Pomp-ti'na Pomp-ti'nus Po-lyx'e-na Po-lyx'o Pol-y-ze ́lus Pri'a-mus Pom-ax-æthres Pri-a'pus Po-me'ti-a or Po- Pri-e'ne Pon-ti'nus Pon'ti-us Pon-tom'e-don Pro-crus'tes Proc'u-la Proc-u-le'ius Proc-u-li'na Proc'u-lus Pon-ton'o-us Pon-to-po-ri'a Pro'cy-on Po-pil'i-us Prod'i-cus Pu'dens, 8. Pul (u as in Pu-te'o-li Prom'a-chus Pro-ma'thi-on Prom'e-don Py-a-nep'si-a Pyg'e-la Quad'ri-ceps Quinc-ti-a'nus Re-gi'na Re-gi'num Reg'u-lus Re-ha-bi'ah, s. Pu-pin'i-a Pu'pi-us Put (u as in but). Rem'mi-us 8. Rem'mon, s. Pu-te-o-la'ni Quin-til'lus Pro-er'na Pu'ti-el, s. Quin'ti-o Præt'i-des Quin'ti-por Pro-la'us Quin'ti-us Qui-ri'na Rem'mon Metho'ar, s. Rem'o-ra Rem'phan, s. Rem'phis, 8. Rem'u-lus Por ci-us Pyg-mæ'on Por-do-se-le'ne Pyg-ma'li-on Por-o-se-le'ne Pyl'a-des Qui-ri'nus Py-læm'a-chus Qui-ri'tes Re-pha'el, s. Re'phah, s. Por-phyr'i-on Prom'e-nes Py-læm'e-nes Por-phyr'i-us Prom'e-rus Py-lag'o-ræ R. ni'tus Prom-e-thi'a Py-la'on Por ri-ma Pro-me this and Py-large Ra'a-mah, 8. Ra-a-mi'ah, 8. Ra-am'ses, 8. Por'ti-us Fes'- Prom'u-lus Py-le'nor Pyl'e-us Py-lo'ra Por-sen'na ΟΥ Prom-e-thi'des Py-lar tes Por-tum-na'li-a Pron'o-e Po-sid'e-on Po-si'des Pos-i-de'um Pron'o-mus Pron ́o-us Rab'bah, 8. Rab'bath, 8. Rab'bi, 8. Rab'bith, 8. Rab-bo'ni, s. Ra-bir'i-us Rab'mag, 8. Re-ta'vi Py-re'i-cus Ra'ca, s. Rhi-o'ne Rhi-pha'i Rhi-pha'us Rho-be'a Rho'da, s. Rhod'a-lus Rhod'a-nus Rho'di-i Rhod'o-cus, 8. Rhod-o-gu'ne Rhod'o-pe or Rhox-a'na or Rox-a'na Rhox-o-la'ni Rhu-te'ni and Ru-the'ni Rhyn'da-cus Rhyt'i-us Ri'bai, 8. Rib'lah, 8. Ric'i-mer Rim'mon, s. Rim'mon Pa'rez, 8. Rin-gi-be'ri Ri-phi Ro'i-mus, s. Ru'bi-con Shal'lum, 8. Shi'lon-ite, s. Sig-o-ve'sus Socho, 8. Se-lym'bri-a Se-ma-chi'ah, 8. Se-ma'iah, 8. Se-ma'na (Silva) Sem-bri'tæ Sem'e-i, s. Sem'e-le Se-mel'li-us, 8. Se-mid'e-i Sit'i-us Spar'to-cus Spat'a-le Sper-chi'us or Sphac-teri-a Sit'ta-ce Sid'o-nis or Si- Sit-te-be'ris Sphen'do-ne Spho'dri-as Smer-dom'e-nes Spi-lume-ne Spin'tha-rus Spi-tam'e-nes Scri-bo'ni-a Seri-bo-ni-a'nus Scri-bo'ni-us Sa-ron'i-cus Si'- Sey-di'ses Sem-pro'ni-a Sem-pro'ni-us Se-mu'ri-um Shal'man, 8. Shal-man-e'ser, Sha'ma, 8. Sham-a-ri'ah, 8. Sha'med, s. Sen-nach'e-ribor Sham'huth, &. Sen-na-che'rib, Sham'mah, s. Sar'na-cus Sar-ni'us Sa'ron, 8. 8. Sa-ro'thi-e, s. Scyl-læ'um Sar-pe'don Scylli-as Se-na'ah, s. Sen'e-ca Se'neh, 8. Se'ni-a Se'nir, 8. Sha'mer, 8. Sham'gar, s. 8. Sham'mai, 8. Shil'shah, 8. Shi-me'ah, 8. Shi-me'am, s. Shi-me'ath, s. Shim'e-i, 8. Shim'e-on, 8. Shim'hi, s. Shi'mi, 8. Shim'ma, s. Shi'mon, 8. Shim'rath, 8. Shim'ri, s. Shim'rith, 8. Shim'ron, 8. Shim'shai, 8. Shi'nab, s. Shi'nar, s. Shi'phi, s. Shiph'rah, 8. Shiph'tan, 8. Shi'sha, s. Shi'shak, s. Shit'rai, 8. Shit tim, 8. Shi'za, 8. Sho'a, 8. Sho'ah, s. Sho'bab, s. Ta'hath, s. Tah'pe-nes, 8. Tah re'a, s. Tah'tim Hod' Tau'ri um Tau-rob'o-lus Tau'ro-is Tau-ro-me'ni Tenc-te'ri Te'rah, s. Tera-phim, 8, Te-re'don Te-re'i-des Te-ren'ti-a or Te-ren-ti-a'nus Thau'ma-ci Thau-ma'ci-a Thau'ma-cus Ther'i-cles The-rid'a-mas The rim'a-chus Ther'i-nus Ther-sil'o-chus Thau-man ti-as Ther-si'tes man'tis Thau'mas The-se'a The-se'i-dæ The-se'is The-se'um The-æ-te'tus The-ag'e-nes The-a'ges The'seus The-si'dæ The-si'des The-ag'o-ras The-a'no The-ar'i-das The-ari-des The-ba'i-des Theb'a-is or The ba'is or The bez, 8. The'ia The'ias Thel-a-i'ra The-mis-cy'ra Them'i-son Thy-es'ta Thy-me'na Thym'i-lus Thy-moch'a-res Thyr-e-a'tis Thyri-des Thyri-on Thyr-sag'e-tæ Thyr-sag'e-tes Tib-e-ri'nus Tib'e-ris Ti-be'ri-us Tich'i-us Ti-tu'ri-us Tic'i-da Tit'y-rus Ti-ci'nus (a Tit'y-us river) Ti'van, s. Tic'i-nus (a man) Ti-fa'ta Tig-el-li'nus Tig'lath ser, 8. Ti-gra'nes Ti'zite, 8. To'ah, s. Pil-e-To-bi'ah, s. Tig-ran-o-cer'ta Tig-u-ri'ni Tikvah, 8. Tik'vath, 8. Til-a-tæ'i To-bi'as, s. To'chen, 8. Ti-mos'the-nes or Tir-i-ba'zus Thy-a'mi-a Tha-li'a The-o'ris Thy'a-mis Tu-bi-e'ni, s. Unx'i-a Vec-to'nes or Vi-ce'ti-a Xen'e-tus Xe-ni'a-des Za'red, 8. Zare-tæ Zar'e-tan, s. Tra-chin'i-a Trach-o-ni'tis Tuc'ci-a Tuc-cit'o-ra Traj-a-nop'o-lis Tu'ci-a U-ra'ca Tu-der-ti'ni Trans-al-pi'nus Tu-di-ta'nus Trans-pa-da'nus Tu'dri Trans-tib-er-i'na Tu-fi-ca'ni U-ra'gus U'ra-nus Urbane (= mo dern Urban), s. Ve'i-a Vic-tum'vi-æ U-ra'ni-a U-ra-nop'o-lis Xen-o-cle'a Xen'o-cles Xen-o-cli'des Xe-noc'ra-tes Tre-bel-li-a'nus Tul'li-us Ur-bi'num U-re'um Ur'ge-num U'ri, 8. Ve-li'num Xen-o-me'des Vin-di-na'tes Xe-noph'a-nes Vin-dob'o-na or Xe-noph'i-lus Za-no'ah, 8. Zaph'nath Paa-ne'ah, s. Za'phon, s. Za'ra, 8. Za'ra-ces, s. Za'rah, s. Zar-a-i'as, s. Zar-bi-e'nus Za're-ah, 8. Za're-ath-ite, s. Zar'e-phath, s. Za'reth Sha'har, Za-ri-as'pes gas Za'za, 8. Ze-boi'im, 8. Ze-bo'im, s. Ze-bu'dah, 8. Ze'bul, 8. Zeb'u-lon-ites, s. Zeb'u-lun, s. Zech-a-ri'ah, s. Ze'dad, s. Zed-e-chi'as, 8. Zed-e-ki'ah, s.. Ze'eb, 8. Ze'lah, s. Zillah, 8. Zil'pah, 8. Zil'thai, s. Zi-ma'ra Zim'mah, 8. Ziph'ites, 8. Zo'ar, 8. Zo'i-lus Zo-ip'pus Ze-lo'phe-had, s. Zo'phar, &. U'ri-a U-ri'ah, 8. U-ri'as, 8. Vel-i-ter'na U'ri-el, s. Ve-li'træ U-ri'jah, s. Velle-da U'rim, s. Vel-le'ius Vel'li-ca Ze-le'a Tric-o-lo'nus Tu-rulli-us U-sip'e-tes or Ve-nil'i-a Vir-gin'i-us Xyp'e-te Ze'lek, 8. U-si'pi Ven-no'nes or Vir-i-a'thus Tri-cor'y-thus Tus'ci-a Tri-cra'na U thai, 8. Ven-no'ni-us Vir-i-pla'ca Ze-lo'tus Tu-ta'nus Vis-cel-li'nus Z. Ze-lot'y-pe Zel'zah, 8. Ze-ma-ra'im, 8. Za'a-nan, s. Zem'a-rite, 8. Tri-gem'i-na Ty'a-na Vi-tel'li-a Za'bad, 8. Tri-gem'i-ni Ty-a-næ'us U'zai, 8. Ve-ra'ni-us Zab-a-dæ'ans, s. Ze-no'bi-a Tri-go'num Tri-go'nus Tri-na'cri-a or Tych'i-cus Uz'zah, 8. Ver-big'e-nus Zab-a-da'ias, 8. Ze-no'bi-i Za-ba-de'ans, s. Zab'a-tus Zab'bai, 8. Ty'deus 8. Ve-re'tum Tri-cre'na Tri-na'sus Trin-o-ban'tes Tri-oc'a-la Tri'o-dus Tri-o'nes Trio-pas or Trí | Tym phai Uz-zi'ah, 8. Uz-zi'el, s. Ver-gas-i-lau' Ver'gi-um Ver-gob're-tus Tyn ́da-reus Tyn-dari-des Ver-o-man'du-i Tyn'da-ris V. Ve-ro'na Tri-phil lis Tri-philus Tri-phyl'i-a Ve-ro'nes Ver-on'i-ca Ver'ri-us Ver-ru-ci'ni PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. NOTES ON THE SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. FOREIGN geographical names are spelled in English books either in the same manner as they are spelled in the language of the country to which they belong, or phonetically in accordance with the prevailing sounds of the letters of the English alphabet. The first method can, of course, be adopted only for names belonging to countries in which the Roman alphabet is used with or without diacritic marks. In the following notes on the pronunciation of foreign names the sounds indicated as those corresponding to the letters of foreign alphabets are explained, where necessary, by the key-line at the foot of the page. In that key-line it will be seen that six signs are used to represent un-English sounds. These must be learned by the ear from those who are able to render them accurately, but it may be mentioned that the French sound heard long in vûe and short in but is like the sound of u in the Scotch word abune; that that heard long in bleu and short in neuf has some resemblance to the sound of e in her; that the sound represented by ǹ (as in the French on) is produced by emitting voice through the mouth and nose at the same time, and is accordingly not a pure nasal (like the English ng in sing) but a seminasal; and that the ch in the German nacht is a strongly aspirated guttural like ch in the Scotch word loch. Strictly speaking two sounds are represented in German by ch, or by g, which is sometimes its equivalent. After the vowels a, o, u it is a guttural as in the Scotch loch, but after the other vowels and after consonants it is produced by the emission of breath between the point of the tongue and the fore-part of the palate. Even with these signs for un-English sounds it must be remembered that the sound indicated for the letters of foreign alphabets is very often only an approximation to the true pronunciation, as foreign languages have a great many shades of sound which can be acquired only by those who have familiarized themselves with these languages as they are actually spoken by the people, and which, besides, no Englishman would ever think of trying to reproduce in pronouncing foreign names while reading or speaking English. It will be observed that, as the key shows, y is always used with its consonantal or semi-vowel sound as in yes. Thus when it is stated that the Hungarian gy has the sound of dy, it is to be understood that at the end of a word that combination does not form a separate syllable, but goes to form one syllable with the preceding letters. The Hungarian prefix Nagy, for example, is pronounced in one syllable Nody, the d being followed by the consonant y with an effect closely resembling that of a very soft zh. A. Some rules for the pronunciation of languages using the Roman alphabet. VOWELS AND VOWEL DIGRAPHS. a is usually sounded ä, but sometimes long sometimes short. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not. å in Swedish is sounded ō. ä or ae is usually sounded like a or e, in Flemish (and old Dutch) like ä. a in Polish is sounded like the French on. aa in Danish is sounded as ō, in Dutch as ä. ai and ay usually have each of the vowels sounded, the sound of a being rapidly followed by that of ē. German they are sounded like i in pine, in French mostly like ā. ão in Portuguese is sounded as ouǹ. au is usually pronounced either with the sounds of the vowels separately, or as a diphthong like ou. In French it is pronounced like o in note. e is usually sounded like à or e in met. In Spanish it always has the latter sound. Very often it has an obscure sound as in the English golden. In French it is often mute. in Polish is sounded like the French ain (aň). è in Bohemian and Servian is sounded as ye or yā. eau in French has the sound of o in note. ei and ey, like ai and ay, usually have each of the vowels sounded separately, the sound of a being rapidly followed by that of e. In Dutch and German they have the sound of i. In French they are pronounced like a or e. eu is sounded in Dutch as in French, in German like oi, in other languages with the sounds of the vowels separately. i is usually sounded like ē, or, when short, often like i. ie in Dutch, German, and French is sounded like ē except where the letters belong to two syllables. ij in Dutch has a sound like that of i in pine, but more open, that is, with less of the e-sound at the close. o is usually sounded like ō or o, in Danish and Norwegian sometimes like ö. ö or oe is sounded in German, Danish, and Swedish like eu in French. ø in Danish has a sound similar to ö, but somewhat closer. ó in Polish is sounded like o in move. oi is usually pronounced with the sounds of the separate vowels, in French it is like wa in war. ou in French has the sound of ö, in Dutch and Norwegian that of ou. u is usually sounded as ö or u; in French, as already mentioned, the sound is peculiar. In Danish, when short, it is sounded like ė; in Dutch, when short and followed by a consonant in the same syllable, like u; when long, like ; in Welsh, without an accent mark, like i. ü or ue in German is sounded like û or ǎ. û in Welsh is sounded like ē. ui in Dutch is pronounced like oi in oil. y is usually sounded like ē; in Danish, Swedish, and Polish like the French u. In old Dutch it is used where the digraph ij is used in modern orthography. In Welsh, without an accent mark, it has the sound of u, except at the end of a word when it sounds like i. y in Welsh has the sound of e in me (like the Welsh û). CONSONANTS AND CONSONANTAL DIGRAPHS. Most of the consonants have the same sound in the languages of the European continent using the Roman alphabet as they have in English, but the following peculiarities are to be noted: b at the end of a word is often sounded in German like P. In Spanish it is pronounced with very feeble contact of the lips so as to be softened almost to a v-sound. c before another consonant and before the vowels a, o, u is usually sounded like k; in French, Danish, Swedish, and Portuguese it is sounded in other situations like s, in Italian like ch in chain, in Spanish like th in thin, note, not, möve; In tub, bull; oil, pound; ch, chain; g, go; |