YEOMANLY of the yeomanry cavalry (see YEOMANRY). Aytoun-Yeomen of the guard, in England, a body-guard of the sovereign, habited in the costume of Henry VIII.'s time, and commanded by a captain and other officers. See BEEF-EATER. Yeomanly (yo'man-li), a. Pertaining to a yeoman; suitable to or becoming a yeoman. B. Jonson. Yeomanry (yo'man-ri), n. 1. The collective body of yeomen; yeomen collectively.-2. A volunteer cavalry force originally embodied in Britain during the wars of the French revolution, and consisting to a great extent of gentlemen or wealthy farmers. They undergo six days' training, and must attend a certain number of drills yearly, for which they receive a money allowance. They must furnish their own horses, but have a small allowance for clothing; the government also Unlike supplying arms and ammunition. the ordinary volunteer force, the yeomanry cavalry may be called out to aid the civil power in addition to their being liable for service on invasion of the country by a foreign enemy. Yerba, Yerba-mate (yér ba, yêr-ba-mä'tā), n. [Yerba (Sp., from L. herba, herb) is the proper name; mate is a cup, the cup or dish from which the tea is drunk.] A name given to Paraguay tea, the produce of Ilex paraguensis. See PARAGUAY TEA. Yerde, n. A yard; a rod; a staff. Chaucer. Yergas (yer'gas), n. A kind of coarse woollen wrapper used for horse-cloths. Simmonds. Yerk (yerk), v.t. [See JERK.] 1. To throw or thrust with a sudden smart spring or jerk. Their wounded steeds But he is my sister's son-our flesh and blood-and his hands are yerked as tight as cords can be drawn. Sir W. Scott. Yerk (yerk), v.i. 1. To throw out the heels suddenly; to kick with both hind-legs. The horse being mad withal, yerked out behind. North. 2. To move with sudden jerks; to jerk. Beau. & Fl Yerk (yérk), n. A sudden or quick thrust or motion; a kick; a smart stroke; a blow. Yerl, n. An earl. [Scotch.] Iron. Yern, vi. To yearn. Yerne, adv. [A. Sax. georne. See YEARN.] osum. Yes (yes), adv. [A. Sax. gese, gise-ged, yea, and si, sy, be it so, let it be, 3d sing. pres. subj., one of the conjugational forms of the substantive verb in A. Sax. G. sei, let it be; akin to L. sim, may it be; from the root as. See AM, ARE.] A word which expresses affirmation or consent: opposed to no; as, are you married, madam? yes. It is used like yea, to enforce by repetition or addition, something which precedes. I say, take heed; Shak. Yes, heartily beseech you. Yes, you despise the man to books confin'd. Pope. [For distinction between yes and yea, no and nay, see under YEA.] Yesawal (yes'a-wal), n. In India, a state messenger. Yesk (yesk), v. i. [See YEX.] To hiccup. To love an enemy, the only one 676 Note. This word is seldom used except in the compounds which follow. Yesterday (yes'tér-dá), n. [See YESTER.] The day last past; the day next before the present. It is often figuratively used for time not long gone by; time in the immediate past. We are but of yesterday, and know nothing. Shak Great families of yesterday we show, And lords whose parents were-the lord knows who. Defoe Note. Yesterday and the words similarly compounded are generally used without a preposition, on or during being understood. In such cases the words are considered as adverbially used, and are, indeed, frequently classed as adverbs; as, I met the duke yesterday. What man was he talked with you yesternight?' Shak. Yestereve (yes'tér-ev), n. The evening last past. In hope that you would come here yestereve.' B. Jonson, Yestereven (yes-tér-e'vn), n. Same as Yestereve. Yesterevening (yes-tér-e'vn-ing), n. Same as Yestereve. Whom he ne'er saw till yesterevening. Byron. Yesterfangt (yes'ter-fang), n. That which was taken, captured, or caught on the previous day or occasion. Holinshed. Yestermorn (yes'ter-morn), n. The morn or morning before the present; the morn last past. Rowe. Yestermorning (yes-tér-morn'ing), n. Same as Yestermorn. Yestern (yes'tern), a. Relating to the day last past. Yesternight (yes'tér-nit), n. The night last past. Tennyson. Come not as thou camest of late, Flinging the gloom of yesternight On the white day. For the adverbial use see YESTERDAY. My lord, I think I saw him yesternight. Shak, Yestreen (yes-trên), n. [Contracted from yestereven.] Last night; yesternight.[Scotch.] Yesty (yes'ti), a. 1. Relating to, composed of, or resembling yeast; yeasty.-2. Foamy; frothy; spumy. Though the yesty waves confound and swallow navigation up.' Shak. Hence-3. Fig. light; unsubstantial; worthless. 'Knowledge. above the compass of his yesty brain.' Drayton. Yet (yet), adv. [A. Sax. get, git, gyt, geta, gita, gyta, yet, still, further, even now; O. Fris eta, M.H.G. iezuo (Mod. G. jetzt, now). The O.G. zuo E. to, and accordingly yet is perhaps equivalent to yea to or yea too.] 1. In addition; over and above; in repetition; further; besides; still: used especially with comparatives. 'Yet more quarrelling. Shak. This furnishes us with yet one more reason why our Saviour lays such a particular stress on acts of mercy Atterbury. The rapine is made yet blacker by the pretence of piety and justice Sir R. L'Estrange. The meaning of yet is similar after nor. Men may not too rashly believe the confessions of witches, nor yet the evidence against them. Bacon. 2. Still, in continuance of a former state; at this, or at that time, as formerly; now, or then, as at a previous period. 'Live you yet?' Shak. They attest facts they had heard while they were yet heathens. Addison. 3. At or before some future time; before all is done. He'll be hanged yet.' Shak. We may effect this business yet ere day.' Shak 4. Up to the present time; thus far; hitherto; already. Knowest thou me yet?' 'Is that letter... yet sent away?' Tis but her picture I have yet beheld.' Shak. Preceded by the negative not=not so soon as now; not up till the present time. Let me remember thee what thou hast promised, Shak It is often accompanied by as in this sense; as, I have not met him as yet. Unreconciled as yet to Heaven.' Shak-5 At or in the present time or juncture; before something else; as, shall the deed be done yet? 'Stay; not yet.' Shak. Thales being asked when a man should marry, said, 'Young men, not yet; old men, not at all' Васом. 6. Though the case be such; still. Madam, if your heart be so obdurate, Vouchsafe me yet your picture for my love. Shak. YGDRASIL Yet is sometimes used in the poetic style in forming compounds with participles to denote continuance of the action or state, or as equivalent to still; as, the yet-bleeding wound. The yet-loved sire.' Tennyson. The yet-unblazoned shield.' Tennyson. Yet (yet), conj. Nevertheless; notwithstanding; however. Yet, I say to you, that Solomon in all his glory. was not arrayed like one of these. Mat. vi. 29. Yeten. Gotten. Chaucer. Yett (yet), n. A gate. [Scotch.] Yeve, v.t. To give. Chaucer. Yeven, pp. Given. Chaucer. Yew (yu), n. [A. Sax. cow, iw, the yew: O.H.G. twa, Mod. G. eibe, D. ii, Icel. r; cog. W. yw, ywen, Armor. ivin, Corn, hivinyew.] An evergreen tree of the genus Taxus. Yew (Taxus baccata). nat. order or sub-order Taxaceæ. The common yew is T. baccata, indigenous in most parts of Europe, and found in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland. It is a low tree, usually rising 3 or 4 feet from the ground, and then sending out numerous spreading branches, forming a dense head of foliage often 30 to 40 feet high. On account of its gloomy and funereal aspect it was very frequently planted in churchyards, and is thus associated by our poets with death, the grave, bereavement, gloom, and the like. Its wood was extensively used in the manufacture of bows previous to the discovery of gunpowder, and the name has by several writers been used as synonymous with bow, much in the same way as steel for sword. With his yew and ready quiver.' Sylvester. At first the brandished arm the javelin threw, Or sent winged arrows from the twanging pr Gay In our own days, on account of the durability of the timber, and of its hard, compact, close grain, it is much employed by cabinet-makers and turners. The American yew (T. baccata canadensis) is a low prostrate shrub, never forming an erect trunk. It is found in Canada and the more northern of the United States, and is commonly called Ground-hemlock. Yew (yu), a. Relating to yew-trees; made of the wood of the yew-tree. Yew (yû), v. i. To rise, as scum on the brine in boiling at the salt-works; to yaw. Yew-bow (u'bo), n. A shooting bow made of yew, much used in ancient times by English bowmen. Yewent (yu'en), a. Made of yew. Yew-tree (yü'tré), n. See YEW. In it throve an ancient evergreen, A yew-tree. Yex (yeks), n. [A. Sax. geoesa, geosca, a sobbing, probably also the hiccup; giscian, gre sian, to sob: Sc. yesk or yisk, the hiccup ] A hiccup. Holland. [Old and provincial] Yex (yeks), v.i. To hiccup. (Old and provincial.] Yezdegerdian (yez-dē-gêrʼdi-an), a. A term applied to an era, dated from the overthrow of the Persian Empire, when Yezdegerd was defeated by the Arabians, in the eleventh year of the Hegira, A.D. 636. Yezidee (yez'i-de), n. A member of a small tribe of people bordering on the Euphrates, whose religion is said to be a mixture of the worship of the devil, with some of the doc trines of the Magi, Mohammedans, and Christians. Y-feret (i-fer), adv. [Apparently from O.E. ifere, A. Sax geféra, a companion) In com pany or union; together. O goodly golden chain! wherewith gfere Ygdrasil, Yggdrasill (ig'dra-sil) n. In Scand. myth, the ash-tree which binds together heaven, earth, and hell Its branches spread over the whole world and reach above the heavens. Its roots run in three directions: one to the Asa gods in heaven. one to the Frost-giants, and the third to the under-world. Under each root is a fountain Y-holde, pp. Obliged; beholden. Chaucer. Yield (yeld), v.t. [A. Sax. gildan, gieldan, gyldan, geldan, to yield, pay, restore, render, &c.; a strong verb, pret. geald; pp. golden; Icel gjalda, Dan. gjelde, to yield, requite, &c.; Sw. galla (for gälda), to be of consequence; D. gelden, G. gelten, to be worth, to avail, &c.; akin guild.] 1.† To pay; to reward; to recompense; to bless. Shak. Tend me to-night two hours, I ask no more, And the gods yield you for it. The invocatory phrase 'God yield you'= God reward you, was formerly very much used in colloquial speech in the same way as we now employ 'God bless you,' and for that reason assumed various corrupted or shortened forms, as God 'ield you,' 'God 'ild you,' 'God dild you,' dild assuming its initial letter from the influence of the d in God. King. How do you do, pretty lady? Ophelia. Well, God 'ield you! Shák. (Hamlet, iv. 5.) How do you do, sir? You are very well met; God ild you for your last company. Shak. (As you Like It, iii. 3.) 2. To give in return, or by way of recompense; to produce, as a reward or return for labour performed, capital invested, or the like. When thou tillest the ground, it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength. Gen. iv. 12. Strabo tells us the mines at Carthagena yielded the Romans per diem to the value of twenty-five thousand drachms. Arbuthnot. 3. To produce generally; to bring forth; to give out; to bear; to furnish. Nectarine fruits which the compliant boughs yielded.' Milton. The wilderness yieldeth food for them and for their cattle. Job xxiv. 5. 4. To afford; to confer; to grant; to permit. Yield me a direct answer.' Shak. 'Yield consent.' Shak. Day, yield me not thy light.' Shak. And slowly was my mother brought To yield consent to my desire. Tennyson. Pray for my soul and yield me burial. Tennyson. 5. To give up, as to a superior power, authority, or the like; to quit possession of, as through compulsion, necessity, duty, or the like; to relinquish; to resign; to surrender: in this sense often followed by up. We yield our town and lives to thy soft mercy. 6. To give up or render generally; to emit. Hence the following figurative phrases, all = to expire; to die: to yield, or yield up, the life. To yield the ghost.' Gen. xlix 3. To yield the breath.' Shak.-7. To admit the force, justice, or truth of; to allow; to concede; to grant. I yield it just, said Adam, and submit. Milton. Yield (yeld), v.i. 1. To give way, as to su perior physical force, a conqueror, &c.; to give up the contest; to submit; to succumb; to surrender. Thus yields the cedar to the axe's edge. Shak. He saw the fainting Grecians yield. Dryden. 2. To give way, in a moral sense, as to entreaty, argument, a request, or the like; to cease opposing; to comply; to consent; to assent. To wisdom he's a fool that will not yield. Shak. With her much fair speech she caused him to yield, Prov. vii, 21. No more, dear love, for at a touch I yield: Ask me no more. Tennyson. 3. To give place, as inferior in rank or excellence. Tell me in what more happy fields The thistle springs, to which the lily yields Pope. Yield (yeld), n. Amount yielded; product; return applied particularly to products resulting from growth or cultivation. goodly yield of fruit.' Bacon. Yieldablenesst (yeld'a-bl-nes), n. 'A Disposi tion to yield or comply. A yieldableness upon sight of better truths.' Bp. Hall. Yieldancet (yēld'ans), n. Act of yielding, producing, submitting, conceding, or the like. Bp. Hall. Yielder (yeld'ėr), n. One who yields. Shak. 677 Yielding (yêld'ing), a. Ready or inclined to submit, comply, or yield; soft; compliant; unresisting. A yielding temper which will be wronged or baffled.' Kettlewell. Yieldingly (yéld'ing-li), adv. In a yielding manner; with compliance. Yieldingness (yeld'ing-nes), n. The state or quality of being yielding; disposition to comply; quality of yielding. Yieldless (yeld'les), a. Unyielding. daunted, yieldless, firm.' Rowe. Yill (yél), n. Ale. [Scotch.] Yin (yên), n. or a. Öne. [Scotch.] Yince (yens). Once. [Scotch.] Yird (yerd), n. Earth. [Scotch] Yird-house (yêrd'hous), n. house. Un Same as Earth Yirkt (yêrk), v.l. To yerk. Spenser. Y-level (wi'lev-1), n. An instrument for measuring distance and altitude. Simmonds. Y-liche, Y-like, a. [A. Sax. gelic, prefix ge-, and lic, like.] Resembling; equal. ChauY-liche, Y-like, adv. [A. Sax. gelice. See above. Equally; alike. Chaucer. Ylket (ilk), pron. [A. Sax. ylc, ilc. See ILK.] That; the same. cer. Y-masked, pp. Meshed. Chaucer. Y-mell, prep. Among. Chaucer. Y-moth (wi'moth), n. A species (Plusia gamma) of moth common in Britain and on the Continent, so called from the presence of a shining mark resembling the letter Y on its beautifully marbled upper wings. The caterpillar, which is somewhat hairy, and of a green colour, marked with a yellow line on each side and five white ones along the back, is destructive to cabbages, turnips, beans, peas, oats, and many other plants. Ympt, pp. [See IMP.] Ingrafted; joined. Spenser. Ynough, Ynow, adv. Enough. Chaucer. Yoat (yot), v.t. Same as Yote. Yochel (yo'chl), n. A country lout; a yokel. [Scotch.] Yodet (yod), pret. [An old preterite completing the conjugation of go; A. Sax. eôde, I went, he went, pl. eódon;" from same root as L. eo, itum, to go.] Went. Before them yode a lustie tabrere. Spenser. Sir W. Scott. Yodel, Yodle (yō'dl), v.t. and i. [German Swiss.] To sing or utter a sound peculiar to the Swiss and Tyrolese mountaineers, by suddenly changing from the natural voice to the falsetto, and vice versa. A single voice yodling a ballad.' Longfellow. Yoga (yo'ga), n. [Skr. yoga, union. See YOKE] One of the branches of the Hindu Sankhya philosophy which teaches the doctrines of the Supreme Being, and explains the means by which the human soul may obtain final emancipation from further migrations, and effect a junction with the universal spirit. Among the means of effecting this junction are comprehended a long continuance in various unnatural postures, withdrawal of the senses from external objects, concentration of the mind on some grand central truth and the like, all of which imply, of course, the leading of an austere hermit life. Yogi, Yogin (yō'gi, yō'gin), n. An Indian devotee of the yoga system of philosophy. See YOGA. Yoicks (yo'iks), interj. An old fox-hunting cry. Enjoy the pleasure of the chase. . . . Bravo! Or if Yoicks would be in better keeping, consider that I said Yoicks. Dickens. Yojan (yo'jan), n. [Skr. yojana, from yuj, to join.] In Hindustan, a measure of distance varying in different places from four to ten miles, but generally valued about five. Yoke (yök), n. [A. Sax. geoc, ioc, a yoke; D. juk, jok, G. joch, Goth. juk, and (without the initial consonant) Icel. and Sw. ok, Dan. aag; cog. Lith. jungus, L. jugum, Gr. zugon, Skr. yuga, a yoke; lit. that which joins, from a root, yug, meaning to join, seen in Skr. yuj, to join: L. jug (nasalized in jungo, to join). Gr. zeug (in zeugnymi, to join), to join 1. An old contrivance by which pairs of draught animals, particularly oxen, are fastened together, usually consisting of a piece of timber, hollowed or made curving near each end, and fitted with bows for receiving the necks of the oxen, by which means two are connected for drawing. From a ring or hook in the bow a chain extends to the thing to be drawn, or to the yoke of an YOLK other pair of oxen behind. 'A red heifer on which never came yoke.' Num. xix. 2. Hence 2. Something resembling this apparatus in form or use; as, (a) a frame to fit the shoulders and neck of a person, and support a pair of buckets, pails, or the like, one at each end of the frame. (b) A frame attached to the necks of some animals, as cows, pigs, &c., to prevent them from breaking through fences. (c) A cross-bar or curved piece from which a large bell is suspended for ringing it. (d) Naut. a bar attached to the rudder head, and projecting in each direction sideways; to the ends are attached the yoke-ropes or yoke-lines which are pulled by the steersman in rowing-boats, or pass to the drum on the axis of the steering wheel in larger craft.-3. An emblem or mark of servitude, slavery, and sometimes of sufferance generally. My yoke is easy, and my burden is light. Mat. xi. 30. Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. 4. Something which couples, connects, or binds together; a bond of connection; a link; a tie. "Whose souls do bear an equal yoke of love.' Shak. This yoke of marriage from us both remove. Dryden. 5. A pair of draught animals, especially oxen, yoked together; a couple working together. An half acre of land which a yoke of oxen might plow.' 1 Sam. xiv. 14. Dryden. His lands a hundred yoke of oxen tilled. 6. As much land as may be ploughed by a pair of oxen in a day; hence, as much work generally as is done at a stretch; also, a portion of the working day, as from mealtime to meal-time, in which labour is uninterruptedly carried on. Yoke (yok), v.t. 1. To put a yoke on; to join in a yoke. Four milk-white bulls, the Thracian use of old, Yokel (yo'kl), n. [Perhaps from yoke, one who drives yoked animals.] A rustic or countryman; especially, a country bumpkin; a country lout. Kingsley. Thou art not altogether the clumsy yekel and the clod I took thee for. R. D. Blackmore. Used adjectively in following extract. The coach was none of your steady-going yokel coaches, but a swaggering, rakish, dissipated, London coach; up all night, and lying by all day, and leading a terrible life. Dickens. Yokelet (yōklet), n. [From its being worked by one yoke of oxen-let, diminutive.] A small farm. [Provincial.] Same as Yoke Yoke-line, Yoke-rope (yök'lin, yōk'rōp), n. See YOKE, n. 2 (d). Yoke-mate (yök'māt), n. fellow. Yoking (yok'ing), n. 1. The act of putting a yoke on; the act of joining or coupling. 2. As much work as is done by draught animals at one time, whether it be by cart or plough; hence, generally as much work as is done at a stretch. A hearty yokin' at sang about.' Burns. [Scotch.] Yoky (yök'i), a. Pertaining to a yoke. Chapman. [Rare.] Yold, Yolden, pp. of yelde. Yielded; given; repaid. Chaucer. Yolk (yok), n. [A. Sax. geoleca, the yolk or yelk, lit, the yellow of the egg, from geolu, yellow. See YELLOW.] 1. The yellow part of an egg; the vitellus. Also written Yelk. See EGG.-2. The unctuous secretion from the skin of sheep which renders the pile soft and pliable.-3. The vitellus, a part of YOLK-BAG the seed of plants, so named from its supposed analogy with the yolk of an egg. Yolk-bag (yokʼbag), n. The sac or membranous bag which contains the yolk or vi tellus. Yon (yon), a. [A. Sax geon (a.), yon, that or those there; Goth. jains, G. jener, that; of pronominal origin, and akin to Skr. yas, who, also to yea and yes. See also YOND, YONDER.] That; those: referring to an object at a distance; yonder: now chiefly used in the poetic style. Yon foolish lout;' 'yon lime and stone;' by yon clouds.' Shak. Beside yon straggling fence.' Goldsmith. Read thy lot in you celestial sign. Milton. [It was sometimes (as commonly in Scotland) used substantively, or without a noun.] Yon (yon), adv. In or at that (more or less distant) place. 'Him that yon soars on golden wing Milton. Yond (yond), a. [A. Sax. geond, yond, yonder, thither; Goth. jaind, there.] Same as Yon or Yonder. Yond fayrie knight.' Spenser. Yondt (yond), adv. Same as Yon or Yonder. Say what seest thou yond Shak. Yond+ (yond), a. [From A. Sax. geond, through, over, beyond, which sometimes occurs in compounds with an intensive force, like the L. per, through. The primary meaning, therefore, is extravagant, beyond measure.] Mad; furious or alienated in mind. 'Wexeth wood and yond.' Spenser. Florimel fled from that monster yond. Spenser. Yonder (yon'dêr), a. [Apparently a compar of yond; comp. Goth. jaindre, there.] Being at a distance within view, or as conceived within view; that or those, referring to persons or things at a distance. By yonder moon.' Shak. From yonder tower.' Shak. 'Near yonder copse.' Goldsmith. Our pleasant labour to reform Yon flowery arbours, yonder alleys green. Milton. Yonder (yon'dér), adv. At or in that (more or less distant) place; at or in that place there. Where is your master? Yonder, sir, he walks. Shak Mark her behaviour too; she's tippling yonder with the serving men. Dryden. Yonghede, n. [Young, and term. -hede, same as head or -hood.] Youth. Chaucer. Yongth (yongth), n. Youth. Spenser. Yoni (yo'ni),n. Among the Hindus, the female power in nature, represented by an oval. Yonkert (yung'ker), n. A youngster; a younker. Chapman. Yook. Same as Yuck. Yoop (yöp), n. An onomatopoetic word expressive of a hiccuping or sobbing sound. There was such a scuffling, and hugging, and kissing, and crying, with the hysterical yoops of Miss Swartz. Thackeray. Yoret (yor), adv. [A. Sax. gedra, formerly, of old, originally genit. pl. of gear, a year, being thus an adverbial genitive of time, like twice, thrice, &c.] In time long past; long since; in old time. 'Yore agon,' long ago. Chaucer. Now used only in the phrase of yore, that is, of old time; long ago; as, in times or days of yore. Pope. But Satan now is wiser than of yore. Yorkshire-grit (york'shir-grit), n. A peculiar kind of stone used for polishing marble, as also engravers' copper-plates. Simmonds. Yorkshire-pudding (york'shir-pud'ing), n. A butter-pudding baked under meat. Simmonds. Yot (yot), v.t. To fasten; to rivet. vincial English.] [Pro Yote (yöt), v.t. (A. Sax. geotan, to pour; Goth, giutan, G. giessen, to pour.] To water; to pour water on; to steep. [Old or provincial.] My fowls... I found feeding at the trough Their yoted grains. Спартая. You (yo), pron. [A. Sax. eów, dat. and acc. pl. of the pronoun of the second person, ye being properly the nom. pl.; O. Sax. iu, D. u, you, gij, ye; O. H. G. iu, you, iuwar, your. See YE The nominative and objective plural of thou. Although it is strictly ap plicable only to two or more persons, it has long been commonly used when a single person is addressed instead of thou and thee, but properly with a plural construction; as, you are, you were, &c. This usage was well established before Chaucer's time. You, when addressed to a single person, was formerly used by good writers with the verb 678 in the singular, but this usage is not now considered correct. The town will have it that you was educated at Oxford. Hume. You is frequently used reflexively for yourself. 'Keep you warm.' Shak. A Venus, if it be youre wil You in this garden thus to transfigure. Chaucer, Betake you to your guard. Shak It is also used expletively or superfluously, as (a) in easy, colloquial, or idiomatic phraseology as a kind of dative. 'I will roar you as gently as any sucking dove.' Shak. tanner will last you nine year.' Shak. (b) Emphatically, sportively, or reproachfully before a vocative. Come on, you madcap.' Shak. When you both precedes and follows the vocative the mode of address gains considerably in playfulness, reproachfulness, or vituperative force; as, O, you little darling, you; you sweet child, you. 'You minion you; you hag you;' 'you puppet you.' Shak-You is also used indefinitely, as we and they are, for any one, one, people generally, and thus equivalent to one, French on. Addison. We passed by what was one of those rivers of burning matter; this looks at a distance like a new. ploughed land; but as you come near it you see nothing but a long heap of heavy disjointed clods. You (yö), n. Same as Yu. Young (yung), a. [O.E. yong, A. Sax. geong, giung, iung, D. jong, G. jung, Goth. juggs, Icel. ungr, jungr, Dan. and Sw. ung; cog. Lith. jaunas, L. juvenis, Skr. juvan-young. Perhaps allied to Skr. yu, to drive back, to repulse; L juvare, to aid, to assist; the primary sense of young being thus able to repel or lend assistance in fight.] 1. Being in the first or early stage of life; not long born; not yet arrived at maturity or age; not old: said of animals; as, a young child; a young man; a young horse.-2. Being in the first or early stage of growth; as, a young plant; a young tree.-3. Being in the first or early part of existence generally; not yet far advanced, of long duration, or of full development. Is the day so young! Shak. Shak. 4. Having the appearance and freshness or vigour of youth; youthful in look or feeling; fresh; vigorous. He is only seven-and-thirty, very young for his age, and the most affectionate of creatures. Thackeray. 5. Having little experience; ignorant; raw; green. We are yet but young in deed.' Shak. Come, elder brother, you are too young in this. Shak. 6. Pertaining or relating to youth; spent or passed during youth; youthful. God forbid I should be so bold to press to heaven in Shak. my young days. Young (yung), n. The offspring of an animal collectively. The eggs disclosed their callow young. Milton. -With young, pregnant; gravid. So many days my ewes have been with young. Shak. Younger (yung'gér), n. A youngling. Shak. Young-eyed (yung'id), a. Having the fresh bright eyes or look of youth 'The youngeyed cherubins.' Shak. Youngish (yungʻish), a. Somewhat young. A very genteel youngish man.' Tatler. Youngling (yung'ling), n. An animal in the first part of life; also, a young person. Than younglings to their dam.' Spenser. 'How those poor younglings are both cheated of life and comfort.' Beau. & Fl. Youngly+ (yungʻli), a Youthful. YOUTHFUL therefore properly plural (thy being the singular), but now like you used as singular or plural.] Pertaining or belonging to you; as, your father; your book; give me your hand. (See You.) Like the personal pronoun you, your is sometimes used indefinitely, not with reference to the person or persons addressed, but to something known, common, and in some instances contemptible. I will discharge it either in your straw-coloured beard, your orange-tawny beard, &c. Shak Your medalist and your critic are much nearer related than the world imagine. Addison Yours (yörz), poss. pron. A double genitive of you, and that or those which belong to you: used with reference to a preceding noun; as, this book is yours; I have lost my pen, will you lend me yours! Yours is sometimes used without reference to a noun previously mentioned, when it is equivalent to (a) your property. What's mine is yours, and what is yours is mine. Shak (b) The persons belonging to you; your friends or relations. Shat O God, I fear thy justice will take hold On nie, and you, and mine, and yours for this -Yours truly, yours to command, &c, phrases immediately preceding the signature at the end of a letter; hence, sometimes used playfully by a speaker in alluding to himself. Yours truly, sir, has an eye for a fine woman and a fine horse. H'. Collins. Yourself (yör-self'), pron. pl. Yourselves (yör-selvz'). You, not another or others; you, in your own person or individually: when used as a nominative generally accompanied by you and expressing emphasis or opposition; as, this work you must do yourself, or you yourself must do it; that is, you and no other person. O, that you were yourself! but, love, you are Allow obedience, if yourselves are old. Shak 3. A young person; especially, if not invariably, a young man. In this sense it has a plural. Seven youths from Athens yearly sent.' Dryden. I gave it to a youth, a kind of boy. 4. Young persons collectively. Shak. O ye who teach the ingenuous youth of nations... Youngly (yung'li), adv. In a young manner: (a) early in life. How youngly he began to serve his country.' Shak. (b) Ig- Youthede, t Youthhead, tn. Youthfulness: Youngth is a bubble blown up with breath. Spenser. Younker (yung'kêr),n. ['Borrowed from Du. jonker, also written jonkheer, compounded of jong, young, and heer, a lord, sir, gentleman. Skeat.] A young person; a lad; a youngster; hence, a raw, inexperienced person or youth. Trimmed like a younker prancing to his love.' Shak. Youpon (yu'pon), n. Same as Yapon. Your (yor), a. [A. Sax. eower, O. Sax. iuwar, D. uwer, O.HG. iuwar, Mod. G. euer; the possessive corresponding to ye, you, and I pray ye flog them upon all occasions. Byron. some. I found him drinking, and very jolly and youthPepys. Youthy (yöth'i), a. Young; youthful. Affecting a youthier turn than is consistent with my time of day.' Steele. [Rare.] You-you (yo'yö), n. A small Chinese boat impelled with the scull, used on rivers and in well-protected harbours and roadsteads. Young. Yove, pret. of yeve. Gave. Chaucer. Yowe (you), n. A ewe. George Eliot. [Provincial English and Scotch.] Yowl (youl), v.i. [Akin to yawl, yell.] To give a long distressful or mournful cry, as a dog. Yowl (youl), n. A long distressful or mournful cry, as that of a dog. Yoxet (yoks), v.i. [A. Sax. geocsa, a sob or hiccup. See YEX.] To hiccup. Chaucer. Ypight (i'pit), a. Pitched; fixed. Spenser. Ypiked, pp. Picked; pointed; having sharppointed peaks; smart; spruce. Chaucer. Ypointing (i-point'ing), ppr.[Prefix y, and pointing.] Pointing or directed towards. A star-ypointing pyramid.' Milton. [Rare, perhaps unique.] Yponomeutidæ (i-pon'ō-mü"ti-dē), n. pl. [Gr. hyponomeuo, to undermine, and eidos, resemblance.] A family of heteropterous Lepidoptera, comprising a large number of minute moths inhabiting Europe. Their larvæ or caterpillars, which are glabrous and attenuated at both extremities, are found on shrubs, especially on white-thorn hedges, living in large societies under a common web, in the midst of which they change into the chrysalis state each in its own cocoon. Yponomeuta cognatella is exceedingly destructive to apple-trees, depriving them of their leaves. Ypres-lace (ē'pra-lás), n. [From Ypres, in Belgium.] The finest and most expensive kind of Valenciennes lace. Simmonds. Yravished (i-rav'isht), pp. ravished. Shak. Delighted; Ysame,t pp. [A. Sax. ge-sam, together.] Yslaked (i-släkt'), pp. Slaked; assuaged; pacified Shak. Yttria (it'ri-a), n. A metallic oxide or earth, having the appearance of a white powder, which is insipid, insoluble in water, and infusible. It dissolves in acids, forming sweetish salts, which have often an amethyst colour. It has no action on vegetable colours. Yttria is the protoxide of yttrium (YO). It was discovered in 1794 by Z, the last letter of the English alphabet, is a sibilant consonant, and is merely a vocal or sonant S, having precisely the same sound that & has in wise, ease, please, &c. (See S.) It did not have a place in the Anglo-Saxon alphabet, though no doubt & had sometimes this sound. In old English of the fourteenth century it was common, and in some writings was often used where we now have s. The words in modern English which begin with z are all derived from other languages, mostly from the Greek. The case was the same in Latin, in which this letter was never really naturalized. When not initial, however, the case is different, and we often find it representing an older s in genuine English words, as in blaze, freeze, gaze, graze, guzzle, hazard, size, &c. As a final it occurs in some onomatopoetic words, as in buzz, whizz. In German z is very common, being 679 Professor Gadolin, in a mineral found at Ytterby in Sweden (hence the name), called from him gadolinite. It also occurs in yttro-cerite and yttro-tantalite. Yttrious (it'ri-us), a. Pertaining to yttria; containing yttria; as, the yttrious oxide of columbium. Yttrium (it'ri-um), n. [See YTTRIA.] Sym. Y. At. wt. 617. The metal contained in yttria. It was first obtained pure in 1828 by Wöhler. Its texture is scaly, its colour grayish-black, and its lustre perfectly metallic. It is a brittle metal, and is not oxidized either in air or water, but when heated to redness it burns with splendour, even i atmospheric air, and with far greater brilliancy in oxygen gas. This metal, or rather its oxide, is so rare as not to admit of any useful application. Yttro-cerite (it-ro-se'rit), n. A mineral occurring very sparingly at Finbo and Brodbo, near Fahlun in Sweden, imbedded in quartz. Its colour is violet-blue, inclining to gray and white. It is sometimes white. These colours generally alternate in layers in the same specimen. It occurs crystallized and massive; its composition is that of a fluoride of yttrium containing fluoride of cerium and calcium. Before the blow-pipe it is infusible, but loses its colour and becomes white. Yttro-columbite, Yttro-tantalite (it-rōko-lum"bit, it-ro-tan'ta-lit), n. A mineral species, of which there are three varieties -the yellow, the dark, and the blackfound at Ytterby, in Sweden. They are tantalites of yttrium, yttria, lime, oxide of uranium, and oxide of iron, the principal ingredients being columbic acid and yttria. The whole are infusible before the blowpipe; but they decrepitate, and assume a light colour. They dissolve with borax, but are not acted upon by acids. Yu (yu), n. The Chinese name for nephrite or jade (which see). Yucca (yuk'ka), n. [Peruvian name.] A genus of American plants, nat. order Liliaceæ. The species are handsome plants, with copious white panicled flowers, extremely elegant, but destitute of odour. The leaves are long, numerous, simple, rigid or coriaceous, and pungent. There are several species, known by the name of Adam's needle. Y. gloriosa, or common Adam's needle, which along with other species has been acclimatized in Britain, is much prized Yucca gloriosa. Z. a double consonant, with the sound ts. In Greek it was also a double consonant = ds or sd. In Britain its name is zed, in America zed and zee. Za (za), n. In music, the seventh harmonic as heard in the horn or Eolian string. It corresponds to B flat. The term is now obsolete. Zabaism, Zabism (za'ba-izm, zab'izm). See SABIANISM. Zacchean (zak'e-an), n. A follower of Zaccheus of Palestine, of the fourth century, who taught that only private prayer was acceptable to God. His disciples, therefore, retired to a hill near Jerusalem for their devotions. Zaffre (zaf'fér), n. [Fr. zafre, safre, saffre, Sp. zafre, probably of Arabic origin.] Impure oxide of cobalt; the residuum of cobalt, after the sulphur, arsenic, and other ZAMBO on account of its panicle of elegant flowers, which attain a height of 10 or 12 feet. Yuck, Yuke (yuk, yuk), v.i. [D. jeuken, joken, L.G. jöken, G. jucken, to itch; akin to itch.] To itch. [Local.] Yuck (yuk), n. The itch or scabies. [Provincial English and Scotch.] Yufts (yufts), n. [Rus. yuft.] A kind of Russia leather, which when well prepared is of good red colour, soft and pinguid on the surface, and pleasant to the touch, with an agreeable peculiar odour. Simmonds. Yug, Yuga (yug, yug'a), n. [Skr. yuga, an age, from yuj, to join.] One of the ages into which the Hindus divide the duration or existence of the world. Yulan (yöʻlan), n. A beautiful flowering tree of China; the Magnolia Yulan, a tree of 30 or 40 feet in its native country, but, in European gardens, of not more than 12 feet. See MAGNOLIA. Yule (yöl), n. [A. Sax. geol, giúl, iûl, geohol, Christmas, the feast of the nativity, whence geola, the Yule month, December; Icel. jól, originally a great festival lasting thirteen days, and having its origin in heathen times, afterwards applied to Christmas; Dan. juul, Sw. jul. Of doubtful origin, but most commonly connected with wheel, Icel. hjól, Dan. and Sw. hjul, as being a feast originally celebrated at the sun's wheeling or turning at midsummer and midwinter, but the h of these words is strongly against this. Skeat following Fick connects it with E. youl, yawl, as referring to festive noise or outcry. Jolly is from this word, coming to us through the French.] The Old English and still to some extent the Scotch and Northern English name for Christmas, or the feast of the nativity of our Saviour. And at each pause they kiss: was never seen such rule In any place but here, at bonfire or at Yule. Drayton. They bring me sorrow touch'd with joy. The merry merry bells of Yule. Tennyson. Yule-block (yöl'blok), n. Same as Yule-log. Yule-log (yöl'log), n. A large log of wood, often a tree-root, forming the basis of a Christmas fire in the olden time. Tennyson. Yule-tide (yöl'tid), n. The time or season of Yule or Christmas; Christmas. Yunx (yungks), n. [Gr. iynx, the wryneck.] A genus of scansorial birds; the wryneck (which see). Yurt (yurt), n. The name given to houses or huts, whether permanent or movable, of the natives of northern Asia or Siberia. Yuxt (yuks), n. [See YEX, YOXE.] A hiccup. Yuxt (yuks), v.i. To hiccup. Yve,t n. Ivy. Chaucer. Yvel,t a. Evil; bad; unfortunate. Chaucer. Y-wis, adv. [A. Sax. gewis, gewiss, certain, sure; D. gewis, G. gewiss, certainly; from root of wit with prefix ge. This word being often written I wis gave rise to the notion that there was a verb to wis. See WIS.] Certainly; verily; truly. Y-wrake, Y-wroke, pret. Wreaked; revenged. Chaucer; Spenser. Y-wrie, pp. [A. Sax. wrêon, to cover.] Covered. Chaucer. volatile matters have been expelled by calcination. So that it is a gray or dark-gray oxide of cobalt, mixed with a portion of silica. When fused into a glass it is intensely blue, and is much used by enamellers and porcelain manufacturers as a blue colour. Written also Zaffar, Zaffir, and Zaphara. See COBALT. Zaim (zä'im), n. A Turkish chief or leader. Zaimet (za'í-met), n. A Turkish name for an estate; a district from which a zaim draws his revenue. Zamang (za-mang), n. A leguminous tree of Venezuela, the Pithecolobium Saman, the hemispherical head of one individual of which Humboldt describes as being 526 feet in circumference, its diameter being 60 feet and the diameter of its trunk 9 feet. Zambo (zam'bo), n. [Sp. zambo, bandylegged, also a zambo.] The child of a ZAMIA mulatto and a negro, also sometimes of an Indian and a negro. Written also Sambo. Zamia (zá'mi-a), n. [L. zamia, a term applied by Pliny to a kind of fir cone.] A genus of plants, nat. order Cycadaceae. The species are found in the tropical parts of America, and also at the Cape of Good Hope and in Australia. They consist of trees with a cylindrical trunk, increasing by the development of a single terminal bud, and covered by the scaly bases of the leaves. The stems of all the zamias abound in a mucilaginous juice, which has a nauseous odour and an unpleasant taste, arising from the existence in it of a peculiar proximate principle. This may be removed by boiling, roasting, &c., when some of them form a nutritious article of food. Caffer-bread is a common name for the genus in South Africa, where the central part of the stem pith of Z. cycadis, after being prepared in a particular way, is formed into cakes, baked, and eaten by the natives. The starchy matter from the stems of Z. tenuis and Z. furfuracea is made into a kind of arrow-root in the Bahamas. Zamindar (zam - in - där'), n. Same as Zemindar. Zamiostrobus (zá-mi-os'tro-bus), n. [From zamia, and Gr. strobus, a top, a cone.] The generic name for certain fossil canelike fruits of the upper oolite, Wealden, and chalk, so called because they were supposed to be the fruit of fossil zamias. It has been shown, however, that they belong to the true Coniferæ. Zamite (za'mit), n. A name for certain zamia-like leaves which make their appearance in the upper oolite and continue through the secondaries and tertiaries. Zamouse (za-mos'), n. The native name of the Bos brachyceros, a West African ox or buffalo, differing from all other members of the Bovidae in having the ears fringed with three rows of long hairs and in the total want of a dewlap. [In Zampogna (tsam- po'nya), n. [It.] 1. A bagpipe in use among Italian peasants.2. A rough-toned reed instrument shaped like a flageolet. Zandmole (zand'mol), n. See BATHYERGUS. Zannichellia (zan-ni-kel'li-a), n. honour of John Jerome Zannichelli, a Venetian botanist.] A genus of plants, nat. order Naiadaceae. Z. palustris, the marsh horned pond-weed, is a native of ponds, ditches, and rivulets in most parts of Europe. The stem is from 12 to 18 inches long, threadshaped, branched, and floating. The leaves are opposite and very narrow, bearing the flowers at their base inclosed in a membranous sheath. Zanonia (za-no'ni-a), n. A genus of plants, nat. order Cucurbitaceae, having entire heart-shaped leaves, axillary tendrils, and diœcious flowers. The fruit of Z. indica has the flavour of the cucumber. Called Zante (zan'tā), n. A golden-yellow species of sumach from the island of Zante, in the Mediterranean, used for dyeing. also Young Fustic and Fustet. Zante-wood (zan'tá- wud), n. A name common to two plants, one of the genus Rhus (R. cotinus) and one of the genus Chloroxylon (C. Swietenia). Zantiote, Zantiot (zan'tí-ot, zan'ti-ot), n. A native of Zante, one of the Ionian Islands. Zany (za'ní), n. (Fr. zani, from It. zanni, zane, a zany or clown; originally simply a familiar or abbreviated pronunciation of Giovanni, John. So we also find Jack in English used as equivalent to clown. See JACK.] A subordinate buffoon, whose office was to make awkward attempts at mimicking the tricks of the professional clown; hence, a buffoon in general; a merry-andrew. 'Preacher at once and zany of thy age.' Pope. He's like a zany to a tumbler, That tries tricks after him to make men laugh. B. Jonson. Zany (za' ni), v.t. pret. & pp. zanied; ppr. zanying. To play the zany to; to mimic. I have seen an arrogant baboon With a small piece of glass zany the sun. Lovelace. Zanyism (za'ni-izm), n. The state, character, or practice of a zany; buffoonery. Coleridge. Zaphara (zaf'a-ra), n. See ZAFFRE. Zapotilla (zap-o-til'la), n. Same as Sapo dilla. Zarnich (zär'nik), n. [From zarnich, zarnec, &c., a name for orpiment used by the alchemists, from Ar. az-zernikh, from Gr. arsenikos. See ARSENIC.] A name given 680 to the native sulphurets of arsenic, sandarach or realgar, and orpiment. Zax (zaks), n. [A. Sax. seax, Icel. sax, a knife or short sword; O.H.G. sahs.] An instrument used by slaters for cutting and dressing slates; a kind of hatchet with a sharp point on the poll for perforating the slate to receive the nail. Zayat (za'yat), n. In Burmah, a public shed or portico for the accommodation of travellers, loungers, and worshippers, found in every Burmese village and attached to many pagodas. H. Yule. Z-crank (zed' krangk), n. A peculiarly. shaped crank in the cylinder of some marine steam-engines, so named from its zigzag form. Simmonds. Zea (ze'a), n. [Gr. zea, zeia, a sort of grain used as fodder for horses.] The generic name of maize. Two species only of Zea are known, viz. Z. Mays and Z. Caragua. See MAIZE. Zeal (zel), n. [Fr. zèle, from L. zelus, Gr. zēlos, zeal, from stem of zeo, to boil, which is akin to E. yeast. See also JEALOUS.] 1. Passionate ardour in the pursuit of anything; intense and eager interest or endeavour; an eagerness of desire to accomplish or obtain some object, and it may be manifested either in favour of any person or thing, or in opposition to it, and in a good or bad cause; earnestness; fervency; enthusiasm. They have a zeal of God, but not according to knowledge. Rom. x. 2. Let not my cold words here accuse my seal. Shak. For virtue's self may too much zeal be had; The worst of madmen is a saint run mad. Pope. 2. A zealot. B. Jonson. Zealt (zel), v.i. To entertain zeal; to be zealous. Stiff followers, such as zeal marvellously for those whom they have chosen for their masters. Bacon. Zealant† (zel'ant), n. A zealot; an enthusiast. To certain sealants odious. Zealedt (zeld), a. acterized by zeal. & Fl. all speech of pacification is Bacon. Filled with zeal; char 'Zealed religion.' Beau. Zealful (zel'ful), a. Full of zeal; zealous. 'Zealfull knowledge of the truth divine.' Sylvester. Zealless (zel'les), a. Wanting zeal. Bp. Hall. Zealot (zel'ot), n. [Fr. zélote, L. zelotes, from Gr. zelōtes. See ZEAL.] 1. One who is zealous or full of zeal; one carried away by excess of zeal; a fanatical partisan. It is generally used in dispraise, or applied to one whose ardour is intemperate and cen surable. For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight, His can't be wrong whose life is in the right. Pope. 2. One of a fanatical Jewish sect which struggled desperately against the Romans from about 6 A.D. till the fall of Jerusalem. Ardently Zealotical (ze-lot'ik-al), a. zealous. Strype. [Rare.] Zealotism (zel'ot-izm). n. The character or conduct of a zealot. Gray. Zealotist (zel'ot-ist), n. A zealot; an enthusiast. Howell. Zealotry (zel'ot-ri), n. Behaviour of a zealot; excessive or undue zeal; fanaticism. 'Inquisitorial cruelty and party zealotry.' Zealous (zel'us), a. [From zeal. Jealous is Coleridge. really the same word.] 1. Inspired with zeal; warmly engaged or ardent in the pursuit of an object; fervent; eager; earnest: rarely in a bad sense. If zealous love should go in search of virtue, Where should he find it purer? Shak. The learned and pious Bishop of Alexandria, Dionysius, wrote to the sealous and factious Presbyter Novatus. Bp. Gauden. Being thus saved himself, he may be zealous in the salvation of souls. Law. 2. Full of religious or pious zeal; religious; pious. Shak. Zealously (zel'us-li), adv. 1. In a zealous manner; with passionate ardour; with eagerness. It is good to be zealously affected always in a good thing. Gal. iv. 18. 2. Religiously; with religious or pious zeal. Milton. Zealousness (zel'us-nes), n. The quality of being zealous; zeal. Zebec, Zebeck (ze'bek), n. Same as Xebec. Zebra (ze'bra), n. [A native African word.] A pachydermatous, solidungulate mammal, the Equus or Asinus zebra, a quadruped of The zebras graze in herds on the steep hillside, and seek the wildest and most sequestered spots, so that they are extremely difficult of approach, not only from their watchful habits and great swiftness of foot, but also from the inaccessible nature of their abodes. The zebra is one of the handsomest, and also one of the wildest and least tractable of animals. Only in a few instances has it been domesticated, for it always retains its vicious, obstinate, and fickle nature. The name zebra is sometimes applied to the quagga and the dauw or Burchell's zebra: but they differ from the zebra in having no stripes on the lower limbs, while those on the body are not so black as the true zebra. The zebra is said to be becoming nearly extinct. See DAUW, QUAGGA Zebra-opossum (zē bra-o-pos" sum), n. Same as Zebra-wolf. Zebra-plant (ze bra-plant), n. The Calathea zebrina, so called from the alternate dark-coloured and green stripes on its leaves. Zebra-wolf (ze'bra-wulf), n. See THYLA CINE. Zebra-wood (zē bra-wud), n. A kind of wood imported from South America used by cabinet-makers, produced by the Omphalobium Lamberti, belonging to the nat. order Connaraceæ. Its colours consist of brown on a white ground, clouded with black, and each strongly contrasted, and somewhat resembling the skin of a zebra. It is used in the manufacture of furniture Called also Pigeon-wood. Zebrine (zē brin), a. Pertaining to the zebra; resembling the zebra; striped somewhat like the zebra. Darwin. Zebu (zē bū), n. [The native Indian name.] A ruminant of the ox tribe, the Taurus indicus or Bos indicus. This quadruped differs from the common ox in having one, or more rarely two, humps of fat on the shoulders, and in having eighteen caudal vertebre instead of twenty-one. It varies in size from a large mastiff dog to a full-grown European bull. It is found extensively in India, and also in China and northern Africa. It is often called the Indian Bull or Ox and Cow. The zebus are used as beasts of burden, and their flesh is used as an article of food, especially the hump, which is esteemed as a great delicacy. To this stock belong the Brahman bulls or sacred bulls of Siva. Zechariah (zek-a-ri'a), n. The name of one of the books of the Bible, the work of one of the twelve minor prophets. Little is known of his history, and the obscurity of his style has much embarrassed the commentators on this book. Zechin (zek'in), n. [It. zecchino, Fr. sequin See SEQUIN.] A Venetian gold coin, worth |