750

in German like ts. In Italian where another vowel follows ci (as well as gi or sci) the i is not sounded. In Spanish America c is usually pronounced as s in those cases in which in Spain it is pronounced th. In Bohemian and Polish it is always sounded like ts, and in Welsh always like k.

ç is used in French and Portuguese to indicate the s-sound of c before the vowels a, o, and u.

ch in Dutch, Polish, and Bohemian, as well as in German, has the sound of ch; in Italian it has the sound of k; in French (except in some words derived from the Greek, in which it is sounded like k) that of sh. cs in Hungarian has the sound of ch in chain.

cz in Polish has the sound of ch in chain, in Hungarian that of ts.

d at the end of a word in German and Dutch is often sounded like t. In Spanish and Danish between two vowels, and after a vowel at the end of a word, it is softened to the sound of FH, and in the latter language the same sound is given to it even when doubled. Strictly speaking the Spanish d is a dental d, being sounded by placing the tip of the tongue close to the lower edge of the upper front teeth. At the beginning of a sentence and when the d is preceded by another consonant, whether in the same word or another, the tongue is more firmly pressed against the teeth and a sound like that of the English d is produced, but in other cases the contact is so slight as to produce a sound almost exactly like that of TH. At the end of words even this sound is almost inaudible. When d comes after 1, n, r in Danish it is not sounded at all, and it is still more frequently silent in the Norwegian pronunciation of the language.

dd in Welsh has the sound of TH.

dź in Polish is sounded like dzy.

g before a consonant and before the vowels a, o, and u mostly has the sound of g in go; and it has the same sound before other vowels also in German and Danish, and in all situations in Polish and Welsh. After a vowel it frequently has in German and Danish a guttural sound, and in the Norwegian pronunciation of the latter language it is often silent in that situation. In Dutch it is always a deep guttural, except in the combinations gh and ng, the former of which is pronounced like go, the latter like ng in sing. In French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedish it has the sound of the j of the same languages in all situations in which it has not the sound of g in go, and in Italian it is then sounded like our j. (See above under c.)

gh in Italian and Dutch has the sound of g in go. gl in Italian has the sound of ly.

in

gn in French and Italian has the sound of ny. gu in French always, and in Portuguese and Spanish before e and i, has the sound of g in go.

gy in Hungarian has the sound of dy or dzh.

h in French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese is silent or scarcely audible. In Spanish it is heard as a slight aspiration before the combination ue. In Danish

it is not sounded before j and v.

j in most languages has the sound of y, in French and Portuguese that of zh, in Spanish that of ch. In Danish the sound of the Danish j (that is, the sound of the consonant y) is always interpolated after the consonants k and g before the vowels æ, ö, ø, y, and i. In Hungarian at the end of a syllable j has the sound of e in me. k in Norwegian before e, i, j, y, and the modifications of a and o, is sounded like ty.

+ represents in Polish a sound peculiar to that language and Russian. It is produced by attempting to sound an 1 with the point of the tongue directed further back in the palate than for the ordinary 1, and with very slight contact between the tongue and palate.

lh in Portuguese has the sound of ly (Ital. gl).

s in German is usually pronounced soft, like English z, at the beginning of a word where a vowel follows; in Hungarian it is sounded as sh.

ś in Polish has the sound of sy.

sc in Italian before e and i has the sound of sh. (See above under c.)

sch in German has the sound of sh, but in Dutch and Italian has that of s followed by the respective sounds of ch, in Dutch accordingly it is equivalent to sch, in Italian to sk.

sk before e, i, j, y, and the modifications of a and ø is sounded in Norwegian like sh.

stj in Swedish when followed by a vowel has the sound of sh.

sz in Polish

}

are both sounded like sh. § in Bohemian (

sz in Hungarian is sounded like s.

t in Spanish is dental like the Spanish d.

th in Welsh is sounded like th in thin, in all other European languages using the Roman alphabet like the simple t.

tj in Swedish when followed by a vowel has the sound of ch in chain.

ts in Hungarian is sounded like ch in chain.

w in German and Dutch has a sound closely resembling that of v produced by bringing the lips feebly into contact, not by placing the upper teeth against the lower lip. In Welsh it has the sound of u or o.

x in Portuguese has the sound of sh; in old Spanish spelling it is used where j is now used to represent the sound of ch.

y is usually a vowel, but in Spanish it has also consonantal sound like the English y, and the same sound is heard in Hungarian after d, g, 1, n, and t.

z in German and Swedish has the sound of ts, in Italian sometimes that of dz sometimes that of ts, in Spanish that of th in thin. In Spanish America this th-sound usually gives place, like the th-sound of c, to that of s in sing.

ź in Polish has the sound of zy.

ż in Polish

ž in Bohemian and Servian all have the sound of zh. zs in Hungarian

B. Hints on the pronunciation of geographical names belonging to languages not using the Roman alphabet.

The general rule regarding the spelling of such names is to spell them in English phonetically in accordance with the prevailing sounds of the letters of the English alphabet. In such phonetic spellings, however, the vowels usually receive their continental sounds (as in far, vein, pique, rule). In Indian and some other Asiatic names and in Arabic names a is often used also to represent the sound of the English u in but. The vowel digraph ai usually represents the sound of y in fly, but sometimes (as in all Greek names) that of a in fate; ei, most commonly that of a in fate, but sometimes that of y in fly; au for the most part sounds as ow in now, but in some cases as a in fall. In the spelling of Indian names this last digraph is often used where á is now mostly used, the sound intended being that of a in far, or perhaps one somewhat broader. The consonants j, w, y, z have as a rule their characteristic English sounds, as in jet, yet, well, zeal; g usually has its hard sound as in get. Ch usually represents the sound which it has in chain; gh sometimes that of a very rough aspirate, sometimes a sound like that of the Northumberland or Berwickshire burr, sometimes, before e or i, merely the

11 in French in formal speech has the sound of ly, but colloquially is generally sounded like the consonant y without any l-sound. In Spain it always has the former sound, but in Mexico the latter is often substituted. In Welsh it has a peculiar sound, which is approximately rendered when one attempts to pronounce tl at the beginning of a syllable.

hard sound of g; kh is the combination most frequently used to represent the sound of ch; and th usually stands for the sound which it has in thin, sometimes for that which it has in then.

In the spelling of geographical names belonging to languages which do not use the Roman alphabet (as also of those which were first put in writing by Europeans) numerous variations are found from different causes, and it will throw some light on the pronunciation to note what the principal causes of these variations are. 1. Very often the variation is due to the irregularity in the use of our own alphabet, which leads one person to represent the same sound phonetically in one way, another in another. From this cause s and z are frequently interchanged, as in Kasan, Kazan; so also are oo, ou, and u, where the sound of u in bull or in rule is intended, as in Moorzook, Mourzouk, Murzuk, &c.; and so also are i and y, as in Ustyansk, Ustiansk; Krasnoyarsk, Krasnoiarsk. Hence likewise those names which are spelled with a to represent the sound of u in but, are also frequently found spelled with u, as in Panjab, Punjab.

2. Sometimes the variation is due to the obscurity of the sounds themselves, as where a vowel sound is so short that its exact quality can hardly be determined, as in Bedouin, Bedawin; or where a short vowel sound seems to one ear to make a separate syllable, while to another ear no such syllable seems to be heard, as in Bassora, Basra; Wargela, Wargla.

3. In other cases the variation is due to the adoption in English of a continental mode of spelling, as where dj is adopted from the French for j, as in Djebel for Jebel, or tch from the same language for ch, as in Nertchinsk for Nerchinsk, Kamtchatka (the common spelling) for Kamchatka, or j from the practice of most continental nations for y, as in Jakutsk for Yakutsk.

When the variation in spelling is due to any of these causes, a comparison of the different forms of the name will often serve as a good indication of the correct pronunciation, where any one of them might leave it doubtful; for the correct pronunciation must be more or less consistent with all the different forms. Thus when Bassora is also found spelled Basra it is clear that the correct pronunciation cannot be Basso'ra, and when Bedouin is found spelled also Bedawin, Bedaween, &c., it shows that the accents lie on the first and third syllables, and that the i in Bedouin is pronounced as e in me. 4. Other variations are due to the fact that the sounds to be represented have no signs for them in the Roman alphabet or any of its commonly used digraphs, so that different signs are adopted to represent them approximately in accordance with the conceptions of different persons. One of the chief instances of this sort is a sound existing in Arabic and Hindu resembling the Northumbrian burr. Usually this sound is represented by gh, but in the case of many Arabic names in North Africa it is often represented by rh or r. Thus Ghadames is often spelled Rhadames, the tribe of the Songhay often Sonrhay.

5. In other cases the variation is accounted for by differences of dialect, or different pronunciations of the same dialect in different parts of the country or region in which a particular language is spoken. In this way arise many of the varieties of spelling in Chinese, Indian, and Arabic names. In the last one of the most notable dialectical peculiarities of pronunciation is in the case of the Arab character usually sounded as j, but in some parts, as in Egypt, as g in get. For this reason the Arabic Jebel (mountain) is usually spelled in Egyptian names Gebel, in which g is intended to have its hard and not its soft sound.

6. Another cause of variation is the fact that the strict rule of phonetic spelling is sometimes departed from, and the English form of a name is partly accommodated to the spelling of the language to which it belongs, the same letter in that language being always represented by the same in English, even though the pronunciation may vary in the original language. This is frequent in Russian names, in which the sounds of v and f, those of a and o, &c., are often represented by the same letter,

751

7. Lastly, the foreign spelling of a name is sometimes adopted for native names in regions out of Europe belonging politically to European powers. Thus Sourabaya may sometimes be seen spelled in the Dutch fashion, Soerabaja. In Spanish and Portuguese America this is done almost uniformly.

In Chinese the digraph ao represents the sound of a in far gliding into that of o, the whole sound closely resembling that of ow in now; ei represents the sound of a in fate gliding into a very short e-sound (as in me); in ia, ie, iu the sounds of a, e, u are preceded by a very short i-sound, a sound almost identical with that of the consonant y; oo (for which u is often used) usually represents the sound of u in bull or in rule, but sometimes it represents a long o gliding into a very short sound like that of u in bull. When o precedes a or ei it is sounded very short so as to be almost equivalent to the consonant w; hence we have such spellings as Whangho (or Hwangho) and Kweichoo or Queichoo, as well as Hoangho and Koeichoo. The initial ng is a nasal, as in the word sing (not as in finger), and this initial sound is also met with in names belonging to the other monosyllabic languages of Eastern Asia, as well as in some African and New Zealand names.

In Indian, Arabic, and some other names aspirated consonants occur, and are represented in spelling by an h following the consonant, as in Bhagalpur. The proper sound of this combination is accurately represented by the letters composing it, but in the English pronunciation of such names this peculiarity is commonly disregarded.

In African words the consonant m used as a prefix has a shortened sound of um, and in the South African colonies this prefix is so spelled, as in Umtata, Umzila, &c. By travellers in equatorial Africa, however, the simple m is always used, as in Mpwapwa. Except at the end of a word y is always the consonant. Lake Nyassa, for example, is to be pronounced as two syllables, Nyas'sa, not in three as Ni-as'sa.

For the spelling of Maori names in New Zealand the Roman alphabet was introduced by the English missionaries, but only fourteen characters are required, namely, a, e, h, i, k, m, n, o, p, r, t, u, w, and the nasal ng. The vowels have the continental sounds, and are always sounded separately, never coalescing into a proper diphthong.

In the following list showing the pronunciation of geographical names the only diacritic marks which are used are the acute, grave, and circumflex accents ('\^), the modification mark (*), the cedilla (,), and the tilde (~); and it will be understood that, where the respelling of a name indicates the pronunciation of a diacritically marked letter not so marked in the name as given in the list, that name is spelled with a letter so marked in the language of the country to which it belongs. Thus, when it is stated that the Swedish name Tornea is pronounced tor'na-ō, it may be inferred, in accordance with the rules just given, that in Swedish that name is spelled Torneå. In respelling names to indicate pronunciation the consonants, b, d, f, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, t, r, w, and z, and the digraphs ng, nk, and sh always have their usual English sounds, and s always has the hissing sound as in sea. The key-line gives the explanation of the other signs.

Note. In consulting this List it should be kept in mind that attention to the preceding notes indicating the variations that may be looked for in the spelling of foreign names will often be of assistance to those doing so in finding the name they are in search of, since names not found under one spelling may be found under some other equivalent spelling. Thus many names not found spelled with c, ch, z, y, &c., may be found under the spellings k, kh, s, j, &c. respectively; Spanish names in x may be found spelled with j, Dutch names in y may be found in ij, German, Danish, and other names in ae or oe may be found in ä (sometimes e) or ö; and so forth.

AACHEN

Aachen, a'chen (Ger.)
Aagerup, o'ga-rup (Den.)
Aakirkeby, ō-kērk'a-bŭ (Den.)
Aar, är (Ger. Switz.) r.
Aargau, är gou (Switz.)
Aarhuus, or hös (Den.)

Abana, ab'a-na (Syr.) r.

Abancay, a-ban'ki (Peru)

Abano, ä-ba'nō (It.)

Abasia, ä-ba'syä (Rus.)

Abassabad, a-bas'sa-bad (Rus.) ft.

Abauj, o-bo'u-é (Hung.)

Abbeokuta, ab-bé-ō-ko'ta (Af.)

Abbeville, ab-vēl' (Fr.); ab'be-vil (U.S.) Abbitibbe, ab-bi-tib'be (Can.)

Abergavenny, ab-er-ga-ven'ni or ab-ér

ga'ni (Eng.)

Abergele, ab-er-ge'li (Wales)
Aberystwith, ab-er-ist'with (Wales)
Abingdon, ab'ing-don (Eng.)

Ab-Istada, ab-i-stä'da (Afg.)
Ablis, ä-ble' (Fr.)

Abo, o'bo (Rus.)

Abomey, a-bo'mā (Af.)

Aboukir, a-bo'ker (Eg.)

Abraham, äb'ra-ham (Rus.) isl.

Abrantes, ä-brän'tās (Port.)

Abrets, les, laz-a-brâ' (Fr.)

Abrolhos, a-brōl'yös

Abruzzo, ä-bröt'tsō (It.)

Abydos, a-be'dos (Tur.)

Abydus, a-bi'dus (Eg.)

Abyssinia, ab-i-sin'i-a (Af.)
Acadia, a-ka'di-a (Can.)
Acadie, ä-ka-dē' (Can.)

Acaponeta, ä-kä-po-na'tä (Mex.)
Acapulco, ä-ka-pöl’kō (Mex.)
Acarai, ak-a-rä′ē (S. Am.) mt.

Acarnania, ä-kär-nā'nē-a (Gr.)
Accumuli, äk-kö’my-lē (It.)

Acerenza, a-cha-răn'tsä (It.)

Ach, ach (Ger.)

Acha, Sierra de, se-er'rä de ä'cha (Mex.)

Achaia, a-ka'ya (Gr.)

Achaltzik, a-chal'tsik (Rus.)

Achata, ä-cha'ta (Arg. Con.) mt.

Acheen, a-chen' (Sumatra)

Achill, ak'il (Ir.)`

Achray, ach-ra' (Scot.) 1.

Aciorolo, dell, dál ä-chō-rō'lō (It.)
Aci Reale, #chẽ rā-ālà (It)
Aconcagua, ä-kon-ka'gwa (Chile)
Aconquija, ä-kon-ke'cha (Arg. Con.) mt.
Acquapendente äk-kwa-pan-dan'tă (It)
Acre, a'ker or a ́kér (Syr.)

Actopan, ak-to-pan' (Mex.)

Adalia, a-da'lē-a (Tur.)

Adamawa, ad-a-ma'wa (Af.)

Adamuz, a-THa-möth' (Sp.)

Adamello, ä-da-mál'lõ (It.) mt.

Adana, a-da'nă (As. Mi.)

Adel, ä'del (Af.)

Adelsheim, a'delz-him (Ger.)

Aden, a'den; Arab. pron. a'den (Ar.)

Aderbaijan, Aderbijan, ad-er-bi-jan' (Per.)

Adige, a'dē-já (It.) r.

Adirondack, ad-i-ron'dak (U. S.)

Adour, a-dör (Fr.) r.

Adria, a'dré-a (It.)

Aelberg, al'berg (Aust.)

Aero, a'reu (Den.) isl.

Aerschot, är skot (Bel)

Aerteholme, ar'te-hōl-me (Den.) isl.
Ætna, et'na (Sic.) mt.

Afghanistan, af-ghan"i-stan' or af-gan'is-tän (As.)

Afium-kara-hissar, ä-fyöm'kä-rä-his-sär (Tur.)

Agades, ä-gä'déz (Af.)

Agadir, a-ga'dër (Mar.)

Agbosome, ag-bo-so'me (Af.)

Agde, agd (Fr.)

Agen, a-zhan' (Fr.)

Agers, a'gers (Den) isl.

Agoas de Moilra, ä'gō-äs de mō-él'ra (Port.)

Aguajo, a-gwa'chō (Mex.)
Agualulco, a-gwä-lol'kō (Mex.)

Agua Nueva, a'gwä ny-e'vä (Mex.)
Aguascalientes, a'gwas-ka-le- en "tes

(Mex.)

Aguilar, á-ge-lär' (Sp.)

Agulhas, ä-gölyas (Af.) c.

Agysoo, a-gu'so (Rus) ft.

Ahmedabad, ah'med-ä-bäd" (Ind.)

Ahmednuggur, ah-med-nug'ger (Ind.)

Ahrensbok, ah'rens-beuk (Ger.)

Aiasoluk, i'a-so-luk' (As. Mi.)

Aibling, i'bleng (Ger.)

Aichach, i'chach (Ger.)

Aidin, i-den' (As. Mi.)
Aigle, a'gl (Switz. Fr.)
Aigues-mortes, ag-mort' (Fr.)
Ain, an (Fr.) dep.

Air, år (Fr.)

Aisne, an (Fr.) dep.

Aix, aks (Fr.)

Aix la Chapelle, aks lä shä-pel' (Ger.)

Ajaccio, ä-yäch'o (It.)

Ajmeer or Ajmír, aj-mēr (Ind.)
Akabah, ä-ka-bäh' (Ar.)

Akbarrabad, akʼbär-rä-bad" (Ind.)
Akermann, a'ker-man (Rus.)
Akesh, ä'kesh (Rus.)
Akhal, a-chal' (As.)'
Akhalzikh, ä-chal'tsech (Rus.)
Akhdar, äch-där (Ar.)
Akhissar, ak-his-sär' (As. Tur.)
Akhtirka, äch-tēr'kä (Rus.)
Akreyri, ak-ri'rē (Iceld.)
Aktatchi, äk-tat'ché (Rus.)
Alabama, al-a-ba'ma (U. S.)
Alachua, a-lach'u-a (U. S.)

Alacranes, a-la-kra'nes (Mex.) isl.
Alaghir, al-a-gēr' (As. Tur.) r.
Alagoas, ä-la-gō'as (Braz.)

Alagon, a-la-gōn' (Sp.)

Alaguela, al-la-gā'lä (Cent. Am.)
Alais, à-la' (Fr.)

Alalo, ä-la'lo (Rus.)

Alameda, a-la-me'тHa (Sp.)

Alamillo, ä-lä-mēl'lyō (Sp.)

Alamomocho, ä-lä-mō-mo'chō (Mex.) Alamora, ä-la-mō'ra (Sp.)

Aland, a'land; Swed. pron. o'land (Rus.)

isl.

Albinona, al-bé-nō'nä (It.)

Albuera, al-by-e'rä (Sp.)

Albula, äl'bu-la (Switz.) r.

Albuquerque, al-by-ker ́kā (Mex. Sp.)
Albury, al'be-ri (N. S. W.)
Alcala, al-kä-lä' (Sp.)

Alcala de Henares, al-kä-lä' de e-nä'res

Alcañiz, äl-ka-nyeth' (Sp.)
Alcantara, al-kan'tä-ra (Sp.)
Alcantarilla, al-kan-tä-rel'lyä (Sp.)
Alcaraz, äl-ka-rath' (Sp.)

Alcazar de San Juan, äl-kä-thär' de sän chö-än' (Sp.)

Alcino, al-ché'no (It.) mt.
Alcira, al-the'ra (Sp.)

AMLWCH

Alcoy, al-ko'ē (Sp.)

Alcudia, al-ko'тнe-a (Sp.)

Aldea Gallega, äl-de'a ga-lye'gä (Sp.)
Alderney, al'der-ni (Eng.) ist.
Alei, ä-la'e (Sib.)

Alemtejo, a-len-tā'zhō (Port.)

Alençon, a-lafi-son' (Fr.)

Alepho, ä-la'fō (Rus.)

Aleppo, ä-lep'po (Tur.)

Aleria, a-la-re'a (Cors.)

Alessandria, ä-les-sän ́dré-a (It.)

Alet, ä-la' (Fr.)

Aleutian, al-yo'ti-an (N. Am.) isl.

Alexandria, a-legz-an'dri-a (Eg.)

Alfaques, al-fa'kes (Sp.)

Alfidena, äl-fé-dā'na (It.)

Algarinejo, äl-ga-rë-ne'ĉhō (Sp.)

Algarve, äl-gar'vä (Port.)

Algeciras, al-che-the'räs (Sp.)

Algeria, al-jë'ri-a (Af.)

Alghero, al-ga'rō (It.)

Algiers, al-jerz' (Af.)

Algoa Bay, al-gō'a bã (Af.)
Algonquin, äl-gon'kwin (Can.)
Alhama, äl-ä'ma (Sp.)

Alhucemas, al-u-the'mas (Mar.)

Alibunar, a-le-bo-när' (Aust.)

Alicante, à-le-kän'te (Sp.)

Alicata, a-le-kä ́tä (It.)
Alicudi, ä-lé-ko’dē (It.) isl.
Alife, a-le'fa (It.)

Alighur, ä-le-ghur (Ind.)
Ali-Musjid, a-lē-mus-jèd' (Afg.)
Al Jezireh, al je-ze're (As. Tur)
Aljezur, äl-che-thör (Sp.)
Allahabad, al'la-hä-bad" (Ind.)
Alleghany, al-le-ga'ni (U. S.)
Allier, al-lé-a' (Fr.)

Alloa, allo-a (Scot.)

Almachik, al'ma-chek (Rus.)

Almaden, äl-ma'тHen (Sp.)
Almagro, äl-mä'grö (Sp.)

Almali, äl-ma-le' (Tur.)

Almeida, äl-ma'ē-da (Port.)
Almenara, äl-me-nä'ra (Sp.)

Almendolara, äl-men-do-la'rä (It.)

Almeria, äl-me-rē'a (Sp.)

Almerode, äl-ma-rõ ́de (Ger.)

Almuñecar, äl-mö-nye-kar' (Sp.)

Alnmouth, al'muth (Eng.)

Alnwick, an'ik (Eng.)

Alora, ä-lō'rä (Sp.)

Alost, a-lost' (Bel.)

Alpes, alp (Fr.)

Alphen, al'fen (Neth.)

Alpujarras, al-po-char'räs (Sp. Mex.)

Alsace, äl-sas' (Ger.)

Alsbjerg, als byerg (Den.)

Alstahoug, al-sta-houg' (Nor.)

Altai, al-ti' (As.) mts.

Altamaha, al-ta-ma-ha' (U. S.)

Altamura, äl-tä-mö'ra (It.)

Altenkirchen, äl'ten-ker-chen (Ger.)

Altkirch, ält-kērch' (Ger.)

Altona, ältō-na (Ger.)

Altona, äl-tö'na (Tur.)

Altringham, al'tring-am (Eng.)

Aluta, a-lö'ta (Roum.) r.

Alvarado, al-và ra THỎ (Mex.)

Alvito, äl-ve'tō (Sp.)

Alyth, a'lith (Scot.)

Amager, ä'mä-ger (Den.) isl.

Amal, o'mal (Swe.)

Amarapura, ä-mä-rä-po'rä (Bur.)

Amasia, ä-mä'sē-a (Tur.)

Amazon, am'a-zon (S. Am.)

Amazonas, am-a-zo'nas (Braz.); am-a

so'nas (Span. Am.)

Ambato, am-ba'tō (Ecuad.)

Ambau, ämbou (Fiji) isl.

Ambert, on-bâr' (Fr.)

Ambleteuse, on-bl-teuz' (Fr.)

Amboina, am-boi'na (East. Arch.) isl.

Amboise, on-bwąz' (Fr.)

Amboy, am'boi (U. S.)

Ameland, a'me-länt (Neth.) isl.

Amersfoort, ä'merz-fört (Neth.)

Amoor, ä-mör (As.) r. and dist.
Amoy, ä-moi' (China)
Amposta, äm-pos'ta (Sp.)
Amritsar, äm-rit'sar (Ind.)
Amur, ä-mör' (As.) r. and dist.
Anadolia, ä-nä-dō ́lē-a (Tur.)

Anagada de Fuera, ä-nä-gä'THä de fy-e’

rå (Mex.)

Anahuac, ä-nä-wäk' (Mex.)

Anam, ä-näm' (As.)

Anaradhapura or Anarajapoora, ä-náräd-ha-pö'ra, ä-nä-rä-jä-pö'rä (Ceylon)

Anatolia, a-na-tō'lē-a (As.)
Ancachs, an-kachs' (Peru)
Ancona, än-kō'nä (It.)

Andalusia, än-da-lo'shë-a; Sp. Andalu

cia, än-da-lu-the'a (Sp.)
Andaman, an-da-män' (Ind.) isls.
Andelfingen, än-del-fing'en (Switz.)
Andkhoo, and-kho' (Tart.)
Andover, an'do-vér (Eng.; U. S.)
Andreasberg, än-dra'äs-berg (Ger.)

Andrews, St., sånt, colloquially sint

an'dröz (Scot.)

Anegada, an-e-ga'da (W. Ind.) isl.
Angerman, ong'ér-man (Swe.)
Angermünde, ang-ér-mün'de (Prus.)
Angers, où-zha' (Fr.)

Angillon, on-zhel-lyōn' or on-zhe-yōn'

(Fr.)

Anglesey, ang'gl-së (Eng.)

Angola, än-goʻlá (Af.)

Angora, än-go'rä (Tur.)

Angostura, än-gös-tö'rå (Venez.)

Angouleme, of-gö-lâm' (Fr.)

Angoumois, on-gö-mwa' (Fr.)

Angra Pequeña, ang gra på-ká'nya (Af.)

Anguilla, ang-gil'la (W. Ind.) isl.

Anholtby, an hōlt-bǎ (Den.)

Anjer, an'yer (Java)

Anjou, on-zho' (Fr.)

Ankobar, än-kō'bär (Abyss.)

Ankova, än-kō'vä (Madag.)

Annamaboe, an-nam'a-bo (Af.)

Annapolis, an-nap'o-lis (N. S.)
Annecy, an-se' (Fr.)

Annobon, an'no-bon (Af.) isl.
Annonay, än-no-na' (Fr.)
Antakia, än-tä-kē'a (Syr.)

Antananarivo, an-ta-na-na-rẻ võ

(Madag.)

Appalachicola, ap-pa-la-chi-kōʻla (U.S.) Appenzell, äp-pen-tsel' (Switz.)

Appomattox, ap-po-mat'toks (U. S.)

Aprouague, a-prö-äg' (Fr. Gui) r.
Apure, ä-po'ra (S. Am.)

Apurimac, ä-po'ré-mak (S. Am.)

Aquafreddo, a-hwi-frād’do (It.)
Aquila, ä'kwe-lä (It.)
Arabia, a-ra'bi-a (As.)

Aracan, ä-ra-kan' (Brit. Bur.)

Arad, or'od (Aust.) ft.

Arafat, ä-rä-fat' (Ar.) mt.

Aragon, ä'ra-gon (Sp.)
Aragona, ä-ra-gō'na (It.)

Araguaya, a-rä-gwi'ä (Braz.) r.
Aral, a'ral (Cent. As.)

Aranjuez, ä-rän-cho-eth' (Sp.)
Arapahoe, a-rap'a-hō (U. S.)
Ararat, ä'rä-rät (Armen.) mt.

Araucania, ä-rou-kä'nē-à (Chile)

Arauco, ä-rou’kō (Chile)

(Scot.)

ärd-na- mur' èhan

Ardoch, är'doch (Scot.)

Ardres, är'dr (Fr.)

Ardrishaig, ärd-rish'ag (Scot.)

Arena, ä-ra'nä (It.) r.

Arenas, ä-re'näs (Sp.; Mex.)
Arequipa, a-re-kè'på (Peru)
Arevalo, ä-re-vä'lo (Sp.)

Arezzo, ä-rat'tsō (It.)

Argelès, är-zhe-la' (Fr.)
Argens, är-zhon' (Fr.)

Argentaro, är-ján-tä'rỏ (It.) mt.
Argentat, är-zhon-tä' (Fr.)
Argenteuil, är-zhon-teû-e'lye or är-
zhan-teû-e'ye (Fr.)

Argentières, är-zhon-të-ar (Fr.)
Argentine (Confederation), ärʼjen-tin;
Sp. Confederacion Argentina, kon-
fed-e-rä'thi-ön är-chen-te'na(S. Am.)
Argenton, är-zhon'tōn (Fr.)
Arghandab, ar-gund'ab (Afg.)
Argostoli, är-gos'to-lē (Gr.)
Argyle, är-gil' (Scot.)
Ariano, ä-re-ä'nō (It.)
Arica, ä-rē kā (Peru)
Ariège, a-re-azh' (Fr.)
Arignano, a-re-nya'no (It.)
Arish, el, el ä'rësh (Eg.)
Arispe, ä-rês'pe (Mex.)
Arizona, ä-ri-zō'nä (U. S.)
Arjonilla, är-chō-nel'lyä (Sp.)
Arkansas, är-kan'sas (U. S.)
Arles, ärl (Fr.)

Armagh, är-mä' (Ir.)

Armagnac, är-ma-nyak' (Fr.)

Armenia, är-me'ni-a (Tur.)

Armentières, är-mon-tyār' (Fr.)

Arnemuiden, är-ne-moi'den (Hol.)
Arnould, är-nöl' (Fr.)
Aroa, a-ro'a (Venez.)
Aroe.

See Arroo.

Aroostook, ä-rös'tuk (U. S.)
Arouat, el, el a-rö'wät (Af.)

Arpajon, är-pä-zhōn' (Fr.)

Arpino, är-pe'nō (It.)

Arques, ärk (Fr.)`

Arras, ar-ra' (Fr.)

Arrecife, är-ra-se'fe (Can. Isls.)

Arrochar, är'roch-är (Scot.)

Arroo, Arru, är'rö (East. Arch.) isls.
Arth, ärt (Switz.)

Artois, är-twa' (Fr.)

Artuan, är-tö'än (Tur.)

Aruba, ä-ro'ba (S. Am.) isl.

Arundel, a'run-del (Eng.); a-run'del (U. S.)

Arve, år'vā (It.) r.
Ascalon, as'ka-lon (Syr.)

Ascension, as-sen'shon (Atl. Oc.) isl.
Aschaffenburg, ä-shäf'fen-börg (Bav.)
Aschersleben, äsh'èrz-la-ben (Prus.)
Ascoli Piceno, as'ko-lē pē-cha'nō (It.)
Ashantee, ä-shän'tē or ash-an-të' (Af.)
Asia, a'shi-a

Asinara, ä-se-nä'rä (It.)
Asir, ä-sēr' (Ar.)

Aspropotamos, as-prō-pot'a-mos (Gr.)
Assam, as-sam' (Ind.)

Assaye, as-si' (Ind.)

Asseerghur, as-sēr-ghur′ (Ind.)

Assen, äs'sen (Neth.)

Assiniboine, as-sin'i-boin (Can.)

Assmannshausen,

Aurillac, ō-rel-lyäk' or ō-rē-yäk' (Fr.) Aurungabad, a-rung-ga-bad' (Ind.) Austerlitz, ous'tér-lēts (Aust.)

Australasia, as-tral-a'shi-a

Australia, as-trā'li-a

Autun, ō-tun' (Fr.)

Auvergne, ō-ver'nye (Fr.)
Auxerre, os-sär′ (Fr.)
Auxonne, ös-son' (Fr.)
Aveiro, ä-vā'ē-rō (Port.)
Avellino, ä-val-lē'nō (It.)
Avesnes, ä-vän' (Fr.)

Aveyron, ä-va-rōn' (Fr.) dep.
Avignon, ä-ve-nyōn' (Fr.)
Avila, ä'vi-lä (Sp.)

Avoyelles, a-voi-elz', popularly a-vï'el (U.S.)

Avranches, ä-vrofish' (Fr.)

Ayacucho, ä-yä-kö'chō (Peru)
Ayasoluk. See Aiasoluk.

Aymara, i-mä-rä' (S. Am.) tr.
Ayr, år (Scot.)

Ayuthia, a-yöt hē-a (Siam.)

Azerbaijan, Azerbijan, a-zer-bi-jan' (Per.)

Azof, az'of; Rus. pron. ä-zof' (Rus.)
Azores, ä-zõrz

Azua de Compostela, a-zö'a de kompos-tel'a (Hayti)

Azuay, az-u-i' (Ecuad.)
Azuey a-zö'a (Hayti)

B.

Baalbec, bäl-bek' (Syr.)

Baardwijk, bärd'vik (Neth.)

Babadagh, bä-bä-dag (Bulg.)

Babelmandeb, ba-bel-man'deb (Ar.)

Bacchiglione, bäk-ke-lyo'nā (It.)

Bacharach, ba-cha-räch' (Ger.)

Bacs, bach (Hung.)

Badagry, ba-da'gri (Af.)

Badajoz, ba-THä-choth' (Sp.)

Badakhshan, bud-uch-shan' (As.)

Badalona, ba-THä-lō'nä (Sp.)

Baden, ba'den (Ger.; Switz.; Aust.)

Badenoch, bad'en-och (Scot.)

Badenweiler, ba'den-vi-lér (Ger.)

Bagamoyo, bag-a-moi'ō (E. `Af.)
Bagdad, bag-däd' (Tur.)`

Bagnères de Bigorre, bä-nyar'dė-be-gōr (Fr.)

Bagnères de Luchon, bä-nyár′ dė-lùshōn' (Fr.)

Bagnes, ba'nye (Switz.)
Bagnols, ba-nyōl' (Fr.)

Bahamas, ba-ha'maz (W. Ind.) isls.

Bahawulpoor, bä-hä'wul-pör" (Ind.)
Bahia, ba-e'a (Braz.)

Bahiuda, ba-hyo'da (Af.)

Bahlingen, bä'ling-en (Ger.)

Bahrein, ba-rā'ēn (Ar.) isls.

Bahr-el-Abiad, bär-el-ab ́ê-ad (Af.)

Bahr-el-Azrek, bär-el-azʼrek (Àf.) ́

Baiern, bi'êrn (Ger.)

Baikal, bi'käl (Sib.) 2.

Assisi, äs-sē'zē (It.)

(Ger.)

Assouan, äs-sö-än' (Eg.)

Astara, as'tä-rä (Transcauc.)
Asterabad, as-te-rä-bad' (Per.)

Astrakhan, äs-trä-kän'; Rus. pron. astra-chan' (Rus.)

Asturias, as-to'rē-äs (Sp.)

Atacama, a-tä-kä'mä (Chile; Bol.)

Atbara, ät-ba'rä (Nubia)

Atchafalaya, ach-a-fa-li'ya (U. S.)

Athabasca, a-tha-bas'ka (Can.)

Athenry, ath'en-ri (Ir.)

Athens, ath'enz (Gr.)

Athlone, ath-lōn' (Ir.)

Athy, a-thi (Ir)

Atrato, a-tra'to (Col.) r.

Aube, ōb (Fr.)

Aubigny, o-be-nye' (Fr.)
Aubusson, ō-bus-sōn' (Fr.)
Auch, ōsh (Fr.)

Auchinleck,ach-en-lek' or af-flek' (Scot.)
Auchterarder, ach-tér-är'der (Scot.)
Auchtermuchty,ach-tér-much'ti (Scot.)
Aude, ōd (Fr.)

Audenarde, ō-de-närd' (Belg.)

Bailen, ba-e-len' (Sp.)

Baileschdi, bi-lash'dé (Tur.)

Bairamdere, bi-räm'dā-rā (Tur.)

Baireuth, bi'roit (Ger.)

Bajezid, ba-ya-zēd' (Tur.)

Bakchili, bak-chēlē (Rus.)

Bakhteghan, bach-ta-chan' (Per.)

Bakonyer Wald, bä-kōn'yer väld (Hung.)

Baktchiserai, bak'che-sã-rä"ē (Rus.)

Bala, ba'la (Wales)

Balaclava, ba-lä-klä’vä (Rus.) h.

Balaghauts, ba'la-gats (Ind.)

Balaguer, bä-lä-ger' (Sp.)

Balakhna, ba-läch'na (Rus.)

Balasore, bä-lä-sōr' (Ind.)

Balaton, bal'a-ton; Hung. Bálatony, ba'la-tony (Hung.) 1.

Balbriggan, bal-brig'gan (Ir.)
Bâle, bal (Switz.)
Balfrush, bal-frosh' (Per.)
Bali, bǎ'lē (East. Arch.) isl.
Balize, ba-lez' (Cent. Am.)
Balkan, bäl-kän' (Tur.) mt.
Balkh, balch (Tart.)

Ballarat, bal'a-rat (Austral.)

Ballina, bal'li-na (Ir.)

Ballinasloe, bal-li-nas-lo' (Ir.)
Ballon, bal-lon' (Fr.)

Arcot, är-kot' (Ind.)

Augsburg, ougz'börg (Ger.)

German, ch, nacht.

754

Ballymena, bal-li-me'na (Ir.)

Balsamo, Costa de, kos'ta de bäl-sä'mo (Cent. Am.)

Baltic, bal'tik, sea

Baltimore, bal'ti-mor (U. S.)

Balukha, ba-lö'cha (As.) mt.
Banat, ba-nat' (Aust.)

Banff, bamf (Scot.)

Bangalore, bang-gå-lor' (Ind.)

Bangor, bangger(Wales);bang gor(U.S.)
Bangweolo, bang-we-o'lō (Af.) l.
Banjermassin,ban-jer-mas'sen (Borneo)
Bankullan, ban-kul'lan (East. Arch.)
Bannalec, ban-na-lek' (Fr.)
Bannockburn, ban'nok-bèrn (Scot.)
Baños, ba-nyōs' (Sp.)
Bantam, ban-tam' (Java)

Banya, Nagy, nodzh-ban'ya (Hung.)
Bapaume, ba-pōm' (Fr.)
Baraba, ba-ra-ba' (Sib.)
Baratala, bä-ra-tä'lá (Ás.) 7.
Barbados, bär-bā'dōz (W. Ind.)
Barbary, bar'ba-ri (Af.)

Barbuda, bar-bo'da (W. Ind.)
Barcellos, bär-thel'lyōs (Sp.)
Barcelona, bär-the-lō'nä (Sp.)
Barcelonetta, bär-the-lo-net'ta (Sp.)
Barcelonette, bär-se-lo-net' (Fr.)
Barèges, bä-rázh' (Fr.)

Bareily, bä-ra'i-li (Ind.)

Barfleur, bär fleur (Fr.)

Barile, ba-re'là (It.)

förd-sher (Eng.)

Bedouin or Beduin, bed'y-ên"

Beerbhoom, bér-bhöm' (Ind.)

Behbehan, be-be-han' (Per.)

Behrend, ba'rent (Prus.)

Behring's Strait, ba'ringz strat

Beilitskoi, bi-lits'kö-e (Rus.)
Beira, ba'ê-ra (Port.)

Beirout or Beirut. See Beyroot.
Beja, ba'zha (Port.)

Bejapoor, be-ja-por' (Ind.)

Bekes, ba-kesh' (Hung.)

Belem, ba-len' (Port.)

Belfast, bel-fast' (Ir.); bel'fast (U. S.)

Belgaum, bel-goum' (Ind.)

Belgiojoso, bál-jō-yō'sō (It.) Belgradchik, bal-grat'chek (Tur.) Belgrade, bel-grad' (Servia)

MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES.

Belize, bel-ez' (Brit. Hond.)

Bellano, bel-lä'nō (It.)

Belle Alliance, bel al-le-ons' (Bel.) Bellefontaine, bel-fön-tán' (Fr.); bel

fon'ten (U. S.)

Belle Isle, bel il (N. Am.)

Bellinzona, bel-len-tso'na (Switz.)
Bellunese, bel-lö-nā'zā (It.)
Belluno, bel-lö'nō (It.)

Belmonte, bel-mōn'te (Sp.); bel-mont' (U. S.)

Beloochistan, be-lö-chis-tän' (As.)
Belorado, be-lo-rä'Tнỏ (Sp.)
Benares, be-nä'res (Ind.)
Benbecula, ben-bek'yu-la (Scot.)
Bencoolen, ben-köʻlen (Sumatra)
Bendigo, ben'di-gō (Austral.)
Bengal, ben-gal' (Ind.)
Bengazi, ben-ga'zē (Tripoli)
Benguela, ben-ga ́la (Af.)
Benicarlo; be-nē-kar lo (Sp.)
Benin, ben-ên' (Af.)
Benisueff, ba-ne-swef' (Eg.)
Benkoelen, ben-ko'len (Sumatra)
Bentheim, bent'him (Ger.)
Beraun, be-roun' (Aust.) r.
Berbera, ber′be-rä (Af.)
Berberino, bar-ba-rē'no (It.)
Berbice, bêr-bēs' (Gui.)

Berchtesgaden, berch'tes-ga-den (Ger.)

Beresina, ba-rā-zē'na (Rus.)

Berezan, ba-ra-zan' (Rus.) ist.

Berezov, ba-ra-zof' (Rus.)

Bergama, ber-gä'mä (As. Mi.)

Bergamo, bar'ga-mō (It.)
Bergen, bergen

Bergen-op-Zoom, ber'chen-op-zōm (Neth.)

Beringen, ba'ring-en (Switz.)
Berkhampstead, berk'ham-sted (Eng.)
Berkshire, bêrk'shër or bêrk'sher (Eng.)
Berlichingen, bar'lech-ing-en (Ger.)
Berlikum, bar/le-kum (Neth.)
Berlin, bar-lên (Prus.)
Bermudas, bér-myö'daz, isls.
Bernera, bêr'ne-ra (Scot.) isl.
Berrima, ber'ri-ma (Austral.) r.
Berthier, berté-à (Can.)

Bertischwyl, bar'tesh-vēl (Switz.)
Berwick, bér'ik (Scot.)
Besançon, ba-zon-sōn' (Fr.)
Besika, ba-se'ka (Tur.) b.

Bessarabia, bes-sa-ra'bi-a (Rus.)
Betanzos, be-tän'thōs (Sp.)
Béthune, ba-tŭn' (Fr.)`
Bettona, bet-tō'nä (It.)

Bettws, bet'tuz (Wales)
Beuthen, boi'ten (Prus.)

Bevedero, be-ve-de'rō (Arg Con.) l.
Beveland, ba'vå lant (Neth.)

Beveren, ba'vê-ren (Neth.)

Bevilacqua, ba-vēl-a'kwa (It.)

Beverwijk, ba'věr-vik (Neth.)

Bewdley, bud'li (Eng.)

Bex, beks (Switz.)

Beyra, ba'é-ra (Port.)

Beyroot or Beirut, Turkish pron. bi'röt,

Arab. pron. baʼrot (Syr.)

Beziers, ba-zē-ā' (Fr.)

Bezoara, be-zō-ä'rä (Ind.)

Bhaugulpore, bha-gul-por' (Ind.)

Bhopaul, bho-pal' (Ind.)

Bideford, bid'e-ford (Eng.)

Bidschow, bed-sho' (Bohem.)

Biecz, byech (Aust. Gal.)

Bielaia Tserkov, bē-à-lä'yä tsér-kof' (Rus.)

Bielefeld, be'le-felt (Ger)
Bielgorod, bé-al'gō-rod (Rus.)
Bielitz, bé'lēts (Aust.)

Bielo, be-ya'lō (Rus.) 7.

Bielo Ozero, bê-ya'lō ō-zā'rō (Rus.)

Bielsk, be-yalsk' (Rus.)
Bienne, bé-en' (Switz.) 7.

Bienvenida, be-en-ve-ne'THǎ (Sp.)

Biervliet, ber'vlēt (Neth.)
Biesbosch, bes'bōsch (Neth.)
Biggleswade, big'glz-wad (Eng.)
Bihacs, be-hach' (Bosnia)
Bilbao, bel-ba'ō (Sp.)

Biledulgerid, bil-ed-ul-je-red' (Af.)
Billericay, bil'lé-ri-kā (Eng.)
Billiton, billi-ton (East. Arch.) isl.

Binasco, be-näs′kō (It.)
Bindrabund, bin'dra-bund (Ind.)
Bingen, beng'en (Ger)
Biobio, bê-ō-bē'ō (S. Am.) r.
Birkenfeld, bēr'ken-felt (Ger.)
Birkenhead, bérken-hed (Eng)
Birket-el-Kerun, ber-kat el-ka-rön"

(Eg.)

Birmingham, bér'ming-am (Eng.)
Bisaccia, be-sach'a (It.)
Bisceglie, be-shal'ya (It.)

Bischweiler, bish-vil'èr (Ger.)

Bisignano, be-sẽ-nya'nō (It.)
Biskra, běs'kra (Af.)

Bissagos, bes-sa'gos (Af.) isle.
Bissao, bes-sä ́ó (Af.)

Bissayas, bes-si'as (Philip.)
Biwano-Oumi, be-wa'no-o"mě (Jap.)
Bizerta, be-zár'ta (Tunis)
Björkö, byeur'keu (Swe.)

Björneborg, byeur'ne-borg (Rus.)
Blaavand's Hook, blo'vänd (Den.)
Blair-Athole, blár-ath'öl (Scot.)
Blairgowrie, blar-gou'ri (Scot.)
Blanc, le, le blon' (Fr.) mt.

Blankenberghe, blanken-berg (Bel)
Blankenese, blán-ke-näʼzã (Den.)
Blankenhain, bläng'ken-hin (Ger.)
Blantyre, blan-tir' (Scot.)

Bleybach, bli'bach (Switz.)

Bligh, bli (Austral.)

Blitong, ble'tong (East. Arch.

Blois, blwa (Fr.)

Blokzijl, blok'zil (Neth.)

Bludenz, blo'dents (Aust.)

Bobbio, bob'bë-ō (It.)

Bobrov, bo-brof' (Rus.)

Bocage, bo-käzh' (Fr.)'

Bochetta Pass, bō-ket'tä (It.).

Bochnia, boch'në-a (Aust. Gal)

Bocholz, bō'cholz (Neth.)

Bochum, boch'öm (Ger.)

Bodensee, bo'den-zē (Ger.) l.

Boeotia, be-o'shi-a (Gr.)

Bog, bög (Rus.) r.

Bogoievlensk, bō-gō'yef-lensk (Rus.)

Bogoroditsk, bo'gō-rod-itsk (Rus.)

Bogorodsk, bo'gō-rodsk (Rus.)

Bogota, bō-gō-tä' (Col.)

Bohemia, bō-hë'mi-a (Aust.)

Böhmen, beù'men (Aust.)

Böhmerwald, beu'mer-vald (Bohem.)

Bohol, bō-hol' (Philip.)

Bohus, bohus (Swe)

Bois le Duc, bwa lé dúk (Neth.)
Boizenburg, bō-et'sen-borg (Ger.)

Bojador, bo'ya-dör (Af.) c.

Bojano, bo-ya'nō (It)

Bokhara, bo-chä'ra (Tur.)

Bolan, bo'lan (Afg.)

Bolivar, bō-le-vär (Mex.)

Bolivia, bō-li'vē-ä (S. Am. )

Bolkonskai, bol-kons'ki (Rus.)

Bologna, bo-lö'nya (It.)

Bolognese, bō-lô-nya'zá (It.)

Bolonchen, boō-lon-chen' (Mex.)

Bolsena, bōl-să'nä (It.)

Bolsward, bõls'värd (Neth.)

Bolzano, bol-tsa'nō (Aust.)

Bomarsund, bo'mär-sond (Rus.)

Bombay, bom-ba' (Ind.)

Bonaire, bo-nar' (W. Ind.)

Bondeno, bon-dā'nō (It.)

Bonhill, bon'hil (Scot.)

Boni, bō-ne' (Celebes)

Bonifaccio, bo-nē-fat chō (It.)
Bonin, bō-nen' (Pac. Oc.) ists.
Bonito, bo-në'tō (It.)

Bonnetable, bon-tä'bl (Fr.)

Bonoa, bō-no'a (East. Arch.)

Boodroom, böd-röm' (Tur.)

Boorhanpoor, bör-han-por (Ind.)

Bootan, bo-tan' (Ind.)

Boothia, böTH'i-a (N. Am. )

Borabora, bo'ra-bō'ra (Soc. Isls.) Boras, bo'ròs (Sc. Pen)

Borculo, bor-ku-lõ' (Neth.)

Bordeaux, bor-dö' (Fr.)

Bordelais, bor-de-là' (Fr.)

Borga, bor'go (Finland)

Bormida, bōr-mé ́da (It.) r.

Bormio, bor'mē-ō (It.)

Borneo, bor'ně-ō (East. Arch.) is!.

Bornholm, born'hōlm (Swe.)

Bornu, bôr-no' (Af.)

Borodino, bó-rô-dē’nõ (Rus.)

Borregaard, bor're-gord (Den.)

Borsod, bor'shod (Hung.)