, in mech. the velocity which a body in equilibrium would actually acquire during the first instant of its motion, in case of the equilibrium being disturbed. The principle of virtual velocities may be thus enunciated: 'If any system of bodies or material points, urged each by any forces whatever, be in equilibrium, and there be given to the system any small motion, by virtue of which each point describes an infinitely small space, which space will represent the virtual velocity of the point; then the sum of the forces, multiplied each by the space which the point to which it is applied describes in the direction of that force, will be always equal to zero or nothing, regarding as positive the small spaces described in the direction of the forces, and as negative those described in the opposite direction. This great prin |