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Pomp-ti'na

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Pomp-ti'nus

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Po-lyx'e-na

Po-lyx'o

Pol-y-ze ́lus

Pri'a-mus

Pom-ax-æthres Pri-a'pus

Po-me'ti-a or Po- Pri-e'ne

Pon-ti'nus

Pon'ti-us

Pon-tom'e-don

Pro-crus'tes Proc'u-la Proc-u-le'ius Proc-u-li'na Proc'u-lus

Pon-ton'o-us

Pon-to-po-ri'a

Pro'cy-on

Po-pil'i-us

Prod'i-cus

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Pu'dens, 8.
Pu-di'ca

Pul (u as in
dull), 8.
Pul-che'ri-a
Pu'non, 8.
Pu-pi-e'nus

Pu-te'o-li

Prom'a-chus Pro-ma'thi-on

Prom'e-don

Py-a-nep'si-a

Pyg'e-la

Quad'ri-ceps
Quad'ri-frons
Qua-ri-a'tes
Qua'ri-us
Qui-e'tus

Quinc-ti-a'nus
Quinc-til'i-a
Quinc'ti-us
Quin-qua'tri-a
Quin-qua'trus
Quin-quen-na'-
les
Quin-quev'i-ri
Quin-til'i-a
Quin-til-i-a'nus
Quin-ti'lis
Quin-til'i-us
Quin-til'la

Re-gi'na

Re-gi'num

Reg'u-lus

Re-ha-bi'ah, s.
Re'hob, 8.
Re-ho-boam, 8.
Re-ho both, 8.
Re'hum, 8.

[blocks in formation]

Pu-pin'i-a

Pu'pi-us

Put (u as in but).

Rem'mi-us

8.

Rem'mon, s.

Pu-te-o-la'ni

Quin-til'lus

Pro-er'na

Pu'ti-el, s.

Quin'ti-o

Præt'i-des

Quin'ti-por

Pro-la'us

Quin'ti-us

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Qui-ri'na

Rem'mon Metho'ar, s. Rem'o-ra Rem'phan, s. Rem'phis, 8. Rem'u-lus

Por ci-us

Pyg-mæ'on

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Por-do-se-le'ne

Pyg-ma'li-on

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Por-o-se-le'ne

Pyl'a-des

Qui-ri'nus

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Py-læm'a-chus

Qui-ri'tes

Re-pha'el, s. Re'phah, s.

Por-phyr'i-on Prom'e-nes

Py-læm'e-nes

Por-phyr'i-us Prom'e-rus

Py-lag'o-ræ

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R.

ni'tus

Prom-e-thi'a

Py-la'on

Por ri-ma

Pro-me this and Py-large

Ra'a-mah, 8.

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Ra-a-mi'ah, 8. Ra-am'ses, 8.

Por'ti-us Fes'- Prom'u-lus

Py-le'nor

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Pyl'e-us

Py-lo'ra

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Por-sen'na ΟΥ Prom-e-thi'des Py-lar tes

Por-tum-na'li-a Pron'o-e

Po-sid'e-on

Po-si'des Pos-i-de'um

Pron'o-mus

Pron ́o-us

Rab'bah, 8. Rab'bath, 8. Rab'bi, 8. Rab'bith, 8. Rab-bo'ni, s. Ra-bir'i-us Rab'mag, 8.

Re-ta'vi
Re-ti'na
Re'u, 8.
Reuben, 8.
Re-u-dig'ni
Re-u'el, 8.
Re-u'mah, s.
Re'zeph, 8.
Re-zi'a, 8.

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Py-re'i-cus

Ra'ca, s.

Rhi-o'ne Rhi-pha'i Rhi-pha'us Rho-be'a Rho'da, s. Rhod'a-lus

Rhod'a-nus

Rho'di-i

Rhod'o-cus, 8. Rhod-o-gu'ne Rhod'o-pe or

Rhox-a'na or

Rox-a'na Rhox-o-la'ni

Rhu-te'ni and

Ru-the'ni Rhyn'da-cus

Rhyt'i-us

Ri'bai, 8.

Rib'lah, 8.

Ric'i-mer

Rim'mon, s.

Rim'mon Pa'rez,

8.

Rin-gi-be'ri
Rin'nah, 8.
Ri-o'ne

Ri-phi
Ri'phath, s.
Ri-phe'us
Riq-ue-be❜lus
Ris'sah, 8.
Rith'mah, 8.
Rix'a-mæ
Rix-am'a-ræ
Riz'pah, 8.
Ro-bi'gus or
Ro-bi'go
Rob'o-am, 8.
Rod'a-nim, 8.
Rod-e-ri'cus
Ro'ge-lim, 8.
Roh'gah, s.

Ro'i-mus, s.
Ro-mam'ti E-
zer, 8.
Ro-ma'ni
Ro-ma'nus
Ro-mil'i-us
Rom'u-la
Ro-mu'li-dæ
Rom'u-lus
Ros'ci-us
Ros'co-pus
Ro'se-a
Ro-sil'la-nus
Ros'u-la
Ro-tom'a-gus
Rox-a'na
Rox-o-la'ni
Ru-bel'li-us

Ru'bi-con
Ru-bi-e'nus
Ru-bi'go
Ru-bre'nus
Ru'bri-us

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Shal'lum, 8.

Shi'lon-ite, s.

Sig-o-ve'sus

Socho, 8.

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Se-lym'bri-a

Se-ma-chi'ah, 8. Se-ma'iah, 8.

Se-ma'na (Silva) Sem-bri'tæ Sem'e-i, s.

Sem'e-le

Se-mel'li-us, 8.
Sem-en-ti'nus

Se-mid'e-i

Sit'i-us
Sit'nah, s.
Si-tom'a-gus
Sit'o-nes

Spar'to-cus

Spat'a-le
Sper-chi'a

Sper-chi'us or
Sper-che'us
Sper-ma-toph'a-
gi

Sphac-teri-a
Sphe-ce'a

Sit'ta-ce

Sid'o-nis or Si- Sit-te-be'ris

Sphen'do-ne

Spho'dri-as

Smer-dom'e-nes Spi-lume-ne

Spin'tha-rus

Spi-tam'e-nes

Scri-bo'ni-a

Seri-bo-ni-a'nus

Scri-bo'ni-us

Sa-ron'i-cus Si'- Sey-di'ses

Sem-pro'ni-a

Sem-pro'ni-us

Se-mu'ri-um

Shal'man, 8. Shal-man-e'ser,

Sha'ma, 8.

Sham-a-ri'ah, 8.

Sha'med, s.

Sen-nach'e-ribor Sham'huth, &.

Sen-na-che'rib, Sham'mah, s.

Sar'na-cus

Sar-ni'us

Sa'ron, 8.

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8.

Sa-ro'thi-e, s.

Scyl-læ'um

Sar-pe'don

Scylli-as

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Se-na'ah, s. Sen'e-ca Se'neh, 8. Se'ni-a Se'nir, 8.

Sha'mer, 8.

Sham'gar, s.

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8.

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Sham'mai, 8.
Sham'moth, s.
Sham-mu'a, s.
Sham-mu'ah, 8.
Sham-she-ra'i, 8.
Sha'pham, s.
Sha phan, 8.
Sha'phat, 8.
Sha'pher, s.
Shar'a-i, 8.
Sha-ra'im, s.
Sha'rar, s.
Shar-e'zer, 8.
Sha'ron, 8.
Sha-ru'hen, s.
Shash'a-i, 8.
Sha'shak, 8.

Shil'shah, 8. Shi-me'ah, 8. Shi-me'am, s. Shi-me'ath, s. Shim'e-i, 8. Shim'e-on, 8. Shim'hi, s. Shi'mi, 8. Shim'ma, s. Shi'mon, 8. Shim'rath, 8. Shim'ri, s. Shim'rith, 8. Shim'ron, 8. Shim'shai, 8. Shi'nab, s. Shi'nar, s. Shi'phi, s. Shiph'rah, 8. Shiph'tan, 8. Shi'sha, s. Shi'shak, s. Shit'rai, 8. Shit tim, 8. Shi'za, 8. Sho'a, 8. Sho'ah, s. Sho'bab, s.

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Ta'hath, s.

Tah'pe-nes, 8. Tah re'a, s. Tah'tim Hod'

Tau'ri um

Tau-rob'o-lus Tau'ro-is

Tau-ro-me'ni

Tenc-te'ri

Te'rah, s. Tera-phim, 8,

Te-re'don

Te-re'i-des

Te-ren'ti-a

or

Te-ren-ti-a'nus
Te-ren'ti-us
Ter-e-nu'this
Te'resh, 8.

Thau'ma-ci

Thau-ma'ci-a

Thau'ma-cus

Ther'i-cles

The-rid'a-mas

The rim'a-chus Ther'i-nus

Ther-sil'o-chus

Thau-man ti-as Ther-si'tes
and Thau- The-ru'chus

man'tis Thau'mas

The-se'a

The-se'i-dæ

The-se'is

The-se'um

The-æ-te'tus

The-ag'e-nes

The-a'ges

The'seus

The-si'dæ

The-si'des

The-ag'o-ras The-a'no

The-ar'i-das

The-ari-des

The-ba'i-des

Theb'a-is or The

ba'is
The-ba'nus
The-be'tha

or The bez, 8.
The-co'e, 8.
Thec-tam'e-nes
Theg-a-nu'sa

The'ia

The'ias

Thel-a-i'ra
Thel'a-sar, 8.
Thel-e-phas'sa
The ler'sas, 8.
Thel-e-si'nus
Thel'i-ne
Thel-pu'sa
Thel-xi'on
Thel-xi'o-pe
The man, s.

The-mis-cy'ra

Them'i-son

Thy-es'ta
Thy-es tes
Thy'ias
Thym-bræ'us
Thym'bri-a
Thym'e-le

Thy-me'na

Thym'i-lus

Thy-moch'a-res

Thyr-e-a'tis

Thyri-des

Thyri-on

Thyr-sag'e-tæ

Thyr-sag'e-tes
Ti'a-sa
Tib-a-re'ni
Ti-be'ri-as

Tib-e-ri'nus

Tib'e-ris

Ti-be'ri-us

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Tich'i-us

Ti-tu'ri-us

Tic'i-da

Tit'y-rus

Ti-ci'nus

(a

Tit'y-us

river)

Ti'van, s.

Tic'i-nus (a man)
Ti'dal, s.

Ti-fa'ta
Ti-fer'num

Tig-el-li'nus
Ti-gel'li-us

Tig'lath

ser, 8. Ti-gra'nes

Ti'zite, 8.
Tle-pol'e-mus
Tma'rus
Tmo'lus

To'ah, s.
To'a-nah, 8.

Pil-e-To-bi'ah, s.

Tig-ran-o-cer'ta

Tig-u-ri'ni Tikvah, 8. Tik'vath, 8. Til-a-tæ'i

To-bi'as, s.
To'bie, s.
To-bi'el, s.
To'bit, s.
Toch'a-ri

To'chen, 8.
To-gar'mah, s.

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Ti-mos'the-nes

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or

Tir-i-ba'zus

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Thy-a'mi-a

Tha-li'a

The-o'ris

Thy'a-mis

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Tu-bi-e'ni, s.

Unx'i-a

Vec-to'nes or

Vi-ce'ti-a

Xen'e-tus Xe-ni'a-des

Za'red, 8.

Zare-tæ

Zar'e-tan, s.

Tra-chin'i-a Trach-o-ni'tis

Tuc'ci-a

Tuc-cit'o-ra

Traj-a-nop'o-lis

Tu'ci-a

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U-ra'ca

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Tu-der-ti'ni

Trans-al-pi'nus Tu-di-ta'nus

Trans-pa-da'nus Tu'dri

Trans-tib-er-i'na Tu-fi-ca'ni

U-ra'gus

U'ra-nus

Urbane (= mo

dern Urban), s.

Ve'i-a

Vic-tum'vi-æ

U-ra'ni-a

U-ra-nop'o-lis

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Xen-o-cle'a Xen'o-cles Xen-o-cli'des Xe-noc'ra-tes

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Tre-bel-li-a'nus Tul'li-us

Ur-bi'num U-re'um

Ur'ge-num U'ri, 8.

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Ve-li'num

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Xen-o-me'des

Vin-di-na'tes Xe-noph'a-nes

Vin-dob'o-na or Xe-noph'i-lus

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Za-no'ah, 8. Zaph'nath Paa-ne'ah, s. Za'phon, s. Za'ra, 8. Za'ra-ces, s. Za'rah, s. Zar-a-i'as, s. Zar-bi-e'nus

Za're-ah, 8. Za're-ath-ite, s.

Zar'e-phath, s.

Za'reth Sha'har,

Za-ri-as'pes
Zar-man-o-che'-

gas
Zar'ta-na, 8.
Zar'than, s.
Za'tho-e, 8.
Za-thu'i, 8.
Zat thu, 8.
Za'van, 8.
Za-ve'ces

Za'za, 8.
Zeb-a-di'ah, s.
Ze'bah, 8.
Ze-ba'im, 8.

Ze-boi'im, 8.

Ze-bo'im, s. Ze-bu'dah, 8. Ze'bul, 8. Zeb'u-lon-ites, s. Zeb'u-lun, s. Zech-a-ri'ah, s. Ze'dad, s. Zed-e-chi'as, 8. Zed-e-ki'ah, s.. Ze'eb, 8. Ze'lah, s.

Zillah, 8.

Zil'pah, 8. Zil'thai, s.

Zi-ma'ra

Zim'mah, 8.
Zim'ran, s.
Zim'ri, s.
Zi'na, s.
Zi-ob'e-ris
Zi'on, s.
Zi'or, 8.
Zi'phah, 8.
Zi-phe'ne
Ziph'ims, 8.
Ziph'i-on, s.

Ziph'ites, 8.
Ziph'ron, 8.
Zi-pœ'tes
Zip por, 8.
Zip-po'rah, s.
Zith'ri, s.
Zi'za, 8.
Zi zah, 8.
Zo'an, s.

Zo'ar, 8.
Zo'bah, 8.
Zo-be'bah, s.
Zohar, 8.
Zo-he'leth, s.
Zo'heth, s.

Zo'i-lus

Zo-ip'pus
Zon'a ras
Zo'phah, s
Zo'phai, &

Ze-lo'phe-had, s. Zo'phar, &.
Ze-lo'tes, 8.

U'ri-a

U-ri'ah, 8.

U-ri'as, 8.

Vel-i-ter'na

U'ri-el, s.

Ve-li'træ

U-ri'jah, s.

Velle-da

U'rim, s.

Vel-le'ius

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Vel'li-ca

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Ze-le'a

Tric-o-lo'nus

Tu-rulli-us

U-sip'e-tes or

Ve-nil'i-a

Vir-gin'i-us

Xyp'e-te

Ze'lek, 8.

[blocks in formation]

U-si'pi

Ven-no'nes or Vir-i-a'thus

Tri-cor'y-thus

Tus'ci-a

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Tri-cra'na

U thai, 8.

Ven-no'ni-us

Vir-i-pla'ca

Ze-lo'tus

Tu-ta'nus

Vis-cel-li'nus

Z.

Ze-lot'y-pe

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Zel'zah, 8.

[blocks in formation]

Ze-ma-ra'im, 8.

Za'a-nan, s.

Zem'a-rite, 8.

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[blocks in formation]

Tri-gem'i-na

Ty'a-na

Vi-tel'li-a

Za'bad, 8.

Tri-gem'i-ni

Ty-a-næ'us

U'zai, 8.

Ve-ra'ni-us

Zab-a-dæ'ans, s.

Ze-no'bi-a

Tri-go'num

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Tri-go'nus

[blocks in formation]

Tri-na'cri-a or

Tych'i-cus

[blocks in formation]

Uz'zah, 8.
Uz'zen She'rah,

Ver-big'e-nus
Ver-cin-get'o-
rix
Ver-e-ti'ni

Zab-a-da'ias, 8.

Ze-no'bi-i

Za-ba-de'ans, s.

Zab'a-tus

Zab'bai, 8.

Ty'deus

8.

Ve-re'tum

[blocks in formation]

Tri-cre'na

Tri-na'sus

Trin-o-ban'tes

Tri-oc'a-la

Tri'o-dus

Tri-o'nes

[blocks in formation]

Trio-pas or Trí | Tym phai

[blocks in formation]

Uz-zi'ah, 8. Uz-zi'el, s.

Ver-gas-i-lau'

Ver'gi-um

Ver-gob're-tus

Tyn ́da-reus

Tyn-dari-des

Ver-o-man'du-i

Tyn'da-ris

V.

Ve-ro'na

[blocks in formation]

Tri-phil lis Tri-philus Tri-phyl'i-a

[blocks in formation]

Ve-ro'nes

Ver-on'i-ca

Ver'ri-us

Ver-ru-ci'ni

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PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY

OF

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL

NAMES.

NOTES ON THE SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION.

FOREIGN geographical names are spelled in English books either in the same manner as they are spelled in the language of the country to which they belong, or phonetically in accordance with the prevailing sounds of the letters of the English alphabet. The first method can, of course, be adopted only for names belonging to countries in which the Roman alphabet is used with or without diacritic marks. In the following notes on the pronunciation of foreign names the sounds indicated as those corresponding to the letters of foreign alphabets are explained, where necessary, by the key-line at the foot of the page.

In that key-line it will be seen that six signs are used to represent un-English sounds. These must be learned by the ear from those who are able to render them accurately, but it may be mentioned that the French sound heard long in vûe and short in but is like the sound of u in the Scotch word abune; that that heard long in bleu and short in neuf has some resemblance to the sound of e in her; that the sound represented by ǹ (as in the French on) is produced by emitting voice through the mouth and nose at the same time, and is accordingly not a pure nasal (like the English ng in sing) but a seminasal; and that the ch in the German nacht is a strongly aspirated guttural like ch in the Scotch word loch. Strictly speaking two sounds are represented in German by ch, or by g, which is sometimes its equivalent. After the vowels a, o, u it is a guttural as in the Scotch loch, but after the other vowels and after consonants it is produced by the emission of breath between the point of the tongue and the fore-part of the palate.

Even with these signs for un-English sounds it must be remembered that the sound indicated for the letters of foreign alphabets is very often only an approximation to the true pronunciation, as foreign languages have a great many shades of sound which can be acquired only by those who have familiarized themselves with these languages as they are actually spoken by the people, and which, besides, no Englishman would ever think of trying to reproduce in pronouncing foreign names while reading or speaking English. It will be observed that, as the key shows, y is always used with its consonantal or semi-vowel sound as in yes. Thus when it is stated that the Hungarian gy has the sound of dy, it is to be understood that at the end of a word that combination does not form a separate syllable, but goes to form one syllable with the preceding letters. The Hungarian prefix Nagy, for example, is pronounced in one syllable Nody, the d being followed by the consonant y with an effect closely resembling that of a very soft zh.

A. Some rules for the pronunciation of languages using the Roman alphabet.

VOWELS AND VOWEL DIGRAPHS.

a is usually sounded ä, but sometimes long sometimes short. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not.

å in Swedish is sounded ō.

ä or ae is usually sounded like a or e, in Flemish (and

old Dutch) like ä.

a in Polish is sounded like the French on.

aa in Danish is sounded as ō, in Dutch as ä.

ai and ay usually have each of the vowels sounded, the sound of a being rapidly followed by that of ē.

[blocks in formation]

German they are sounded like i in pine, in French mostly like ā.

ão in Portuguese is sounded as ouǹ.

au is usually pronounced either with the sounds of the vowels separately, or as a diphthong like ou. In French it is pronounced like o in note.

e is usually sounded like à or e in met. In Spanish it always has the latter sound. Very often it has an obscure sound as in the English golden. In French it is often mute.

in Polish is sounded like the French ain (aň). è in Bohemian and Servian is sounded as ye or yā. eau in French has the sound of o in note.

ei and ey, like ai and ay, usually have each of the vowels sounded separately, the sound of a being rapidly followed by that of e. In Dutch and German they have the sound of i. In French they are pronounced like a or e.

eu is sounded in Dutch as in French, in German like oi, in other languages with the sounds of the vowels separately.

i is usually sounded like ē, or, when short, often like i. ie in Dutch, German, and French is sounded like ē except where the letters belong to two syllables.

ij in Dutch has a sound like that of i in pine, but more open, that is, with less of the e-sound at the close. o is usually sounded like ō or o, in Danish and Norwegian sometimes like ö.

ö or oe is sounded in German, Danish, and Swedish like eu in French.

ø in Danish has a sound similar to ö, but somewhat closer.

ó in Polish is sounded like o in move.

oi is usually pronounced with the sounds of the separate vowels, in French it is like wa in war.

ou in French has the sound of ö, in Dutch and Norwegian that of ou.

u is usually sounded as ö or u; in French, as already mentioned, the sound is peculiar. In Danish, when short, it is sounded like ė; in Dutch, when short and followed by a consonant in the same syllable, like u; when long, like ; in Welsh, without an accent mark, like i. ü or ue in German is sounded like û or ǎ. û in Welsh is sounded like ē.

ui in Dutch is pronounced like oi in oil.

y is usually sounded like ē; in Danish, Swedish, and Polish like the French u. In old Dutch it is used where the digraph ij is used in modern orthography. In Welsh, without an accent mark, it has the sound of u, except at the end of a word when it sounds like i.

y in Welsh has the sound of e in me (like the Welsh û).

CONSONANTS AND CONSONANTAL DIGRAPHS.

Most of the consonants have the same sound in the languages of the European continent using the Roman alphabet as they have in English, but the following peculiarities are to be noted:

b at the end of a word is often sounded in German like P. In Spanish it is pronounced with very feeble contact of the lips so as to be softened almost to a v-sound.

c before another consonant and before the vowels a, o, u is usually sounded like k; in French, Danish, Swedish, and Portuguese it is sounded in other situations like s, in Italian like ch in chain, in Spanish like th in thin, note, not, möve;

In

tub, bull;

oil, pound;

ch, chain; g, go;

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