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WORLD-HARDENED

as, she is all the world to me; to gain the whole world. For all the world, exactly; precisely; entirely.

He was for all the world like a forked radish. Shak. -The world's end, the remotest part of the earth; the most distant regions.-All the world and his wife, everybody; sometimes, everybody worth speaking about.

Madam, who were the company?-Why, there was all the world and his wife. Swift.

All the world and his wife and daughter leave cards. Dickens. -To go to the world, an old phrase signifying to get married.

Thus goes every one to the world, but I-I may sit in a corner and cry, heigh-ho, for a husband. Shak Hence the expression woman of the world

(= married woman), used by Audrey in As

You Like It.

I hope it is no dishonest desire to desire to be a woman of the world. Shak. World-hardened (wêrld'härd-nd), a. Hardened by the love of worldly things. Worldliness (wêrld'li-nes), n. The state of being worldly, or of being addicted to temporal gain, advantage, or enjoyment; an unduly strong passion or craving for the good things of this life to the exclusion of a desire for the better things of the life to come. Jer. Taylor.

Worldling (wêrld'ling), n. [World, and term. -ling.] One who is devoted exclusively to the affairs and interests of this life; one whose whole mind is bent on gaining temporal possessions, advantages, or enjoyments; one whose thoughts are entirely taken up with the interests or concerns of the present existence.

God of the world and worldlings I me call,
Great Mammon, greatest god below the sky.
Spenser.

The covetous worldling, in his anxious mind, Thinks only on the wealth he left behind. Dryden. Worldly (wêrld′li), a. 1. Relating or belonging to the world, or to the present state of existence; temporal; secular; human. 'Worldly chances and mishaps.' Shak.

Shak.

Fear no more the heat o' the sun Nor the furious winter's rages; Thou thy worldly task hast done. With all my worldly goods I thee endow. Common Prayer. 2. Devoted to, interested in, or connected with this present life, and its cares, advantages, or pleasures, to the exclusion of those of a future life; desirous of temporal benefit or enjoyment merely; earthly, as opposed to heavenly or spiritual; carnal; sordid; vile; as, worldly lusts, cares, affections, pleasures, &c.; worldly men. 'To live secure, worldly, and dissolute.' Milton. 'Interest, pride, worldly honour.' Dryden.

When we have called off our thoughts from worldly pursuits and engagements, then, and not till then, are we at liberty to fix them on the best, the most deserving and desirable of objects, God. Atterbury. Worldly (wérld ́li), adv. In a worldly manner; with relation to this life. Subverting worldly strong and worldly wise By simply meek. Milton.

Be wisely worldly, be not worldly wise. Quarles. Worldly-minded (wèrld′li-mind-ed), a. Devoted to the acquisition of property and to temporal enjoyments. Worldly-mindedness (wêrld 'li-mind-edThe state or quality of being nes), n. worldly; a predominating love and pursuit of this world's goods, to the exclusion of piety and attention to spiritual concerns. Bp. Sanderson.

World-sharert (wêrld'shár-ér), n. A sharer of the earth.

World-wearied (wêrld'we-rid), a. Tired of the world.

World-wide (wérld'wid), a. Wide as the world; extending over or pervading all the world; widely spread; as, world-wide fame. Worm (wêrm), n. [A. Sax. wyrm, a worm, or very commonly a serpent, a dragon, or similar monster; D. worin, G. wurm, Goth. vaurms, Icel. ormr, Dan. and Sw. orm (with usual loss of initial v); cog. L. vermis, a worm (whence vermicular and vermin); Lith. kirminis, Ir. cruimh, Skr. krimi, a worm (the last word being the ultimate origin of crimson, carmine). The word has lost an initial guttural, and is referred to a root kar, to move, seen also in L. curro, to run.] 1. A term loosely applied to any small creeping animal or reptile, entirely wanting feet or having but very short ones, including such various forms as the earthworm; the larvae or grubs of certain insects,

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as caterpillars, maggots, &c.; intestinal parasites, as the tape-worm, thread-worm, &c.; certain lacertilians, as the blind-worm, &c. 2. A serpent; a snake.

Hast thou the pretty worm of Nilus there,
That kills and pains not?
Shak.

O Eve, in evil hour didst thou give ear
To that false worm.
Milton.

3. pl. A term applied formerly by English
zoologists as equivalent to the Linnæan
class of animals Vermes. See VERMES.-
4. pl. A name specifically applied to the
Entozoa, or that division of parasitic ani-
mals which exist chiefly in the intestines,
but sometimes in the tissues of the organs
of other animals; also to the disease due
to the presence of such parasites. - 5. Fig.
something that slowly and silently eats or
works its way internally to the destruction
or pain of the object affected; as, (a) em-
blematic of corruption, decay, or death.
Thus chides she Death,
'Grim-grinning ghost, earth's worm what dost thou

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(b) Emblematic of the gnawing torments of conscience; remorse.

The worm of conscience still begnaw thy soul. Shak. 6. An epithet of scorn, disgust, contempt, sometimes of contemptuous pity; a poor, grovelling, despised, debased creature; also, a person who silently, slowly, and persistently works or studies; as, a book-worm. Vile worm, thou wast o'erlooked even in thy birth. Shak.

7. Anything resembling a worm in appearance, especially when in motion; anything vermicular or spiral; as, (a) the spiral of a cork-screw. (b) The thread on the shaft or core of a screw. (c) An instrument consisting of two branches of iron or steel twisted in reverse directions and attached to a staff: used for extracting the cartridge from a cannon when it is not desired to explode the charge. (d) A spiral wire on the end of a ramrod for withdrawing a charge from a musket, &c. (e) The spiral pipe in a still or condenser placed in a vessel of cold water, and through which the vapour is conducted to cool and condense it. See STILL. (f) A small vermicular ligament under the tongue of a dog. This ligament is frequently cut out when the animal is young, for the purpose of checking a disposition to gnaw at everything. The operation was formerly supposed to prevent rabies or madness.

There is one easy artifice

That seldom has been known to miss; To snarl at all things right or wrong, Like a mad dog that has a worm in's tongue. S. Butler. Worm (werm), v.i. 1. To advance by wrig gling; as, he worms along. In this sense used with a reflexive pronoun to signify a slow, insidious, insinuating progress; as, he wormed himself into favour.-2. To work slowly, gradually, and secretly.

When debates and fretting jealousy
Did worm and work within you more and more,
Your colour faded.
Herbert.

Worm (werm), v. t. 1. To effect by slow and stealthy means; specifically, to extract, remove, expel, and the like, by underhand means continued perseveringly: generally with out or from.

They find themselves wormed out of all power.
Swift.
Who've loosed a guinea from a miser's chest,
And worm'd his secret from a traitor's breast.
Crabbe.

2. To cut the vermicular ligament, called a worm, from under the tongue of.

The men repaired her ladyship's cracked china, and assisted the laird in his sporting parties, wormed his dogs, and cut the ears of his terrier puppies. Sir W. Scott.

3. To remove the charge, &c., from, as a gun, by means of a worm. See WORM, n. 7, (c), (d).-4. Naut. to wind rope, yarn, or other material, spirally round, between the strands of, as of a cable; or to wind with spun yarn, as a smaller rope; an operation performed for the purpose of rendering the surface smooth for parcelling and serving. Worm (wêrm), a. Pertaining or relating to worms: produced by worms; as, worm fever. Worm-bark (wèrm'bärk), n. Same as Surinam Bark.

Worm-cast (wêrm'kast), n. A small intestine-shaped mass of earth voided often on the surface of the ground by the earthworm after all the digestible matter has been

WORMWOOD

extracted from it. cast under my feet.' Worm-eat (wêrm'ēt), v.t. To gnaw or perfor ate, as is done by worms; hence, to impair by a slow, insidious process.

As hollow as this worm-
Mrs. Craik.

Leave off these vanities which worm-eat your brain. Jarvis. Worm-eaten (wèrm'ēt-n), a. 1. Gnawed by worms; having a number of internal cavities made by worms; as, worm-eaten boards, planks, or timber. 'Concave as a covered goblet or a worm-eaten nut.' Shak. Hence2. Old; worn-out; worthless. Raleigh. Worm-eatenness (wêrm'êt-n-nes), n. State of being worm-eaten; rottenness. Wormed (wêrmd), a. Bored or penetrated by worms; injured by worms. Worm-fence (wêrm'fens), n. A zigzag fence made by placing the ends of the rails upon each other: sometimes called a Stake Fence. Worm-fever (wèrm'fé-vér), n. A popular name for infantile remittent fever. Worm-gear (wèrm'ger), n. In mach. a combination consisting of a shaft fitted with an endless screw which works into a spirally toothed wheel. See under ENDLESS. Worm-grass, Worm-seed (wêrm'gras, werm'sed), n. Names given to plants of the genus Spigelia. See SPIGELIA. Worm-hole (wêrm'hōl), n. A hole made by the gnawing of a worm. To fill with wormholes stately monuments.' Shak. Worming (wêrm'ing), n. Naut. yarn or other material wound spirally round ropes between the strands.

Worm-like (wêrm'lik), a. Resembling a -worm; spiral; vermicular. Wormling (wêrm'ling), n. Lit. a little worm; hence, a weak, mean creature.

O dusty wormling! dar'st thou strive and stand With Heaven's high Monarch? Chapman. Worm-oil (werm'oil), n. An oil obtained from the seeds of Chenopodium anthelminticum. It is a powerful anthelmintic. Worm-powder (werm'pou-dèr), n. A powder used for expelling worms from the intestinal canal or other open cavities of the body.

Worm-seed (wêrm'sēd), n. 1. A seed which has the property of expelling worms from the intestinal tube or other open cavities of the body. It is brought from the Levant, and is the produce of a species of Artemisia (A. santonica), which is a native of Tartary and Persia. See SANTONIN.-2. The seed of Erysimum cheiranthoides or treaclemustard.-3. A plant of the genus Spigelia. See SPIGELIA.

Worm-shaped (wêrm'shapt), a. In bot. same as Vermicular (which see). Worm-shell (wêrm'shel), n. The species of the genus Vermetus: so called from their long twisted shape.

Worm-tea (wèrm'tē), n. A decoction of some plant, generally a bitter plant, used as an anthelmintic.

Wormul (wor'mul), n. [Probably a corruption of worm-ill.] A sore or tumour on the back of cattle caused by the larva of an insect which punctures the skin and deposits its eggs; a warble. Called also Wornal, Wornil.

Worm-wheel (wėrm'whel), n. A wheel which gears with an endless or tangent screw or worm, receiving or imparting motion. By this means a powerful effect with a diminished rate of motion is communicated from one revolving shaft to another. See under ENDLESS and TANGENT, a. Wormwood (wêrm'wyd), n. [Apparently a compound of worm and wood, but really a corruption of an older name having no connection with worm or wood. The older name was wermode, weremod, A.Sax. wermód, which is the same word as D. wermoet, O.L G.wermuode, weremede, O.H.G. werimuota, wermuota, wormota, Mod. G. wermuth. The compound wermód unquestionably

means

ware - mood or mind - preserver, and points back to some primitive belief as to the curative properties of the plant in mental affections.' Skeat. (See WARY, MOOD.) The alteration of the word to wormwood was no doubt facilitated by the fact that the plant was used as a remedy for

Wormwood (Artemisia Absinthium).

WORMY

worms in the intestines.] 1. The common name of several plants of the genus Artemisia. Common wormwood (A. Absinthium), a well-known plant, is celebrated for its intensely bitter, tonic, and stimulating qualities, which have caused it to be an ingredient in various medicinal preparations, and even in the preparation of liqueurs. It is also useful in destroying worms in children.-2. An emblem of bitterness.

Weed this wormwood from your fruitful brain. Shak. His presence and his communications were gall and wormwood to his once partial mistress.

Sir W. Scott.

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3. Past; gone. This pattern of the wornout age. Shak

Worriecow (wu'ri-kou), n. [Worrie, to worry, or warrie, to curse, and cow, a hobgoblin, from Icel. kúga, to frighten.] [Scotch.] 1. A hobgoblin; the devil. Sir W. Scott.2. Any frightful object; an ugly awkward looking person; a fright; a bugbear; a scarecrow. Sir W. Scott.

Worrier (wu'ri-èr), n. One that worries or harasses. 'The worriers of souls.' Dr. Spencer.

Causing worry

Worriment (wu'ri-ment), n. Trouble; anxiety; worry. Goodrich. Worrisome (wu'ri-sum), a. or annoyance; troublesome. Come in at once with that worrisome cough of yours. R. D. Blackmore.

Worrit (wur'it), v.t. To worry; to harass; to annoy; to vex. [Colloq. or slang.]

I'm worrited to that degree that I'm almost off my head, Dickens.

Worrit (wur'it), n. Worry; annoyance; vexation. Wear me away with fret, and fright, and worrit." Dickens. [Colloq. or slang.] Worry (wu'ri), v.t. pret. & pp. worried; ppr. worrying. [O.E. wirie, wurie, worowe, &c., from A. Sax. wyrgan, seen in a-wyrgan, to choke or strangle, injure, violate; D. worgen, wurgen, to strangle; G. würgen, O.H.G. wurgan, to strangle, to suffocate; perhaps from same root as wring, wrong, these being nasalized forms. The meaning may have been partly influenced by O.E. woren, to fatigue, allied to weary.] 1. To seize by the throat with the teeth; to tear with the teeth, as dogs when fighting; to injure badly or kill by repeated biting, tearing, shaking, and the like, as a dog worries a sheep; a terrier worries a rat.

A hell-hound that doth hunt us all to death;
That dog that hath his teeth before his eyes
To worry lambs, and lap their gentle blood.
Shak.

2. To tease; to trouble; to harass with importunity or with care and anxiety; to plague; to bother; to vex; to persecute.

Let them rail

And then worry one another at their pleasure. Rowe Worry him out till he gives his consent. Swift. It's your lean, hungry men who are continually worrying society, and setting the whole community by the ears. W. Irving. 3. To fatigue; to harass with labour. Worry (wu'ri), v.i. 1. To be engaged in tearing and mangling with the teeth; to fight, as dogs. 2. To be unduly careful and anxious; to be in solicitude, disquietude, or pain; to be troubled; to fret; as, the child worries.-3. To be suffocated by something stopping the windpipe; to choke. [Scotch.] Ye have fasted lang and worried on a midge. Ramsay. Worry (wuʼri), n. 1. The act of worrying or mangling with the teeth; the act of killing by biting.

They will open on the scent. . . and join in the worry as eagerly as the youngest hound.

Lawrence. 2. Perplexity; trouble; harassing turmoil; as, the worry of business; the worry of politics. The cares and worries of life.' Lever. [Colloq.]

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Worrying (wu'ri-ing), p. and a. Teasing; troubling; harassing; fatiguing; as, a worrying day.

Worryingly (wu'ri-ing-li), adv. In a worry-
ing manner; teasingly; harassingly.
Worse (wêrs), a. [O.E. werse, worse, adj.,
wers, wors, adv.; A. Sax. wyrsa, adj., wyrs,
adv.; O. Sax. wirso, O. Fris. wirra, werra
(with assimilation of the s); Icel. verr, verri,
Dan. værre, Goth. vairs, adv., vairsiza, adj.
The root is supposed to be the same as that
of war. (See WAR.) Worse and its superla-
tive worst are used as the comparative and
superlative of the adjectives ill and bad,
which have themselves no comparatives and
superlatives; radically of course they have
no connection with ill or bad.] 1. Bad or ill
in a greater degree; more bad or evil; more
depraved and corrupt; having good qualities
in a less degree; less perfect; less good; of
less value; inferior: applied to moral, phy-
sical, or acquired qualities.

Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse.
2 Tim. iii. 13.
What were the lips the worse for one poor kiss?
Shak.
They that do change old love for new
Pray gods they change for worse. Peele.
Though his tongue
Dropp'd manna, and could make the worse appear
The better reason.
Milton.

2. More unwell; more sick; in poorer health. She... was nothing bettered, but rather grew Mark v. 26.

worse.

3. In a less favourable situation; more ill off.

Why, they were no worse
Than now they are.
Shak.
What gave rise to no little surprise,
Nobody seemed one penny the worse.
R. H. Barham.

Used substantively, often with the: (a) not the advantage; loss; defeat; disadvantage.

And Judah was put to the worse before Israel; and they fled every man to their tents. 2 Kings xiv. 12. (b) Something less good or desirable. Thus bad begins and worse remains behind. Never so rich a gem

Was set in worse than gold.

Shak Shak.

A man... always thinks the worse of a woman who forgives him for making an attempt on her virtue. Richardson. Worse (wêrs), adv. 1. In a manner more evil or bad.

We will deal worse with thee than with them.
Gen. xix. 9.
He is deformed, crooked, old, and sere,
Ill-faced, worse bodied, shapeless everywhere.
Shak.

2. In a smaller or lower degree; less.
Thou shalt serve me: if I like thee no worse after
dinner.
Shak.

3. In a greater manner or degree: with a notion of evil.

That honourable grief lodged here which burns Worse than tears drown. Shak. Worset (wers), v.t. To worst; to put to disadvantage; to discomfit.

Weapons more violent, when next we meet,
May serve to better us and worse our foes.

Milton.

Worsen (wers'n), v.t. 1. To worse; to make

worse.

It worsens and slugs the most learned. Milton. 2. To obtain advantage of. Southey. [Rare.] Worsen (wėrs'n), v.i. To grow worse; to deteriorate. [Rare.]

There grew up a speculation, which was hardly a belief, but which put aside a mass of fables and in many points approximated to the truth, concerning the nature of God. But as a living creed it worsened; and as an instrument for the government of conduct Gladstone. it more and more lost its power. Worsening (wêrs'n-ing), n. The act or state of growing worse.

The ten or twelve years since the parting had been time enough for much worsening. George Eliot. Worser (wèrs'ér), a. and adv. An old and redundant comparative of worse, probably as a sort of antithesis to, and on type of better; as, 'he knew the better, chose the worser part.' It has, moreover, the analogy of lesser to sanction its use. It is not now much used in literature except in poetry or in rhetorical or affectedly quaint writing. It still holds a place in the vulgar speech. I cannot hate thee worser than I do. Shak. Thou'rt worser than a hog. J. Baillie. Civil war. waged by foreign co-operation, is a worser form of civil war. Brougham.

The experience of man's worser nature, which intercourse with ill-chosen associates, &c. Hallam. Worship (wer'ship), n. [Worth, and term. -ship; A. Sax. weorthscipe, honour; comp. L. dignitas. See WORTH, and extract from

WORSHIPPER

Trench under v.t. 2.] 1. The state or quality of being worthy; excellence of character; dignity; worth; worthiness.

Elfin born of noble state

Shak.

And muckle worship in his native land. Spenser,
Till I have set a glory to this hand
By giving it the worship of revenge.
It will be to your worship, as my knight,
And mine, as head of all our Table Round.
Tennyson.

2. A title of honour used in addresses to certain magistrates and others of rank or station: sometimes used ironically.

He desired their worships ('the common herd') to think it was his infirmity. Shak.

My father desires your worship's company. Shak, Against your worship when had Sherlock writ? Or Page pour'd forth the torrent of his wit. Pope. 3. The act of performing devotional acts in honour of; especially, the act of paying divine honours to the Supreme Being; or the reverence and homage paid to him in religious exercises, consisting in adoration, confession, prayer, thanksgiving, and the like.

The worship of God is an eminent part of religion, Tillotson. 4. Reverence; honour; respect; civil defer

ence.

Then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at meat with thee. Luke xiv. 10.

Kings are like stars-they rise and set-they have The worship of the world, but no repose. Shelley. 5. Obsequious or submissive respect; unbounded admiration; loving or admiring devotion.

'Tis not your inky brows, your black silk hair, Your bugle eyebrows, nor your cheek of cream, That can entame my spirits to your worship. Shak Loyalty, disciplineship, all that was ever meant by hero-worship, lives perennially in the human bosom. Carlyle. Worship (wer'ship), v.t. pret. & pp. wor shipped; ppr. worshipping. 1. To adore; to pay divine honours to; to reverence with supreme respect and veneration; to perform religious service to.

Thou shalt worship no other God. Ex. xxxiv. 14.
Adore and worship God supreme. Milton,
They have left unstained what there they found,
Freedom to worship God. Hemans.

2. To pay honours to; to honour; to dignify; to treat with reverence or respect. 'Not worshipp'd with a waxen epitaph.' Shak.

These have sworn

To fight my wars, and worship ine their king. Tennyson. A phrase in one of our occasional Services has sometimes offended those who are unacquainted with the early uses of English words.... I refer to the words in our Marriage Service 'with my body I thee worship. But worship' or 'worthskip' meant 'honour' in our early English, and to worship' to honour, this meaning of worship still very harmlessly surviving in the title of your worship, addressed to the magistrate on the bench. So little was it restricted of old to the honour which man is bound to pay to God, that it was employed by Wiclif to express the honour which God will render to his faithful servants and friends. Thus, our Lord's declaration, If any man serve me, him will my Father honour,' in Wiclif's translation reads thus, 'If any man serve me, my Father shall worship him."

Trench.

3. To love or admire inordinately; to devote one's self to; to act towards or treat as if divine; to idolize; as, to worship wealth or power.

With bended knees I daily worship her. Caren Crown thyself, worm, and worship thine own lusts, Tenryson. SYN. To adore, revere, reverence, venerate, honour, idolize. Worship (wer'ship), v.i. To perform acts of adoration; to perform religious service. Our fathers worshipped in this mountain. John iv. zo. Worshipability (wer'ship-a-bil"í-ti), n. The state of being worthy of being worshipped; the capability of being worshipped. Coleridge. [Rare.]

Worshipable (wêr'ship-a-bl), a. Capable of or worthy of being worshipped. Coleridge. Worshiper. See WORSHIPPER. Worshipful (wer'ship-ful), a. 1. Claiming respect; worthy of honour from its character or dignity; honourable.

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WORST

being; one who adores. Outlast thy Deity? Deity? nay, thy worshippers.' Tennyson. Spelled also Worshiper. Worst (worst), a. [Superl, of worse (which see).] Bad in the highest degree, whether in a moral or physical sense; as, the worst sinner; the worst disease; the worst evil that can befall a state or an individual.

Speak to me as to thy thinkings, As thou dost ruminate; and give thy worst of thoughts The worst of words. Shak.

Corrupted freemen are the worst of slaves.

Garrick.

Worst (wèrst), n. That which is most evil or bad; the most evil, severe, aggravated, or calamitous state or condition: usually

with the.

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Worst (wêrst), adv. Most or least, according to the sense of the verb. When thou didst hate him worst.' Shak 'The gods lo like this worst.' Shak. Worst (wėrst), v.t. To get the advantage over in contest; to defeat; to overthrow.

The victorious Philistines were worsted by the captivated ark, which foraged their country more than a conquering army. South.

Worst (wêrst), v. i. To grow worse; to deteriorate; to worsen. [Rare.]

Anne haggard, Mary coarse, every face in the neighbourhood worsting,... had long been a distress to him. Miss Austen.

Worsted (wys'ted), n.

[From Worsted, in Norfolk, where it was first manufactured.] A variety of woollen yarn or thread, spun from long-staple wool which has been combed, and which in the spinning is twisted harder than ordinary. It is knit or woven into stockings, carpets, &c.

But he was like a maister or a pope.

Of double worstede was his semi-cope. Chaucer. Worsted (wys'ted), a. Consisting of worsted; made of worsted yarn; as, worsted stockings; worsted work.

Wort (wert), n. [A. Sax. wyrt, a wort, a
plant; G. wurz, Goth. vaurts, Icel. and Dan.
urt. This word is contained in orchard.
It is the last element in a number of com-
pound words, names of plants. ] 1. A
plant; an herb: now used chiefly or wholly
in compounds, as in mugwort, liverwort,
spleenwort.-2. A plant of the cabbage kind.
Planting of worts and onions.' Beau. & Fl.
Wort (wert), n. [A. Sax. wirt, weort, wort,
must; Icel. virtr, wort, new beer; O.D. wort,
new beer; G. würze, bier-würze, wort: what
relationship (if any) it has to the preceding
word is not very clear.] New beer unfer-
mented or in the act of fermentation; the
sweet infusion of malt or grain.
Worth (werth), v.i. [A. Šax. weorthan, to
be or to become; pret. wearth, pl. wurdon;
Icel. vertha, Dan, vorde, D. worden, G. wer-
den, Goth. vairthan; same root as in L.
verto, to turn, whence E. verse (which see).]
To be; to become; to betide.

My joye is turned into strife,
That sober shall I never worthe.

Gower.

This verb is now used only in the phrases woe worth the day, woe worth the man, &c., in which the verb is in the imperative mood, and the noun in the dative, the phrase being equivalent to woe be to the day, &c. Worth (werth), n. [A. Sax. weorth, wurth, price, value, honour, dignity, or as an adj. honourable; so in the other Teutonic languages the forms of the noun and adjective are either the same or but little different; perhaps from root of A. Sax. wear than, Goth. cairthan, to be, to become.] 1. That quality of a thing which renders it valuable; value; hence, value as expressed in a standard, as money; price; rate; as, the worth of a day's labour may be estimated in money or in goods; the worth of labour is settled between the hirer and the hired; the worth of commodities is usually the price they will bring in market; but price is not always worth. 'A crown's worth of good interpretation.' Shak.-2. That which one is worth; possessions; substance; wealth; riches.

He that helps him take all my outward worth.

Shak.

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3. Value in respect of mental or moral qualities; desert; merit; excellence; virtue; as, a man or magistrate of great worth, or of no great worth.

And in a word, for far behind his worth Comes all the praises that I now bestow, He is complete in feature and in mind, With all good grace to grace a gentleman. Shak. 4. Importance; valuable qualities; worthiness; excellence: applied to things; as, these things have since lost their worth.

Thy youth's prond livery, so gazed on now,
Will be a tatter'd weed, of small worth held. Shak.
SYN. Value, excellence, desert, merit, price,
rate.

Worth (wêrth), a.

equal in price to.

1. Equal in value to;

A score of good ewes may be worth ten pounds.
Shak.
If your arguments produce no conviction, they are
Beattie.
worth nothing to me.

Where, where was Roderick then?
One blast upon his bugle horn
Were worth a thousand men. Sir W. Scott.

I strove with none, for none was worth my strife.
Landor.

2. Deserving: in a good or bad sense; as, the castle is worth defending. Me, wretch more worth your vengeance." Shak.

To reign is worth ambition, though in hell. Milton. This is life indeed, life worth preserving. Addison. 3. Valuable; precious; estimable. To guard a thing not ours nor worth to us.' Shak.

4. Equal in possessions to; having estate to the value of; possessing; as, a man worth £10,000.

To ennoble those

That, scarce, some two days since, were worth a noble. Shak. -Worth while. See under WHILE.

Worthful (wêrth'ful), a. Full of worth;
worthy. Marston.
Worthily (wer'THi-li), adv. In a worthy
manner; as, (a) suitably; excellently.

Thou and thy meaner fellows your last service
Did worthily perform.
Shak.

(b) Deservedly; justly; according to merit: used both in a good and in a bad sense.

Had the gods done so, I had not now Worthily term'd them merciless to us. Shak. You worthily succeed not only to the honours of Dryden. your ancestors, but also to their virtues.

I affirm that some may very worthily deserve to be hated. South. Worthiness (wèr'THi-nes), n. 1. The state or quality of being worthy or well-deserved; desert; merit.

The prayers which our Saviour made were for his Own worthiness accepted. Hooker.

2. Excellence; dignity; virtue. His great worthiness.' Shak.

Who is sure he hath a soul unless

Donne.

It see and judge and follow worthiness SYN. Desert, merit, excellence, dignity, virtue, meritoriousness. Worthless (werth 'les), a. 1. Having no value; as, a worthless garment; a worthless ship. A worthless boat.' Shak. My worthless gifts.' Shak.

'Tis but a worthless world to win or lose. Byron. 2. Having no value of character or no virtue; having no dignity or excellence; mean; contemptible; as, a worthless man or woman; a worthless magistrate. The daughter of a worthless king.' Shak. 'Some worthless slave.' Shak.-3. Futile; vain; idle.

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Worthlessness (werth 'les - nes), n. The quality of being worthless: (a) want of value; want of useful qualities; as, the worthlessness of an old garment or of barren land. (b) Want of excellence or dignity; as, the worthlessness of a person. Worthy (wer' THI), a. [See WORTH. ] 1. Having worth; excellent; deserving praise; valuable; noble; estimable; virtuous: applied to persons and things. 'I have done thee worthy service.' Shak. Endued with worthy qualities.' Shak. Happier thou may'st be, worthier canst not be. Milton. This worthy mind should worthy things embrace. Sir J. Davies. Cursed be the verse, how well soe'er it flow, That tends to make one worthy man my foe. Pope. What is writ is writ; Would it were worthier.

Byron.

2. Deserving; such as merits; having equivalent qualities or value: in a good as well as in a bad sense: often followed by of before the thing deserved or compared, sometimes

WOUND

by that, sometimes by an infinitive, and sometimes by an accusative. Worthy of thy sweet respect.' Shak. Worthy to be whipped.' Shak. Worthy the owner and the owner it.' Shak. Not worthy of the least of all the mercies.' Gen. xxxii. 10. And you must love him ere to you

He will seem worthy of your love. Wordsworth. 3. Well deserved: in a good as well as in a bad sense. 'Worthy vengeance.' Shak. 'Worthy praise.' Shak.-4. Well founded; justifiable; legitimate. Worthy cause I have to fear." Shak. "Whose right is worthiest?' Shak.-5. Fit; suitable; convenient; proper; fitting; having qualities suited to: either in a good or bad sense. Worthy for an empress' love." Shak. 'The lodging is well worthy of the guest.' Dryden. 'Foemen worthy of their steel.' Sir W. Scott. Worthiest of blood, in law, a phrase applied to males, as opposed to females, in the succession to inheritances. See also TANISTRY.

Worthy (wer THI), n. 1. A person of eminent worth; one distinguished for useful and estimable qualities; as, the worthies of the church; political worthies; military worthies.-2. A term applied humorously or colloquially to a local celebrity; a character; an eccentric; as, a village worthy.-3. Anything of worth or excellence. [Rare.]

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Wost. Knowest; wottest. Chaucer. Wot (wot), v. t. and i. See WIT, v. t. and i. See WILL. Would (wud), pret. of will. Would-be (wyd'bē), a. Wishing to be; vainly pretending to be; as, a would-be philosopher. The would-be wits, and can'tbe gentlemen.' Byron. [Colloq.] Would-be (wụd'bě), n. A vain pretender; one who affects to be something which he really is not.

A man that would have foil'd at their own play A dozen would-bes of the modern day. Cowper. Woulding + (wyd'ing), n. Emotion of desire; propension; inclination; velleity.

It will be every man's interest to subdue the exorbitancies of the flesh as well as to continue Hammond. the wouldings of the spirit.

Woulfe's Apparatus (wulfs ap-pa-ra'tus).
An apparatus consisting of a series of three-
necked bottles connected by suitable tubes,
used for washing gases or saturating liquids
therewith. Watts' Dict. of Chem.
Wound (wönd; wound, formerly universal,
is now old-fashioned), n. [A. Sax. wund, a
wound, a sore, a wounding; also, as an adjec-
tive, wounded, from winnan, to fight; D.
wonde, Icel. und, Dan. vunde, G. wunde,
a wound; also G. wund, Goth. vunds,
wounded. See WIN.] 1. A breach or rup-
ture of the skin and flesh of an animal
caused by violence; or, in surgical phrase,
a solution of continuity in any of the soft
parts of the body occasioned by external
violence, and attended with a greater or less
amount of bleeding. Wounds have been
classified as follows: (a) Cuts, incisions, or
incised wounds which are produced by sharp-
edged instruments. (b) Stabs or punctured
wounds made by the thrusts of pointed
weapons. (c) Contused wounds, produced by
the violent application of hard, blunt, ob-
tuse bodies to the soft parts. (d) Lacer-
ated wounds, in which there is tearing or
laceration, as by some rough instrument.
(e) All those common injuries called gunshot
wounds. (f) Poisoned wounds, those compli-
cated with the introduction of some poison
or venom into the part.

He jests at scars that never felt a wound. Shak.
The captain will assay an old conclusion,
Often approved, that at the murderer's sight
The blood revives again and boils afresh,"
And every wound has a condemning voice
To cry out guilty 'gainst the murderer.

Chapman.

The wounds of a murdered person were supposed to bleed afresh at the approach or touch of the mur derer. Nares.

2. A breach or hurt of the bark and wood of a tree, or of the bark and substance of other plants.-3. Injury; hurt; pain; as, a wound given to credit or reputation: often specifically applied in literature to the pangs of love.

Alas, poor shepherd! searching of thy wound
I have by hard adventure found mine own. Shak.

WOUND

Wound (wönd, formerly wound), v. t. 1. To hurt by violence; to cut, slash, or lacerate; to injure; to damage; as, to wound the head or the arm; to wound a tree.

He was wounded for our transgressions. Is. liii. 5. 2. To hurt the feelings of; to pain.

When ye sin against the brethren, and wound their weak consciences, ye sin against Christ. 1 Cor. viii. 12. Wound (wönd, formerly wound), v. i. To inflict hurt or injury, in either a physical or moral sense. Willing to wound and yet afraid to strike.' Pope.

From the hoop's bewitching round

Her very shoe has power to round. Moore. Wound (wound), pret. and pp. of wind. Woundable (wond'a-bl), a. Capable of being wounded; liable to injury. 'So woundable is the dragon under the left wing. Fuller.

Wounder (wönd'êr), n. One who or that which wounds.

Woundily (woun'di-li), adv. To a woundy degree; excessively. [Old colloq., or humorous.]

Richard Penlake repeated the vow, For woundily sick was he. Southey. Wounding (wönd'ing), n. Hurt; injury. Gen. iv. 23.

Woundless (wönd les), a. 1. Free from hurt or injury.-2. Invulnerable; incapable of being wounded. Hit the woundless air. Shak.-3. Unwounding; harmless.

Not a dart fell woundless there. Southey

Woundwort (wönd' wêrt), n. [Wound, and wort, a plant.] The common name of several British plants of the genus Stachys (see STACHYS), especially S. arvensis, as also of Anthyllis Vulneraria. Woundy, a. 1 (won'di) Causing or inflicting wounds. [Rare.]

A boy that shoots

From ladies' eyes such mortal woundy darts. Hood. 2. (woun'di) Excessive: sometimes used adverbially. A woundy hinderance to a poor man that lives by his labour.' Sir R. L'Estrange. [An old colloquialism.] Travelled ladies are woundy nice. F Baillie. Wourali (wo'ra-li), n. See CURARI, WOURALI-PLANT.

Wourali-plant (wo'ra-li-plant), n. A woody twining plant belonging to the genus Strychnos (S. toxifera), covered with long, reddish

Wourali-plant (Strychnos toxifera). hairs,having ovate leaves, rough and pointed, and large, round fruit. From this plant is procured the substance which is probably the only essential ingredient of the wourali poison. See CURARI

Wove (wov), pret. and sometimes pp. of weave. Wove or woven paper, writing paper made by hand in a wire-gauze mould, in which the wires cross each other as in a woven fabric so that the surface of the paper presents a uniform appearance, being without water-mark and apparently without lines. The name is also given to machine-made paper presenting the same appearance.

Woven (wo'vn), pp. of weave.

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Wow-wow (wou'wou), n. The native name for an ape of the gibbon genus (Hylobates leuciscus) found in Malacca and the Sunda Isles.

Woxe, Woxent (woks, wok'sn).
Waxed. Spenser.

For

Wrack (rak), n. [A form of wreck. In the sense of sea-weed it means lit. what is cast up or thrown out by the waves. Comp. Dan. vrag, wreck, vrage, to reject, Sw. vrak, wreck, refuse, vraka, to throw away, to reject. See WRECK.] 1. A popular name for sea-weeds generally, but more especially when thrown ashore by the waves. The name is sometimes restricted to the species of Fucus, which form the bulk of the wrack collected for manure, and sometimes for making kelp. Those found most plentifully on the British shores are the F. vesiculosus and the F. nodosus. See GRASSWRACK.-2. Destruction of a ship by winds or rocks or by the force of the waves; wreck. Shak.-3. Ruin; destruction. Shak. [This is the ordinary spelling in the old editions of Shakspere, both of the noun and of the verb.] Wrack (rak), v.t. 1. To destroy in the water; to wreck. Milton.-2. To torture; to rack. Cowley. Wrack (rak), n. A thin, flying cloud; a rack. See RACK.

Wrackfult (rak'ful), a. Ruinous; destruc

tive. Shak.

Wrack-grass (rak'gras), n. Same as
Grasswrack.

Wraie,t Wray,t v.t. [See BEWRAY.] To
Chaucer.
betray; to discover.
Wrain-bolt (ran'bolt). See WRING-BOLT.
Wrain-staff (ran' staf), n. See WRING-

STAFF.

Wraith (rath), n. [Also found in form wrach, and probably a Celtic word. Comp. Gael. arrach, a spectre, an apparition, Ir. arrach, arracht, a likeness, spectre, apparition.] An apparition in the exact likeness of a person, supposed by the vulgar to be seen before or soon after the person's death. Then glided out of the joyous wood The ghastly wraith of one that I know. Tennyson. Wrang (rang or wrang), n. a. and adv. Wrong. [Scotch.]

Wrangle (rang'gl), v.i. pret. & pp. wrangled; ppr. wrangling [A freq. from wring, A. Sax. wringan, pret. wrang, to press. Comp. L.G. wrangen, to wrestle, Dan. vringle, to twist.] 1. To dispute angrily; to quarrel peevishly and noisily; to brawl; to altercate.

For a score of kingdoms you should wrangle Shak And still they strove and wrangled. Tennyson. 2. To engage in discussion and disputation; to argue; to debate; hence, formerly in some universities, to dispute publicly; to defend or oppose a thesis by argument. 'Sweat and wrangle at the bar." B. Jonson.

He did not know what it was to wrangle on indif

ferent points.

Addison.

Wrangle (rang'gl), v. t. To involve in contention, quarrel, or dispute. [Rare.] Wrangle (rang'gl), n. An angry dispute; a noisy quarrel. SYN. Dispute, brawl, bicker ing, jangle, contest, altercation, contro

versy.

Wrangler (rang'gler), n. 1. One who wrangles or disputes; a debater; especially, an angry or noisy disputant.

I burn to set th' imprison'd wranglers free,
And give them voice and utterance once again.
Cowper

Be free in every answer, rather like well-bred gentlemen in polite conversation, than like noisy and Watts. contentious wranglers

2. An opponent; an adversary.

WRASSE

degrees were in former times required to exhibit their powers.

Wranglership (rang'gler-ship), n. In Cambridge University, the honour conferred on those whose names are inscribed in the list of wranglers.

Wranglesome (rang'gl-sum), a. Contentious; quarrelsome. [Provincial English.) Wrangling (rang'gling), n. The act of disputing angrily; altercation.

Amongst unthinking men, who examine not scrupslously ideas, but confound them with words, there must be endless dispute and wrangling. Locke. Wrap (rap), v. t. pret. & pp. wrapped; ppr. wrapping. [O.E. wrappe, also wlappe, the former being no doubt the older and formed by metathesis from warp, in old sense of to throw or cast, hence to throw clothes or the like round, over, or together.] 1. To wind or fold together; to arrange so as to cover something: generally with about, round, or the like. Jn. xx. 7.

This said, he took his mantle's foremost part,
He gan the same together fold and wrap
Fairfax.
Like one that wraps the drapery of his couch
About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.
Bryant

Milton.

2. To envelop; to muffle; to cover by winding something round: often with up; as, to wrap up a child in its blanket; wrap the body well with flannel in winter. I, wrapt in mist Of midnight vapour, glide obscure. 3. To conceal by involving or enveloping; to hide in a mass of different character; to cover up or involve generally. The evil which is here wrapped up.' Shak. 'Wise poets that wrap truth in tales.' Carew.

Things reflected on in gross and transiently, are thought to be wrapped in impenetrable obscurity.

Locke

-To be wrapped up in, (a) to be bound up with or in; to be comprised or involved in; to be entirely associated with or dependent

on.

Leontine's young wife, in whom all his happiness Addison. was wrapped up, died.

(b) To be engrossed in or with; to be entirely devoted to; as, she is wrapped up in her son; he is wrapped up in his studies. (e) To be comprised or involved in, as an effect or consequence; as, the prosperity of the kingdom is wrapped up in that of its agricul

ture.

Wrap (rap), n. An article of dress intended to be wrapped round a person, as on a journey; a wrapper. In the plural, applied collectively to all coverings, in addition to the usual clothing, used as a defence against the weather, as cloaks, shawls, scarfs, railway-rugs, and the like.

Wrap (rap), v.t. [A misspelling for rap] To snatch up; to transport; to put in an ecstasy.

Wrapped in amaze the matrons wildly stare. Wrappage (rap'aj), n. 1. The act of wrapDryden. ping. 2. That which wraps; envelope; covering. What thousand-fold wrappages and cloaks of darkness.' Carlyle.

Wrapper (rap'èr), n. 1. One who wraps2. That in which anything is wrapped or inclosed; an outer covering.-3. A loose upper garment: applied sometimes to a lady's dressing-gown or the like, and sometimes to a loose overcoat.

Nitella was always in a wrapper, night-cap. and slippers, when she was not decorated for immediate show. Johnson

A god-created man, all but abnegating the char acter of man: forced to exist automatised, mummywise (scarcely in rare moments audible or visible from amid his wrappers and cerements) as Gentle man or Gigman. Carlyle.

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Tell him he hath made a match with such a wrangler Wrapping (rap'ing), a. Used or designed for wrapping or covering; as, wrapping paper.

That all the courts of France will be disturbed With chaces.

Shak

3. In Cambridge University, the name given to those who have attained the first class in the first or elementary portion of the public examination for honours in pure and mixed mathematics, commonly called the mathematical tripos, those who compose the second rank of honours being designated senior optimes, and those of the third order junior optimes. The student taking absolutely the first place in the mathematical tripos used to be called the senior wrangler, those following next in the same division being respectively termed second, third, fourth, &c., wranglers. But in the final examination now, to which only wranglers are admitted, the names are arranged in divisions alphabetically. The name is derived from the public disputations in which candidates for

Wrapping (rap'ing), n. That in which anything is wrapped; a wrapper. Wrap-rascal (rap'ras-kal), n. term for a coarse upper coat.

A colloquial

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WRATH

strong, conical, and sharp. Many of the species present vivid colours, particularly in spring, just before the spawning season.

Ballan Wrasse (Labrus tinca).

Several species are natives of the British seas, as the ballan wrasse, or old wife (L.tinca or maculatus), which attains a length of about 18 inches; the green-streaked wrasse (L. lineatus); the cook wrasse, or blue striped wrasse (L. variegatus), &c. Wrath (rath or räth), n. [A. Sax. wraththo, wrath, from wrath, wrathful, wroth; Icel reithi, wrath, anger, from reithr, wrathful, angry, from ritha, for vritha, to writhe or twist, hence, lit. a-wry (Vigfusson); Sw. and Dan. vrede, wrath. The word is therefore akin to writhe and wreath.] 1. Violent anger; vehement exasperation; indignation; as, the wrath of Achilles.

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Clouds began

To darken all the hill, and smoke to roll
In dusky wreaths.
Milton.

A wreath of airy dancers hand-in-hand Swung round the lighted lantern of the hall. Tennyson. Hence-2. A garland; a chaplet; an ornamental twisted bandage to be worn on the head. Wreaths of victory.' Shak.

Round the sufferer's temples bind Wreaths that endure affliction's heaviest shower, And do not shrink from sorrow's keenest wind. Wordsworth.

3. In her. the roll or chaplet above the hel met and on which the crest is usually borne, as shown in the upper

figure. Hab. iii. 2.

In wrath remember mercy. By penitence the Eternal's wrath's appeased.

Shak.

2. Rage; extreme passion; impetuosity: of things. 'The wrath of noble Hotspur's sword.' Shak. They are in the very wrath of love.' Shak.-3. The effects of anger; the just punishment of an offence or crime. Rom. xiii. 4.-Anger, Wrath. See under ANGER. SYN. Fury, rage, ire, vengeance, indignation, resentment, passion. Wratht (rath), a. Wroth; angry; wrathful. Oberon is passing fell and wrath. Shak. Wrath, Wrathent (rath, rath'en), v.t. To cause wrath or anger in; to make angry. Chaucer.

Wrathful (rath'ful or räth'ful), a. 1. Full of wrath; very angry; greatly incensed. 'God's wrathful agent.' Shak.-2. Springing from wrath or expressing it; raging; furious; impetuous; as, wrathful passions; a wrathful

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SYN. Furious, raging, incensed, indignant, blazing, passionate. Wrathfully (rath'ful-li or räth'ful-li), adv. In a wrathful manner; with anger; angrily. Kill him boldly, but not wrathfully. Shak.

Wrathfulness (rath'ful-nes or räth'ful-nes), n. The quality or state of being wrathful; vehement anger.

Wrathily (rath'i-li or räth'i-li), adv. With great anger. [Colloq.]

Free

Wrathless (rath'les or räth'les), a. from anger. Waller. Wrathy (rath'i or räth'i), a. Very angry. [Colloq.]

Wrawe, Wraw,ta. [Perhaps from A. Sax. wrath, wroth.] Angry; peevish. Chaucer. Wrawlt (ral), v.i. [Same word as Dan. vraale, to bawl, to roar, vräle, to cry, to weep, to moan.] To cry as a cat; to waul; to whine; to moan. Cats, that wrawling still did cry.' Spenser. Wrawness, n. Peevishness; frowardness. Chaucer.

Wray (ra), v.t. [This is the -wray of bewray (which see)] To betray; to discover. Chaucer. 'The work wrayes the man." Mir. for Mags.

Wreak (rek), v.t. [A. Sax. wrecan, to punish, to revenge, also to banish, to drive away, this being the original meaning; D. wreken, to avenge, to revenge; Icel. reka, to drive, to compel, to repel; G. rächen, to revenge; Goth. vrikan, to persecute; same root as L. urgeo, E. to urge, seen probably also in E. work. Wretch, wreck, are closely akin.] 1. To execute; to inflict; to hurl or drive; as, to wreak vengeance on an enemy. On me let death wreak all his rage.

2. To revenge.

Milton.

To send down Justice for to wreak our wrongs. Shak. Come wreak his loss, whom bootless ye complain. Fairfax.

[This latter sense is nearly or quite obsolete.] Wreakt (rek), n. [A. Sax. wracu, wræc, revenge, punishment. See the verb.] Re

If

It is supposed to be composed of two bands of silk interwoven or twisted together, the one tinctured of the principal metal, the other of the principal colour in the arms. there is no metal, it must be of the two principal colours. Wreaths may also be shown in a circular form, as in the lower figure, which is a circular wreath argent

Wreath.

and sable, with four hawks' bells attached. Called also a Torse. Wreath (reTH), v.t. and i. Wreathe.

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Same as

Wreathe (reTH), v. t. pret. & pp. wreathed;
rarer form of pp., wreathen. [From the
noun wreath.] 1. To form into a wreath;
to make or fashion by twining, twisting,
or winding the parts of together. "The
garland wreathed for Eve.' Milton.-2. To
entwine; to intertwine; to wind or twine
together; to convolve. 'Two chains of
of wreathen work.' Ex.
pure gold
xxviii. 14. 'Each wreathed in the other's
arms.' Shak. Pride and ingratitude indi-
visibly wreathed together.' South.-3. To
surround with a wreath or with anything
twisted or twined; to infold; to twist,
twine, or fold round. 'Dusk faces with
white silken turbans wreathed.' Milton.
'And with thy winding ivy wreathes her
lance.' Dryden.-4. To surround, as a
wreath or garland does; to twist itself
round; to form or become a wreath about;
to encircle.

In the flowers that wreathe the sparkling bowl
Fell adders hiss.

5. † To writhe.

Prior.

Impatient of the wound He rolls and wreathes his shining body round. Gay. Wreathed column, in arch. a column twisted in the form of a screw. Wreathe (reTH), v. i. To be interwoven or entwined. 'A bower of wreathing trees.' Dryden.

Wreathen (reтH'n), pp. Wreathed; twisted; intertwined or intertwining.

We have in Scripture express mention de tortis crinibus of wreathen hair, that is, for the nonce Latimer. forced to curl.

Then he found a door, And darkling felt the sculptured ornament That wreathen round it made it seem his own. Tennyson. Wreathless (reth'les), a. Destitute of a

wreath.

Wreath-shell (reth'shel), n. In conch. same as Screw-shell.

Wreathy (reth'i), a. 1. Covered with a wreath or wreaths; wreathed. 'Shake their wreathy spear." Dryden.-2. Twisted; curled; spiral. Sir T. Browne. Wreche, n. [Softened from A. Sax. wræc, banishment, punishment, misery, from wrecan, to punish. See WREAK.] Revenge. Chaucer.

Wreck (rek), n. [Formerly wrak, wrack, which is the same word as A. Sax. wræc, exile, punishment, but the special meaning of shipwreck has been attached to it through

WREN

foreign influence; comp. D. wrak, a wreck, and as adjective unsound, rotten, Dan. vrag, O. Dan. vrak, wreck, Icel. rek for vrek, Sw. wrak, what is drifted ashore-all from verbs meaning to drive or drift; A. Sax. wrecan, to drive, to drive into banishment, to punish, to wreak, Icel. reka, originally vreka, to drive, to compel, impers. to be drifted or tossed. Wrack, what is drifted ashore, sea-weed cast up, is the same word, and shows the literal meaning. (See WRACK, WREAK.) The literal meaning of a ship being wrecked is therefore similar to that expressed by the phrase to cast away a ship.] 1. The destruction of a vessel by being driven ashore, dashed against rocks, foundered by stress of weather, or the like; shipwreck. Go, go, begone, to save your ship from wreck, Which cannot perish, having thee on board. Shak. 2. The ruins of a ship stranded; a vessel dashed against rocks or land, and broken or otherwise destroyed or totally crippled or injured by violence and fracture; any ship or goods driven ashore or found deserted at sea in an unmanageable condition; specifically, in law, goods, &c., which, after a shipwreck, have been thrown ashore by the sea, as distinguished from flotsam, jetsam, and ligan. (See these terms.) Goods cast on shore after shipwreck belong to the crown, or, in some cases, to the lord of the manor, if not claimed within a year and a day. Hence-3. Destruction or ruin generally; dissolution, especially by violence. 'His country's wreck.' Shak. The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds.' Addison.-4. The remains of anything destroyed, ruined, or fatally injured; as, he is reduced to a mere wreck; he is but the wreck of his former self.-Receiver of wreck, in Britain, an officer appointed by the board of trade under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854. His duties are to render assistance in cases of wreck or casualty, including the preservation of life or property, to make inquiries into wrecks and casualties at sea, to take charge of wrecked property and restore it to the owners, to settle salvage claims, to protect the customs revenue and the revenue arising from droits of admiralty. Wreck (rek), v.t. [See the noun.] 1. To destroy or cast away, as a vessel, by violence, collision, or the like; to drive against the shore or dash against rocks and break or destroy.-2. To cause to suffer shipwreck: said of a person; as, a wrecked sailor. A pilot's thumb, wreck'd as he was coming home.' Shak.-3. To ruin or destroy generally, physically or morally.

Daniel.

Weak and envy'd, if they should conspire, They wreck themselves, and he hath his desire. Wreck (rek), v.i. To suffer wreck or ruin. 'Rocks whereon greatest men have oftenest wreck'd.' Milton.

Wreck (rek), n. In mining, a kind of frame or table; a rack. See RACK. Wreckt (rek), n. [A form of wreak.] Revenge; vengeance. Spenser. Wreckt (rek), v.t. To wreak. Milton. Wreckage (rek'aj), n. 1. The act of wrecking or state of being wrecked.

Wreckage and dissolution are the appointed issue. Carlyle. 2. The ruins or remains of a ship or cargo that has been wrecked; material cast up by the sea from a wrecked vessel. Wrecker (rek'èr), n. 1. One who plunders the wrecks of ships.-2. One who, by delusive lights or other signals, causes ships to mistake their course and be cast ashore, that he may obtain plunder from the wreck. 3. One whose occupation is to remove the cargo from a wrecked vessel, or to assist in recovering it when washed out, for the benefit of the owners and underwriters; a vessel employed in this occupation. Wreck-free (rek'fre), a. Exempted from the forfeiture of shipwrecked goods and vessels, as the Cinque-ports. This privilege was granted to these ports by a charter of Edward I.

Wreckful (rek'ful), a. Causing wreck; producing or involving destruction or ruin. 'Wreckful wind.' Spenser. Wreck-master (rek/mas-ter), n. A person appointed by law to take charge of goods, &c., cast ashore after a shipwreck. Wren (ren), n. [A. Sax. wrenna, wrænna, a wren; Sc. wran, Icel. rindill for vrindill; allied perhaps to A. Sax. wræna, lascivious, though the reason of the name is not very obvious.] A general name given to tenuirostral birds of a sub-family of Insessores,

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