Pomp-ti'na Pom-po-si-a'nus Pro-cil'i-us Pro-cil'la Pomp-ti'nus Pro-cil'lus Ptol-e-me'us, 8. Ptol'i-cus Pto'us Pu'ah, s. Pub-lic'i-a Pub-lic'i-us Pub-lic'o-la Publi-us Pu'dens, 8. Pul (u as in dull), 8. Pul-che'ri-a Pu-pin'i-a Pu'pi-us Put (u as in but). 8. Pu-te-o-la'ni Pu-te'o-li Pu'ti-el, s. Pyg'e-la Qua-dra'ta Quad-ra-til'la Quad'ri-ceps Quinc-ti-a'nus Quinc-til'i-a Quinc'ti-us Quin-qua'tri-a Quin-qua'trus Quin-quen-na' Pyg-mæ'i Quin'ti-o Quin'ti-por Quin'ti-us Qui-ri'na Pyg-mæ'on Quir-i-na'li-a Pro-ma'thi-on Pyg-ma'li-on Quir-i-na'lis Prom'a-chus Prom'e-don Prom-e-næ'a Por-phyr'i-on Prom'e-nes Por-phyri-us Prom'e-rus Por-phy-rog-en- Pro-me'theus ni'tus Por ri-ma Py-læm'a-chus Qui-ri'tes Re'gem Me'lech. 8. Re-gil'la Re-gil-la'nus Re-gil'lus Re-gi'na Re-gi'num Reg'u-lus Re-ha-bi'ah, s. Re-ho-boam, 8. Re'i, 8. Rekem, 8. Re-ma-li'ah, 8. Re'meth, 8. Rem'mi-us Rem'mon, 8. Rem'mon Me- Re-ta'vi Prom-e-thi'a Py-la'on Pro-me'this and Py-large Ra'a-mah, 8. Por'se-na Prom'e-thus Py-le'ne Porti-us Fes'- Prom'u-lus Py-le'nor Rin-gi-be'ri Ri-phi Ri'phath, s. Riq-ue-be'lus Ro-bi'gus or Ru'bi-con Sal'o-e Sa'lom, 8. Sa-lo'me Sab-ba-the'us, s. Sal'o-mon Sa-lo'na or Sa Sa-baʼzi-us Sabban, 8. Sab'ba-tha Sab-be'us, s. lo'næ Sal-o-ni'na Sal-o-ni'nus Sa-lo'ni-us Sal-pi'nas Sal'pi-on Sa'lu, s. Sal'vi-us Sa'ly-es Sam'a-el, s. Sa-ma'ri-a or Sam-a-ri'a Sam-a-ri'ta Sam-ar-o-bri'va Sa'me-as Sa-me'ius, 8. Sam'gar Ne'bo, 8. Sa'mi, s. Sa'mis, 8. Sam'lah, 8. Sam'mus, 8. Sam-ni'tæ Sam'nites Sam'ni-um Sam'o-las San-a-bas'sa-rus, 8. San'a-sib, 8. Shal'lum, 8. Shi'lon-ite, s. Sig-o-ve'sus Socho, 8. Se-lym'bri-a Se-ma-chi'ah, 8. Se-ma'iah, 8. Se-ma'na (Silva) Sem-bri'tæ Sem'e-i, s. Sem'e-le Se-mel'li-us, 8. Se-mid'e-i Sit'i-us Spar'to-cus Spat'a-le Sper-chi'us or Sphac-teri-a Sit'ta-ce Sid'o-nis or Si- Sit-te-be'ris Sphen'do-ne Spho'dri-as Smer-dom'e-nes Spi-lume-ne Spin'tha-rus Spi-tam'e-nes Scri-bo'ni-a Seri-bo-ni-a'nus Scri-bo'ni-us Sa-ron'i-cus Si'- Sey-di'ses Sem-pro'ni-a Sem-pro'ni-us Se-mu'ri-um Shal'man, 8. Shal-man-e'ser, Sha'ma, 8. Sham-a-ri'ah, 8. Sha'med, s. Sen-nach'e-ribor Sham'huth, &. Sen-na-che'rib, Sham'mah, s. Sar'na-cus Sar-ni'us Sa'ron, 8. 8. Sa-ro'thi-e, s. Scyl-læ'um Sar-pe'don Scylli-as Se-na'ah, s. Sen'e-ca Se'neh, 8. Se'ni-a Se'nir, 8. Sha'mer, 8. Sham'gar, s. 8. Sham'mai, 8. Shil'shah, 8. Shi-me'ah, 8. Shi-me'am, s. Shi-me'ath, s. Shim'e-i, 8. Shim'e-on, 8. Shim'hi, s. Shi'mi, 8. Shim'ma, s. Shi'mon, 8. Shim'rath, 8. Shim'ri, s. Shim'rith, 8. Shim'ron, 8. Shim'shai, 8. Shi'nab, s. Shi'nar, s. Shi'phi, s. Shiph'rah, 8. Shiph'tan, 8. Shi'sha, s. Shi'shak, s. Shit'rai, 8. Shit tim, 8. Shi'za, 8. Sho'a, 8. Sho'ah, s. Sho'bab, s. Stron'gy-lus Syn'no-on Stroph'a-des Sy-no'di-um Ta-o'ci Ta'phath, s. Ta phi des Teu-tom'a-tus The-og-ne'tus Thra-sym'e-nes Ti-molus Thras-y-me'nus Ti-mom'a-chus Te-las'sar, s. Teu'to-ni and The-og'nis Tel-chi'nes Tel-chin'i-a Tel-chin'i-us Stru-thoph'a-gi Syr-a-cu'sæ Tap-o-si'ris Stry-be'le Strym'o-nis Stym'ba-ra Stym-phal'i-des Stym-pha'lis Stym-pha'lus Syr-as-tre'ne cha, s. Syr-i-a'nus Sy'ri-on, 8. Syr'ma-tæ Syr-ne'tho Sy'ri-a Ma'a Ta-prob'a-ne Te-leb'o-as Thal'a-mæ Ta-pu'ra Tel-e-bo'i-des Thal'a-mus Tel'e-cles Tha-las'si-o Tel-e-cli'des Tha-las'si-us Tel'e-clus Tel'e-crus Syr-o-cil'i-ces Tar'a-nis Tel-e-da'mus Tha-le'tas The-op'ro-pus Tha-li'a The-o'ris Ta-ren'tus Su-blic'i-us Sub-mon-to'ri um (Egypt) Tel-e-sar'chi-des Tham'y-ras or The-ox-e'ni-us Tham'y-rus The-ram'e-nes Su'bu-lo Su-bu'ra T. Ta'a-nach, 8. Ta-rich'e-a (Pa lestine) Te-le'si-a Tham'y-ris Te-les'i-cles Than'a-tos Thap'sa-cus Thap-si-ta'ni Tha'rah, 8. Thar'ra, s. Thym-bræ'us Ti-mon'o-e Ti-moph'a-nes Ti-mos'the-nes Ti-mo'the-us Ti-mox'e-nus Tin'i-a Tir-i-ba'zus Tir-i-da'tes Tir'sha-tha, 8. Ti-siph'o-ne Thre-ic'i-us Thre-is'sa Ti-mo'nax Ti-mon'i-des Thro'ni-um Thu-cyd'i-des Thu-is'to The-oph'i-la The-o-phras'tus Thu-ri'nus Thu'ri-a Thus'ci-a Thy-a-mi'a or Thy-a'mi-a Thar'shish, s. Tha'si-us Thas'si, s. Ther-mo'don Thy-o'neus Tis-sa-pher'nes Ti'tan or Ti-ta' nus Tit'a-ne Tel-e-si'nus Tel'e-son Tel-e-stag'o-ras Tel Hare-sha, 8. Tel-le'ne Tel'li-as Tel'me-ra Tel'o-bis Te'ma, s. or Theb'a-is or Theba'is The-ba'nus The-be'tha Thau-man ti-as Ther-si'tes and Thau- The-ru'chus The-se'a The-se'i-dæ The-se'is Thyr'i-on Thyr-sag'e-tæ Tib'e-ris Ti-be'ri-us Thes-moph'o-ra Ti-be'rus Thes-mo-pho'ri- Tib'hath, s. Thes-moth'e-tæ Thes-pe'a Tib-i-se'nus Ti-ta'ni-a Tit'a-nus Tit-a-re'sus Tith-e-nid'i-a Ti-tho'nus Tit'i-a Tit'i-i Ti-tor'mus Tit-the'um Ti-tu'ri-us Thes-pi'a-des Thes'pi-æ Thes'pi-us Thes-pro'ti Thes-pro'ti-a Ti'dal, s. Tle-pol'e-mus Tma'rus Tmo ́lus Thes-sa-li'o-tes Ti-gel'li-us Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca Tig'lath Pil-e' Tig-u-ri'ni Tikvah, 8. Tik'vath, 8. Til-a-tæ'i Thel-xi'on Thel-xi'o-pe The-mis-cy'ra Them'i-son The'man, s. Thes-ti'a-des Thes'ti-as Thes-ti-di'um Thes'ti-us Tu-bi-e'ni, s. Unx'i-a Vec-to'nes or Vi-ce'ti-a Xen'e-tus Xe-ni'a-des Za'red, 8. Zare-tæ Zar'e-tan, s. Tra-chin'i-a Trach-o-ni'tis Tuc'ci-a Tuc-cit'o-ra Traj-a-nop'o-lis Tu'ci-a U-ra'ca Tu-der-ti'ni Trans-al-pi'nus Tu-di-ta'nus Trans-pa-da'nus Tu'dri Trans-tib-er-i'na Tu-fi-ca'ni U-ra'gus U'ra-nus Urbane (= mo dern Urban), s. Ve'i-a Vic-tum'vi-æ U-ra'ni-a U-ra-nop'o-lis Xen-o-cle'a Xen'o-cles Xen-o-cli'des Xe-noc'ra-tes Tre-bel-li-a'nus Tul'li-us Ur-bi'num U-re'um Ur'ge-num U'ri, 8. Ve-li'num Xen-o-me'des Vin-di-na'tes Xe-noph'a-nes Vin-dob'o-na or Xe-noph'i-lus Za-no'ah, 8. Zaph'nath Paa-ne'ah, s. Za'phon, s. Za'ra, 8. Za'ra-ces, s. Za'rah, s. Zar-a-i'as, s. Zar-bi-e'nus Za're-ah, 8. Za're-ath-ite, s. Zar'e-phath, s. Za'reth Sha'har, Za-ri-as'pes gas Za'za, 8. Ze-boi'im, 8. Ze-bo'im, s. Ze-bu'dah, 8. Ze'bul, 8. Zeb'u-lon-ites, s. Zeb'u-lun, s. Zech-a-ri'ah, s. Ze'dad, s. Zed-e-chi'as, 8. Zed-e-ki'ah, s.. Ze'eb, 8. Ze'lah, s. Zillah, 8. Zil'pah, 8. Zil'thai, s. Zi-ma'ra Zim'mah, 8. Ziph'ites, 8. Zo'ar, 8. Zo'i-lus Zo-ip'pus Ze-lo'phe-had, s. Zo'phar, &. U'ri-a U-ri'ah, 8. U-ri'as, 8. Vel-i-ter'na U'ri-el, s. Ve-li'træ U-ri'jah, s. Velle-da U'rim, s. Vel-le'ius Vel'li-ca Ze-le'a Tric-o-lo'nus Tu-rulli-us U-sip'e-tes or Ve-nil'i-a Vir-gin'i-us Xyp'e-te Ze'lek, 8. U-si'pi Ven-no'nes or Vir-i-a'thus Tri-cor'y-thus Tus'ci-a Tri-cra'na U thai, 8. Ven-no'ni-us Vir-i-pla'ca Ze-lo'tus Tu-ta'nus Vis-cel-li'nus Z. Ze-lot'y-pe Zel'zah, 8. Ze-ma-ra'im, 8. Za'a-nan, s. Zem'a-rite, 8. Tri-gem'i-na Ty'a-na Vi-tel'li-a Za'bad, 8. Tri-gem'i-ni Ty-a-næ'us U'zai, 8. Ve-ra'ni-us Zab-a-dæ'ans, s. Ze-no'bi-a Tri-go'num Tri-go'nus Tri-na'cri-a or Tych'i-cus Uz'zah, 8. Ver-big'e-nus Zab-a-da'ias, 8. Ze-no'bi-i Za-ba-de'ans, s. Zab'a-tus Zab'bai, 8. Ty'deus 8. Ve-re'tum Tri-cre'na Tri-na'sus Trin-o-ban'tes Tri-oc'a-la Tri'o-dus Tri-o'nes Trio-pas or Trí | Tym phai Uz-zi'ah, 8. Uz-zi'el, s. Ver-gas-i-lau' Ver'gi-um Ver-gob're-tus Tyn ́da-reus Tyn-dari-des Ver-o-man'du-i Tyn'da-ris V. Ve-ro'na Tri-phil lis Tri-philus Tri-phyl'i-a Ve-ro'nes Ver-on'i-ca Ver'ri-us Ver-ru-ci'ni PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. NOTES ON THE SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION. FOREIGN geographical names are spelled in English books either in the same manner as they are spelled in the language of the country to which they belong, or phonetically in accordance with the prevailing sounds of the letters of the English alphabet. The first method can, of course, be adopted only for names belonging to countries in which the Roman alphabet is used with or without diacritic marks. In the following notes on the pronunciation of foreign names the sounds indicated as those corresponding to the letters of foreign alphabets are explained, where necessary, by the key-line at the foot of the page. In that key-line it will be seen that six signs are used to represent un-English sounds. These must be learned by the ear from those who are able to render them accurately, but it may be mentioned that the French sound heard long in vue and short in but is like the sound of u in the Scotch word abune; that that heard long in bleu and short in neuf has some resemblance to the sound of e in her; that the sound represented by ǹ (as in the French on) is produced by emitting voice through the mouth and nose at the same time, and is accordingly not a pure nasal (like the English ng in sing) but a seminasal; and that the ch in the German nacht is a strongly aspirated guttural like ch in the Scotch word loch. Strictly speaking two sounds are represented in German by ch, or by g, which is sometimes its equivalent. After the vowels a, o, u it is a guttural as in the Scotch loch, but after the other vowels and after consonants it is produced by the emission of breath between the point of the tongue and the fore-part of the palate. Even with these signs for un-English sounds it must be remembered that the sound indicated for the letters of foreign alphabets is very often only an approximation to the true pronunciation, as foreign languages have a great many shades of sound which can be acquired only by those who have familiarized themselves with these languages as they are actually spoken by the people, and which, besides, no Englishman would ever think of trying to reproduce in pronouncing foreign names while reading or speaking English. It will be observed that, as the key shows, y is always used with its consonantal or semi-vowel sound as in yes. Thus when it is stated that the Hungarian gy has the sound of dy, it is to be understood that at the end of a word that combination does not form a separate syllable, but goes to form one syllable with the preceding letters. The Hungarian prefix Nagy, for example, is pronounced in one syllable Nody, the d being followed by the consonant y with an effect closely resembling that of a very soft zh. A. Some rules for the pronunciation of languages using the Roman alphabet. VOWELS AND VOWEL DIGRAPHS. a is usually sounded ä, but sometimes long sometimes short. In Hungarian it is sometimes like o in not. å in Swedish sounded ō. a or ae is usually sounded like a or e, in Flemish (and old Dutch) like ä. a in Polish is sounded like the French on. ai and ay usually have each of the vowels sounded, the sound of a being rapidly followed by that of ē. Fate, fär, fat, fall; German they are sounded like i in pine, in French mostly like a. ão in Portuguese is sounded as ouǹ. au is usually pronounced either with the sounds of the vowels separately, or as a diphthong like ou. In French it is pronounced like o in note. e is usually sounded like a or e in met. In Spanish it always has the latter sound. Very often it has an obscure sound as in the English golden. In French it is often mute. e in Polish is sounded like the French ain (an). ei and ey, like ai and ay, usually have each of the vowels sounded separately, the sound of a being rapidly followed by that of e. In Dutch and German they have the sound of i. In French they are pronounced like a or e. eu is sounded in Dutch as in French, in German like oi, in other languages with the sounds of the vowels separately. i is usually sounded like ē, or, when short, often like i. ie in Dutch, German, and French is sounded like ē except where the letters belong to two syllables. ij in Dutch has a sound like that of i in pine, but more open, that is, with less of the e-sound at the close. o is usually sounded like ō or o, in Danish and Norwegian sometimes like ö. ö or oe is sounded in German, Danish, and Swedish like eu in French. ø in Danish has a sound similar to ö, but somewhat closer. ó in Polish is sounded like o in move. oi is usually pronounced with the sounds of the separate vowels, in French it is like wa in war. ou in French has the sound of ö, in Dutch and Norwegian that of ou. u is usually sounded as ö or u; in French, as already mentioned, the sound is peculiar. In Danish, when short, it is sounded like ė; in Dutch, when short and followed by a consonant in the same syllable, like u; when long, like ; in Welsh, without an accent mark, like i. ü or ue in German is sounded like û or ǎ. û in Welsh is sounded like ē. ui in Dutch is pronounced like oi in oil. y is usually sounded like ē; in Danish, Swedish, and Polish like the French u. In old Dutch it is used where the digraph ij is used in modern orthography. In Welsh, without an accent mark, it has the sound of u, except at the end of a word when it sounds like i ŷ in Welsh has the sound of e in me (like the Welsh û). CONSONANTS AND CONSONANTAL DIGRAPHS. Most of the consonants have the same sound in the languages of the European continent using the Roman alphabet as they have in English, but the following peculiarities are to be noted: b at the end of a word is often sounded in German like p. In Spanish it is pronounced with very feeble contact of the lips so as to be softened almost to a v-sound. c before another consonant and before the vowels a, o, u is usually sounded like k; in French, Danish, Swedish, and Portuguese it is sounded in other situations like s, in Italian like ch in chain, in Spanish like th in thin, note, not, möve; In tub, bull; oil, pound; ch, chain; g, go; |