780 Wladimir, vla'dē-mēr (Rus.) Wollaston, wollas-ton (N. Am.) Wollishofen, võl'lès-hōf-en (Switz.) Wolverhampton, wyl-vér-hamp'ton (Eng.) Wolverley, wul'vér-li (Eng.) Wooler, wul'êr (Eng.) Woollya, wöllyä (S. Am.) Woonsocket, wön-sok'et (U. S.) Woosue, wo-su-a' (China) Wootton Basset, wö'ten bas'set (Eng.) Workington, wèrk'ing-ton (Eng.) Wormeldingen, vor-mel'ding-en (Neth.) Worsborough, wêrs'bu-ru (Eng.) Worsley, wêrs'lē (Eng.) Wörth, veurt (Ger.) Worthing, wer'THing (Eng.) Wortley, wêrt'li (Eng.) Woudrichem, vou'dre-chem (Neth.) Wouw, vouv (Neth.) Woznesensk, voz-nā-sānsk' (Rus.) Wrangell Land, rang'gel land (Arc. Oc.) Wrekin, rek'in (Eng.) Wrexham, reks'am (Eng.) Writtle, rit'tl (Eng) Wrockwardine, rok-war'din (Eng.) Wulur, wu-lör' (Ind.) 7. Wunsiedel, vönʼzě-del (Ger.) Wunzendake, wun'zen-dä-kä (Jap.) mt. Wurda, wur'da (Ind.) Würtemberg, vùr'tem-berg (Ger.) Würzburg, vürts'borg (Ger.) Wurzen, vör'tsen (Ger.) Wustani, wus-ta'ně (Eg.) Wusterhausen, vös'ter-houz-en (Prus.) Wyandot, wi'an-dot (U. S.) Wyborg, ve'borg (Rus.) Wycombe, wi'kom (Eng.) Wye, wi (Eng.) r. Wyenbash, ve'an-bash (Rus.) Wyk, wük (Den.) Wymondham or Wyndham, wi'mond ham or wind'am (Eng.) Wynaad, wi-näd' (Ind.) Wyvis, Ben, ben wi'vis (Scot.) mt. X. (For most Spanish names in X see under J.) Xalapa, cha-lä'pä (Mex.) Xamiltepec, cha-mel'te-pek (Mex.) Xauten, ksän'ten (Ger.) Xarayes, sha-ra'yas (Braz.) dist. Xativa, cha-të'va (Sp.) Xavier, San, sản chave-ār (S. Am.) Xenia, ze'ni-a (U. S.) Xenil, che-nel' (Sp.) Xeres, cher-es' (Sp.) Xingu, shen'go (Braz.) r. Xulla, ksöllä (East. Arch.) isls. Y. Yablonoi, yab-lõ-nõ′ē (Sib.) mts. Yadkin, yad'kin (U. S.) Fäte, fär, fat, fall; j, job; y, yes; MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. me, met, hér, golden; TH, then; th, thin; Yaguache, yä-gwä'che (Ecuad.) Yarra Yarra, yar'rä yärʼra (Austral.) r. Yarrow, yar'rō (Scot.) Yazoo, ya-zo (U. S.) Ybicui, e-be-kwế' (Úrug.) Yça, e'sa (Peru) Yeadon, ye'don (Eng.) Yeni Bazar, ya'nē ba-zär' (Bosnia) Yenikalé, ya-nē-kä'lā (Rus.) st. and ft. Yeniseisk, ya-nē-sa'ēsk (Sib.) Yeou, ya-o' (Cent. Af.) r. Yeovil, yo'vil (Eng.) Yetholm, yet'um (Scot.) Yezd, yezd (Per.) Yezdikhast, yez-de-käst' (Per.) Ylopango, e-lo-pan'go (Cent. Am.) 7. Yola, yo'la (Cent. Af.) Yonkers, yongkérz (Ú. S.) Yoomadung, yo'ma-dung (Ind.) mts. Yosemite, yō-sem'i-te (U. S.) Ypres (French) or Ypern (Flemish), Yssel, is'sel (Neth.) r. Ysselmond, is'sel-mond (Neth.) Yssengeaux, és-son-go' (Fr.) Ystad, u'städ (Swe.) Ystwith, ist'with (Wales) r. Ythan, ith'an (Scot.) r. Yucatan, yo-ka-tan' (Mex) Yukari Sobla, yö-kä're sō'hila (Rus.) Yukon, yu'kon (N. Am.) r. Yverdon, e-var-dön' (Switz.) Zagazig, zä-ga-zēg′ (Eg.) Zalamea, tha-la-mea (Sp.) Zalankoi, za-lan'kō-è (Rus.) Zalathna, zo-lot'no (Transyl.) Zaleszcyki, zä-lash-ché'kë (Aust. Gal.) Zambezi or Zambesi, zam-bé'zi (Af.) r. Zamora, thä-mō'rä (Sp.); să-mo'ra (Mex.) Zancara, than-kä'rä (Sp.) r. Zanzibar, zan-zē-bar (Af.) Zapatosa, sa-pa-to'sa (Col. )7. Zara, tsa'rä; Ital. pron. dza'ra (Dalmat.) Zarafshan, za-räf'shän” (Sib.) Zarskoe-Selo, tsar'sko-a-sa-lo" (Rus.) Zaruma, sä-ro'mä (S. Am.) Zbarasz, zba'räsh (Aust. Gal.) Zea, zē'a (Gr.) isl. Zebayer, za-ba'yar (Red Sea) isls. Zebid, za-bed' (Ar.)` Zeeland, za lant (Neth.) Zehdenick, tsa'de-nek (Prus.) Zehree, zech-re' (Belooch.) Zeijst, za ist (Neth.) Zeila, za'la (Af.) Zeitun, za'ton (Gr.) g. Zelaya, se-la'ya (Mex.) Zellerfeld, tsal'ler-felt (Ger.) Zelline, tsál-lē'nå (It.) r. Zempelburg, tsam'pel-börg (Prus.) Zemplin, zem-plen' (Hung.) Zenjan, zan-jan' (Per.) Zerafshan, ze-räf'shan" (Sib.) r. Zerbst, tsårbst (Ger.) Zernagora. See Zrnagora. Zevenaar, zá've-när (Neth.) Zevenhuizen, za-ven-hoiz'en (Neth.) Zeyla, za'la (Af.) Zezere, za-za'ră (Port.) r. Zibello, tse-bāl'lō (It.) Ziegenhain, tse'gen-hin (Ger.) Zillerthal, tseller-tal (Tyrol.) Zimmerwald, tsem'mer-valt (Switz.) Zirez, zerts (Hung.) Zirknitz, tserk'nēts (Aust.) Zizers, tse'tserz (Switz.) Zlatousk, zla-tosk' (Rus.) Złoczow, zlō'chov (Aust. Gal.) Znaim, tsnim (Aust.) Zoest, zöst (Neth.) Zofingen, tso'fing-en (Switz) Zondereinde, zon'der-in-de (S. Af.) mts. Zonnebeke, zōn-nā-bā kā (Bel.) Zonzonate, sōn-so-nä'te (Cent. Am.) Zorita, thō-ré'ta (Sp.) Zouga, zö'ga (S. Af.) r. Zrnagora, cher-nag'ō-ra (Eur.) Zsambek, zham'bek (Hung.) Zubia, La, la tho'bë-a (Sp.) Zuider-Zee, zoi'der-ză (Neth.) Züllichau, tsül'le-chou (Prus.) Zülpich, tsul'pěch (Prus.) Zululand, zo'lö-land (S. Af.) Zundert, Groot, gröt zun'dert (Neth.) Zurgena, thör-che'na (Sp.) Zürich, tsû'rech (Switz.) Zuruma, zu-röʻma (Braz.) r. Zutphen, zut'fen (Neth.) Zuyder-Zee, zoi'der-ză (Neth.) Zvornik, zvôr'něk (Tur.) Zwarte Berg, zvär'te-berg (S. Af) mt. Zwartesluis, zvär'te-slois (Neth.) Zweibrücken, tsvi'brük-en (Ger.) Zweisimmen, tsvi'sêm-men (Switz.) Zwellendam, zvel'len-dam (S. Af.) Zwickau, tsvēk ́kou (Ger.) Zwijndrecht, zvin'drecht (Neth.) Zwittau, tsvet'tou (Aust.) Zwolle, zvolle (Neth.) Zwyndrecht, zvin'drecht (Bel.) Zydaczow, ze-dach'ov (Aust.) Zytomir, zhet-o-mēr (Rus.) oil, pound; ch, chain; g. go ǹ, on. German, ch, nacht FOREIGN WORDS WHICH FREQUENTLY FORM PARTS OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, WITH EXAMPLES OF THEIR USE. Å (Sw.), river, as in Torneå. Aa (Dan. and D.), river, as Groote Aa, great river (Holland). Ab or Aub (Per.), water; as Doab, two rivers; Punjaub, five rivers. Abad (Per., Hind., &c.), house, town; as Akbarabad, town of Akbar; Hyderabad, town of Hyder. Abbas (Per), father; Abbasabad, paternal town or abode. Aber (Celt.), mouth of a river; Aberdeen, town at the mouth of the Dee; Aberavon, mouth of the Avon. Adel (G.), noble; Adelsberg, noble's mountain; Adelsheim, noble's home. Agoa (Pg), Agua (Sp), water; Agoa Fria, cold water; Aguas Calientes, warm waters. Ain (Ar.), a spring; Ain Moosa, spring of Moses. Ak (Turk.), white; Ak-Serai, white palace; Ak-su, white river. Al, El (Ar.), the or a; Alcantara, the bridge; Alcazar, the palace. Allah (Ar.), God; Allahabad, town of God. Alp, Alb (Celt.), an elevated place; Alpnach, high waters. Alsó (Hung), lower, opposite of Felsö, upper; Alsó Lendva. Alt (G.), old; Altdorf (or Altorf), old village; Altenkirchen, old churches. Alta, Alto (Sp., It., Pg.), high; Tierra Alta, high land (Sp.). Ard (Celt.), high, height; Ardglass, green height; Ardnamurchan, height of the great headland. Arl, Adler (G.), eagle; Arlberg, Adlerberg, eagle's mountain. Arroyo (Sp.), rivulet; Arroyo de Puerco, rivulet of the hog. Au, Aue (G), meadow; Reichenau, rich meadow; Goldene Aue, golden meadow. Aven, Avon (Celt.), flowing water; Avonmore, great water; Strathaven, valley of the river. Bab (Ar., Chal.), gate, court; Bab-el-Mandeb, gate of tears. Baba (Turk.), father; Babadagh, father mountain. Bach (G.), brook, rivulet; Erlenbach, alder brook; Fischbach, fish brook; Schwarzenbach, black or dark brook. Bad (G.), bath; Baden, the baths; Carlsbad, Charles's bath. Bahia (Sp., Pg.), bay: Bahia de Todos or Santos, bay of all saints. Bahr (Ar.), sea, river; Bahr Lut, sea of Lot, the Dead Sea; Bahr-el-Abiad, the white river (White Nile). Bal or Bally (Celt.), town; Ballinderry, town of the oak wood; Ballyclare, town on the plain; Ballachulish, town on the strait. Banya (Hung), a mine; Banya-Nagy, great mine; Banya-Felsö, upper mine. Bar (Hind.), country; Malabar, mountainous country. Bazar, Basar (Turk.), market town; NoviBazar or Yeni-Bazar, new market town. Beau, Bel (Fr.), beautiful; Beaulieu, beautiful place; Belmont, beautiful mountain. Bela, Bielo (Rus.), white; Belgrade, white town; Bielaya, white stream. Beled, Bilad (Ar.), country, town; Biledulgerid, country of dates. Bello, Bella (It., Sp., and Pg.), beautiful; Portobello, beautiful port. Ben (Celt.), hill; Ben More, the great hill; Ben Cruachan, the cone-shaped mountain; Ben Macdhui, mountain of the black sow. Bender (Turk., Per.), port; Bender-Abbaz (Persia). Berg (G.), hill, mountain; Carlsberg, Charles's hill; Konigsberg, king's hill; Schwarzenberg, black hill. Beth (Heb.), house; Bethel, house of God; Bethhoron, house of the hollows; Bethlehem, house of bread. Bhúm, Bhoom (Hind.), land, country; Birbhúm, land of heroes. Bir (Ar.), well; Bir-es-Seba, well of seven Bischof (G.), bishop; Bischofsheim, bishop's cape. Bocca (It.), Boca (Sp., Pg.), mouth; Boca Chica, little mouth. Borg (Sw., Dan.), castle; Aalborg, eel town; Frederiksborg. Bosch (D.), wood; Hertogenbosch, duke's wood (Bois-le-duc). Bouroun or Bournu (Turk.), cape; NaratBourun, cape of firs. Bruck, Brück (G.), bridge; Innsbrück, the bridge over the Inn; Zweibrücken, the two bridges. Brugg (Swiss), bridge; Glattbrugg Brunn, Brunnen (G.), well; Schönbrunn, beautiful well. Bueno, Buena (Sp.), good; Buenos Ayres, fine airs; Buena Vista, fine view; Buenaventura, good luck. Burg (G.), castle, fortified place; Rothenburg, red castle; Augsburg, castle of Augustus. By (Dan.), town; Sundby, town on the sound; | Ashby, ash town; Kirkby, church town. Caer, Car (Celt.), fortified place, fortified town; Caer-Caradoc, fort of Caradoc or Caractacus; Carnarvon, fort in Arvon. Casa (Sp.), house; Casas-Grandes, the great houses. Cerro (Sp.), mountain-peak, rugged hill; Cerro de Pasco. Chang and Chung (Chinese), middle; Changchoo-foo; Chang-chuen. Chow (Chinese), island, second-class city; Hang-chow. Cidade (Pg.), city; Cidade do Recife, city of the reef. Cima (It.), mountain-peak; Cima Nove, new peak. Citta (It.), city, town; Citta-di-Castello, town of the castle. Ciudad (Sp.), city; Ciudad Real, royal city; Ciudad-Rodrigo, city of Roderick. Civita (It.), town; Civita Vecchia, old town. Col (Fr.), pass, elevated pass; Col de Géant, giant's pass. Croce (It.), cross; Santa Croce, the holy cross. Croix (Fr.), cross; Sainte Croix, the holy cross. Cruz (Sp.), cross; Vera Cruz, the true cross; Czerna, Czerny, Cherni (Slav.), black; Czernagora, the black mountain (= Montenegro); Czernamore, the Black Sea. Dagh, Tagh (Per., Turk.), mountain or mountain-range; Babadagh, father mountain. Dal (Dan., Sw.), valley, dale; Dal Elf, valley river. Dam (D.), dam; Amsterdam, the dam of the Amstel; Rotterdam, dam of the Rotte. Daria, Darya (Per.), sea, river; Amu Darya, Sir Darya Diva, Din (Hind.), island; the Maldives, Laccadives. Dun (Celt.), fort; Dundee, the fort on the Tay. Eisen (G), iron; Eisenberg, iron mountain; El, Al (Ar.), the or a; El Kantara, the bridge. Eski (Turk), old; Eski-Hissar, old castle; Feld (G), field; Feldkirch, field church; rock. Felso (Hung), upper; opposite of Alsó, lower; Felsö Lendva. Fjeld or Field (Dan.), Fjäll (Sw.), mountain, mountains, as the Drovrefjeld, the Fille Foo (Chinese), first-class city; Tse-nan-foo. Frey, Frei (G.), free; Freiburg, free castle or town. Fried, Frieden (G.), peace; Friedland, land of peace. Fürst (G.), prince; Fürstenwalde, prince's wood. Gamla (Sw.), old; Gamla Karleby, old Charlestown. Garh, Gurh, Ghur (Hind.), castle; Futtehgurh, fort of victory. Gawa (Japanese), river; Sakada-gawa; Sin ano-gawa. Gebirge (G), mountains; Riesengebirge, giant mountains. Ghaut, Ghát (Hind.), a mountain pass, also a landing-place or flight of steps on the side of a river. Giri (Hind.), mountains; Nilgiri (Neilgherry), blue mountains. Gora (Slav.), mountain; Czernagora, black mountain (= Montenegro). Gorod, Grad (Slav.), town; Novgorod, new town. Graf, Grafen (G.), count; Grafenberg, count's hill. Grande (Sp., It., Pg.), great; Rio Grande, great river. Groote (D.), great; Groote Aa, great river. Gross (G.), great; Gross-Glogau; Gross-Biberan. Gunong (Malay), mountain; Gunong Tebur; Gunong Api. Hafen (G.), Havn (Dan.), port; Bremerhafen, port of Bremen; Kjobenhavn, merchant's haven (Copenhagen). Hai (Chi.), sea; Whang-hai, Hoang-hai, yellow sea. Ham, Hamn (Sw.), port; Carlshamn, Charles's haven. Haus (G.), house; Neuhaus, new house; Oberhausen, upper houses. Havn (Dan.), port. See Hafen, Ham. Heim (G), home (=E. -ham); Bischofsheim, bishop's home. Hinter (G.), hinder, lying behind; Hinter Rhein, the name of a head-water of the Rhine. Hissar (Turk.), castle; Ak-Hissar, white castle; Kara-Hissar, black castle. Ho (Chinese), river, canal; Hoang-ho, yellow river; Pei-ho, white river. Hoang (Chinese), yellow; Hoang-ho, yellow river; Hoang-choo, yellow town. Hoch (G.), high; Hochkirch, high church; Hochberg, high mountain. Hof (G.), court, farm, estate; Hof-wyl. Hohe (G), height; Hohenzollern, the height of the Zoller family. Holm (Sw., Dan.), small island; Bornholm, island of Burgundians. Hondo, Honda (Sp.), deep; Rio Hondo, deep river. Île, Isle (Fr.), island; Belleisle, beautiful island; Lisle (l'isle), the island. Inver (Celt.), mouth of a river; Inverness, mouth of the Ness. Irmak (Turk.), river; Kizil-Irmak, red river (the ancient Halys). Isola (It.), Isla (Sp.), Ilha (Pg.), island; Isola Bella, beautiful island; Ilha Grande, great island. Jebel, Djebel (Ar.), mountain; Jebel Moosa, mount of Moses, the modern Arabic name of Mt. Sinai; Gibraltar, corrupted from Jebel al Tarik, mount of Tarik. Jeni (Turk), new. See Yeni. Jezireh (Ar.), island; Al Jezireh, the name of the region between the Euphrates and Tigris. Kafir (Ar.), infidel; Kafiristan, land of in FOREIGN WORDS IN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Kaiser (G), emperor; Kaiserstuhl, emper- Kale (Turk.), castle; Yeni-kale, new castle; Kiang (Chinese), river; Yang-tse-kiang, son Kil (Celt.), cell, church; Kilpatrick, church or cell of St. Patrick; Kilkenny, church of King (Chinese), town; Pe-king, northern city; Kio, Kei (Japanese), town; Tokio, same as Kirche (G.), church; Kirchdorf, church vil- Kis (Hung.), little; Kis-barath; Kis-ber. Klein (G.), little; Klein-Glogau, as distin- Koh, Kuh (Per.), mountain; Hindu-koh, In- Kol, Kul (Tart.), lake; Kara Kul, black lake; König (G.), king; Königsberg, king's moun- Kopf (G.), head; Schneekopf, snow-head, snow-capped mountain. Köping (Dan., Sw.), market-town; Nyköping, new market-town. Krasnoe (Rus.), pretty; Krasnoe-selo, pretty village. Krasnoi (Rus.), red; Krasnoiarsk, town of the red cliff. Kreis (G), circle, district forming an administrative division. Lago (It., Sp., Pg.), lake; Lago Maggiore, the greater lake. Laguna (It., Sp.), marsh, lagoon. Langen, Lange (G.), long; Langenberg, long mountain. Lauter (G.), clear; Lauterbrunnen, clear Levante (It.), east, eastern region; hence the Licht (G.), light; Lichtenstein, clear stone or Lieu (Fr.), place; Beaulieu, fine place. Maha (Hind.), great; Mahanadi, Mahanuddy, great river. Mark (G.), boundary, march; Markdorf, boundary village. Mark (Scand.), territory; Lappmark, terri- Markt (G.), market; Neumarkt, new market; Mavros, Mavron, Mavro (Gr ), black; Mavron Meer (G.), sea; Schwarzes Meer, the Black Meer (D.), lake; Borkumer Meer, lake of Mond, Monde (D.). mouth; Dendermonde, Mund (G.), mouth; Warnemünde, town at Nagor, Nagar, Nuggur (Hind.), town; Ahmed- Nagy (Hung), great; Nagy-Varad, same as Nahr (Ar.), river; Nahr el Asy, the Orontes Nan (Chinese), southern; Nan-king, southern Negro (It., Sp., Pg.), black; Rio Negro, black Nevado or Nevada (Sp.), snowy; Sierra Ne- Nieder (G.), lower; Niederbronn, lower well; Nor (Mong.), lake; Koko Nor; Lob Nor. Nuevo, Nueva (Sp.), new; Villa Nueva, new Ny (Sw.), new; Nyborg, new town; Nyköp- Ö, Oe, be (Dan., Sw.), island; Sandö, sand 6(Hung), old; 6-Becse. Ober (G.), upper; Oberkirch, upper church; Ola, Oola (Mongolian), mountain; Bogdo- Oost (D.), east; Oostburg, east town; Oost- Ost, Oster, Ester (G.), east; Oesterreich, Ostrog (Rus.), fortress, as the town Ostrog in Oud, Oude (D.), old; Oudenbosch, old wood; Ozero (Rus.), lake; Bielozersk, town on Lake Patam (Hind.), town; Seringapatam, town of Pe (Chinese), north, northern; Peking, the Pei (Chinese), white; Pei-ho, the white river. Piz (Rumonsh), mountain-peak; = It. pizzo, Pol, Poli, Polis, Ple (Gr., Rus., Turk), town; Porto (It., Pg.), harbour; Portobello, beauti- Potamos, Potamo (Gr.), river; Mavropotamo, Puebla (Sp.), village, town; Puebla Nueva, Puerto (Sp.), harbour; Puerto Rico, rich port, Pulo (Malay), island; Pulo Penang, Areca Quebrada (Sp.), ravine, gorge. Ras (Ar.), cape, promontory; Ras-el-had, Rio (Sp., Pg.), river; Rio Grande, great river; Rud, Rood (Per.), river; Heri-rud, Kash-rud, Saki, Misaki (Japanese), cape; Idsumo-saki; Salinas (Sp.), salt lakes or pools. Salz (G.), salt; Salzburg, salt castle, castle on San, Santo, or Santa (Sp., Pg., It.), saint; Schnee (G.), snow; Schneekopf, snow-head, Schwarz (G.), black; Schwarzwald, the Black See (G.), lake; Bodensee, the Lake of Con- Serra (Pg.), Sierra (Sp.), mountain range; Shan (Chinese), mountain; Thian-Shan, moun- Shehr (Turk., Per.), city, house; Eski-Shehr, Si (Chinese), west; Si-Hai, western sea. Sima (Japanese), island; Tsu-Sima, Tanega Sk (Rus.), town; Irkutsk, town on the Irkut; Ski, Skoi, Skoe, Skaia (Rus.), cape; Chukot- Snee (Dan., Sw.), snow; Sneehætten, Sne- Söder (Sw.), south; Söderhamn, south haven. town. Stan (Per.), country; Afghanistan, land of the Afghans; Hindustan, land of the Hindus. Stanitza (Rus.), village, place of encampment. Stein (G.), stone, rock; Ehrenbreitstein, Stor (Sw.), great; Stor A, the great river; Su or Soo (Turk.), lake, river; Ak-su, white river; Kara-su, black water. Sul (Pg.), south; Rio Grande do Sul, grand Szent (Hung.), saint; Szent-Benedek, Saint Sziget (Hung.), island, island town, town at Ta, Tai (Chinese), great; Ta-Kiang, great river, a name of the Yang-tse; Tai-Hu, great lake. Tag or Tagh (Turk., Per.), mountain; AgriTagh, a name of Mount Ararat. Dagh is another form of this word. Tanjong (Malay), cape, point; Tanjong Datu, and other capes in Borneo. Tau (Turk.), mountain; Koshtan-Tau, one of the peaks of Caucasus. Tell (Ar.), hill; Tell-el-Kebir, great hill; Tell- Terra (Pg., It.), Tierra (Sp.), earth, land; Thal (G.), valley; Rheinthal, valley of the Unter (G.), under, lower; Unterwalden, Uj (Hung), new; Uj-Becse or Turkisch-Becse. under or below the woods; Unter Ammergau. Ust (Rus.), mouth; Ust-Ischma, town at the mouth of the Ischma. Val (It.), valley; Val d'Arno, valley of the Valle (Sp., It., Pg.), valley; Valle Hermoso, Vecchio, Vecchia (It.), old; Porto Vecchio, Var, Város (Hung.), fortress, town; Temesvar, castle or fortress on the river Temes. old port; Civita Vecchia, old city. Veld (D.), field; Roggeveld, field or plain of rye. Veliki (Rus.), great; Veliki-Luki. Villa (It., Sp., Pg.), town; Villa Nova, Villa Ville (Fr.), town; Villeneuve, new town, Ab- Vorder (G.), in front; Vorderrhein, one of the Wady (Ar.), valley, a valley with a river in Wald (G.), forest; Schwarzwald, the Black Weiler (G.), village; Badenweiler, village of Weiss (G.), white; Weisskirch, white church; Wiese (G.), meadow; Wiesenthal, meadow Fusi-Yama, Yama (Japanese), mountain; Zee (D.), sea; Zuider Zee, the south sea (as Zuid (D.), south; Zuidland, south land. WORDS, PHRASES, NOTEWORTHY SAYINGS, AND COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS, FROM THE LATIN, THE GREEK, AND MODERN EUROPEAN LANGUAGES, MET WITH IN CURRENT ENGLISH. à bas. [Fr.] Down, down with. Ab extra. [L] From without. Ab incunabilis. [L.] From the cradle. Ab initio. [L.] From the beginning. à bon chat, bon rat. [Fr.] To a good cat, a good rat; well attacked and defended; tit for tat; a Rowland for an Oliver. à bon marché. [Fr.] Cheap; a good bargain. Ab origine. [L.] From the origin or beginning. Ab ovo. [L.] From the egg; from the beginning. Ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From the egg to the apples (as in Roman banquets); from first to last; from beginning to end. à bras ouverts. [Fr.] With open arms. Absence d'esprit. [Fr.] Absence of mind. Absens hæres non erit. [L] The absent one will not be the heir; out of sight out of mind. Absit invidia. [L.] Let there be no ill-will; envy apart. Ab uno disce omnes. [L.] From one specimen judge of all the rest; from a single instance infer the whole. Ab urbe condita. [L] From the building of the city; i.e. Rome. A capite ad calcem. [L.] From head to heel. à chaque saint sa chandelle. [Fr.] To each saint his candle; honour where honour is due. à cheval. [Fr] On horseback. à compte. [Fr.] On account; in part payment. à couvert. [Fr.] Under cover; protected; sheltered. A cruce salus. [L] Salvation from the cross. Ad arbitrium. [L.) At pleasure. Ad calendas Græcas. [L] At the Greek calends; i.e. never, as the Greeks had no calends. Ad captandum vulgus. [L.] To attract or please the rabble. A Deo et rege. [L] From God and the king. Ad eundem gradum. [L.] To the same rank or degree. à deux mains. [Fr.] For two hands; twohanded; having a double office or employment. Ad extremum. [L] To the extreme; at last. Ad gustum. [L.] To one's taste. Adieu, la voiture; adieu, la boutique. [Fr.] over. Ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity. Ad interim. [L.] In the meanwhile. Ad internecionem. [L.] To extermination. à discrétion. [Fr.] At discretion; unrestricted. Ad libitum. [L] At pleasure. Ad modum. [L] After the manner of. Ad rem. [L] To the purpose; to the point. Ad summum. [L] To the highest point or amount. Ad unguem. [L.] To the nail; to a nicety; | exactly; perfectly. Ad unum omnes. [L.] All to a man. Ad utrumque paratus. [L.] Prepared for either case. Ad valorem. [L.] According to the value. Agrescit m101 [L] It becomes worse 1 an equable mind. Ere perennius. [L.] More lasting than brass; everlasting. Etatis sue. [L.] Of his or her age. Affaire du cœur. [Fr.] An affair of the heart. a fin. [Fr] To the end or object. à fond. [Fr.] To the bottom; thoroughly. à genoux. [Fr.] On the knees. Age quod agis. [L.] Attend to what you are about. Agnus Dei. [L.] The Lamb of God. à grands frais. [Fr.] At great expense. à haute voix. [Fr.] Aloud. à huis clos. [Fr.] With closed doors; secretly. Aide toi, et le Ciel t'aidera. [Fr.] Help yourself, and Heaven will help you. à l'abandon. [Fr.] Disregarded; left uncared for. à la belle étoile. [Fr.] Under the stars; in the open air. à la bonne heure. [Fr.] Well timed; in good | or favourable time. à l'abri. [Fr.] Under shelter. à la campagne. [Fr.] In the country. à la dérobée. [Fr.] By stealth. à la Française. [Fr.] After the French mode. à la mode. [Fr.] According to the custom or fashion. à la Tartuffe. [Fr.] Like Tartuffe, the hero of a celebrated comedy by Molière; hypocritically. à l'envi. [Fr.] Emulously. Alere flammam. [L.] To feed the flame. à l'improviste. [Fr.] On a sudden; unawares. Alter ego. [L.] Another self. Alter idem. [L.] Another exactly similar. Alter ipse amicus. [L. ] A friend is another self. Alterum tantum. [L] As much more. à main armée. [Fr] With force of arms. A maximis ad minima. [L.] From the greatest to the least. ame de boue. [Fr.] A soul of mud; a baseminded creature. Amende honorable. [Fr.] Satisfactory apology; reparation. à merveille. [Fr.] To a wonder; marvellously. Amicus humani generis. [L.] A friend of humanity. Amicus usque ad aras. [L.] A friend even to Amor patriæ. [L.] Love of country. Anguis in herba. [L.] A snake in the grass. Animo et fide. [L] By or with courage and faith. Anno ætatis suæ. [L.] In the year of his or her age. Anno Christi. [L.] In the year of Christ. Ante bellum. [L.] Before the war. à outrance. [Fr] To the utmost; to extremities; without sparing. à pas de géant. [Fr.] With a giant's stride. à perte de vue. [Fr.] Till beyond one's view; out of sight. à peu près. [Fr.] Nearly. à pied. [Fr.] On foot. à point. [Fr] To a point; just in time; exactly right. A posse ad esse. [L.] From possibility to reality. A prima vista. [It] At first sight. à propos de bottes. [Fr.] Apropos to boots; without reason; foreign to the subject or purpose: applied to any absurd collocation of ideas or subjects. à propos de rien. [Fr] Apropos to nothing; without a motive; for nothing at all. Aqua vitæ. [L.] Water of life; brandy; alcohol. Arbiter elegantiarum. [L.] A judge or supreme authority in matters of taste. Arcana cœlestia. [L.] Secrets of Heaven. Arcana imperii. [L.] State secrets; the mysteries of government. Ardentia verba. [L.] Words that burn; glowing language. Argent comptant. [Fr.] Ready money. Argumentum ad crumenam. [L] An argu ment to the purse; an appeal to interest. Argumentum ad hominem. [L] An argument to the individual man; i.e. to his interests and prejudices. Argumentum ad ignorantiam. [L.] An argugument founded on an adversary's ignor ance. Argumentum ad invidiam. [L.] An argument appealing to low passions. Argumentum ad judicium. [L.] Argument appealing to the judgment. Argumentum ad verecundiam. [L.] Argument appealing to modesty. Argumentum baculinum. [L.] The argument of the cudgel; appeal to force. Ariston metron. [Gr.] The middle course is the best; the golden mean. Arrière pensée. [Fr.] Hidden thought; mental reservation. Ars est celare artem. [L.] It is true art to conceal art. Ars longa, vita brevis. [L.] Art is long, life is short. Artium magister. [L] Master of Arts. Asinus ad lyram. [L] An ass at the lyre; an awkward fellow. à tort et à travers. [Fr.] At random; without consideration. At spes non fracta. [L.] But hope is not yet crushed or dispelled. Au bout de son Latin. [Fr.] At the end of matters. Au désespoir. [Fr.] In despair. Audi alterem partem. [L.] Hear the other side. Au fait. [Fr. Well acquainted with; expert. Au pis aller. [Fr.] At the worst. Aurea mediocritas. [L.] The golden or happy mean. Au reste. [Fr.] As for the rest. Au revoir. [Fr] Adieu until we meet again. Aussitôt dit, aussitôt fait. [Fr.] No sooner said than done. Autant d'hommes, autant d'avis. [Fr.] So many men, so many minds. Aut Cæsar aut nullus. [L.] Either Cæsar or nobody. Aut vincere aut mori. [L] Either to conquer or to die; death or victory. Aux armes. [Fr.] To arms. Auxilium ab alto. [L.] Help from on high. Avant propos. [Fr.] Preliminary matter; preface. A verbis ad verbera. [L] From words to blows. Avito viret honore. [L.] He flourishes upon ancestral honours. à volonté. [Fr.] At pleasure. A vostra salute. [It.] à votre santé. [Fr.] A vuestra salud. [Sp.1) To your health. Bas bleu. [Fr.] A blue-stocking; a literary woman. Beatæ memoria. [L.] Of blessed memory. Beaux esprits. [Fr.] Men of wit; gay spirits. Bel esprit. [Fr.] A person of wit or genius; a brilliant mind. 784 Bella! horrida bella! [L] Wars! horrid wars! Bellum internecinum. [L.] A war of extermination. Bene orasse est bene studuisse. [L.] To have prayed well is to have studied well. Ben trovato. [It.] Well invented. Bête noire. [Fr.] A black beast; a bugbear. Bis dat qui cito dat. [L.] He gives double who gives quickly or seasonably. Bis peccare in bello non licet. [L.] To blunder twice in war is unallowable. Bis pueri senes. [L.] Old men are twice boys. Bon ami. [Fr] Good friend. Bon gré, mal gré. [Fr.] With good or ill grace; willing or unwilling. Bon jour. [Fr.] Good day; good morning. Bon soir. [Fr.] Good evening. Breveté. [Fr.] Patented. Brevi manu. [L.] With a short hand; off hand; extemporaneously. Brutum fulmen. [L] A harmless thunderbolt. Cadit quæstio. [L] The question falls; there is no further discussion. Caca est invidia. [L] Envy is blind. Candida Pax. [L.] White-robed Peace. Cantate Domino. [L.] Sing to the Lord. Carpe diem. [L.] Enjoy the present day; embrace the opportunity; improve time. Casus belli. [L.] That which causes or justifies war. Causa sine qua non. [L.] An indispensable cause or condition. Cedant arma toga. [L.] Let arms yield to the gown; let military authority yield to the civil power. Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coûte. [Fr.] It is only the first step that is difficult. Centum. [L] A hundred. C'est à dire. [Fr.] That is to say. C'est une autre chose. [Fr.] That's quite another thing. Ceteris paribus. [L] Other things being equal. Chacun à son goût. [Fr.] Every one to his taste. Chacun tire de son côte. [Fr.] Every one inclines to his own side. Chapelle ardente. [Fr.] The room where a mistress. Che sarà, sarà. [It.] Whatever will be, will be. Cheval de bataille. [Fr.] A war-horse; main dependence or support. Chi tace confessa. [It.] He who keeps silence confesses. Ci git. [Fr.] Here lies. Circuitus verborum. [L.] A circumlocution. Circulus in probando. [L.] A circle in the proof; using the conclusion as one of the arguments. Clarior e tenebris. [L.] Brighter from obscurity. Clarum et venerabile nomen. [L.] An illustrious and venerable name. Calebs quid agam? [L.] Being a bachelor, what shall I do? Cogito, ergo sum. [L.] I think, therefore I exist. Comitas inter gentes. [L.] Politeness between nations. Comme il faut. [Fr] As it should be. Commune bonum. [L.] A common good. Communibus annis. [L] On the annual average. Communi consensu. [L.] By common consent. Compagnon de voyage. [Fr.] A travelling companion. Compte rendu. [Fr.] An account rendered; a report. Con amore. [It.] With love; very earnestly. Concours. [Fr.] Competition; contest, as for a prize. Con diligenza. [It] With diligence. Conditio sine qua non. [L.] A necessary condition. Con dolore. [It.] With grief. Conseil de famille. [Fr.] A family consultation. Conseil d'état. [Fr.] A council of state; a privy-council. Consensus facit legem. [L.] Consent makes the law. Consilio et animis. [L] By wisdom and FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. Consilio et prudentia. [L.] By wisdom and prudence. Constantia et virtute. [L.] By constancy and virtue. Consuetudo pro lege servatur. [L.] Custom is held or observed as a law. Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good man ners. Copia verborum. [L] Rich supply of words. Coram nobis. [L] Before us; in our presence. Coram non judice. [L] Not before the proper judge. Cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line of guards to prevent the spreading of contagion or pestilence. Coup. [Fr.] A stroke.-Coup d'essai, a first attempt.-Coup d'état, a sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy. -Coup de grace, a finishing stroke.-Coup de main, a sudden attack or enterprise.-Coup de maître, a master-stroke. Coup d'œil, a rapid glance of the eye.-Coup de pied, a kick. Coup de plume, a literary attack.Coup de soleil, sunstroke.-Coup de théâtre, a theatrical effect. Courage sans peur. [Fr.] Courage without fear. Coûte qu'il coûte. [Fr.] Let it cost what it may. Credat Judæus Apella. [L.] Let Apella, the superstitious Jew, believe it. Crede quod habes, et habes. [L.] Believe that you have it, and you have it. Credo quia absurdum. [L] I believe because it is absurd. Crescit eundo. [L] It increases by going. Crescit sub pondere virtus. [L] Virtue increases under an imposed burden or weight. Crux criticorum. [L] The puzzle of critics. Crux mathematicorum. [L] The puzzle of mathematicians. Crux medicorum. [L] The puzzle of physicians. Cucullus non facit monachum. [L.] The cowl does not make the friar. Cui Fortuna ipsa cedit. [L.] To whom Fortune herself yields. Culpam poena premit comes. [L.] Punishment follows hard upon crime. Cum grano salis. [L.] With a grain of salt; with some allowance. Cum privilegio. [L.] With privilege. Curiosa felicitas. [L.] Nice felicity of expression; a felicitous tact. Currente calamo. [L.] With a running or rapid pen. Da locum melioribus. [L.] Give place to your betters. Dame d'honneur. [Fr.] Maid of honour. Damnant quod non intelligunt. [L.] They condemn what they do not comprehend. Dare pondus fumo. [L] To give weight to smoke; to give importance to trifles. Data et accepta. [L] Expenditures and receipts. Date obolum Belisario. [L.] Give a copper to Belisarius. Davus sum, non Edipus. [L.] I am Davus, not Edipus; I am no conjurer, I cannot solve the question. De bon augure. [Fr.] Of good omen. De bonne grace. [Fr.] With good grace; willingly. Deceptio visus. [L.] An optical illusion. Decori decus addit avito. [L.] He adds honours to ancestral honours. De die in diem. [L.] From day to day. De mal en pis. [Fr.] From bad to worse. De mortuis nil nisi bonum. [L.] Say nothing but good of the dead. De nihilo nihil fit. [L.] Of nothing nothing is made. De novo. [L.] Anew. Deo adjuvante, non timendum. [L.] God Desagrément. [Fr.] Something disagreeable. Desipere in loco. [L] To jest at the proper time. Desunt cætera. [L.] The remainder is wanting. Dieu est toujours pour les plus gros bataillons, [Fr.] God is always on the side of the largest battalions; the largest army has the best chance of victory. Dieu et mon droit. [Fr.] God and my right. Dominus vobiscum. [L.] The Lord be with you. Domus et placens uxor. [L] A house and pleasing wife. Dorer la pilule. [Fr.] To gild the pill. Dulce Domum. [L.] Sweet homeward! from the song sung by the students of Winchester College at the close of the term. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori. [L] It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country. Dum spiro, spero. [L.] While I breathe I hope. Dum tacent, clamant. [L.] While they are silent, they cry out. Dum vivimus, vivamus. [L] While we live, let us live. Durante vita. [L] During life. Edition de luxe. [Fr.] A splendid and expensive edition of a book. Eflamma cibum petere. [L.] To get food out of the fire; to live by desperate means. Ego et rex meus. [L.] I and my king. Eheu! fugaces labuntur anni. [L.] Alas! the fleeting years glide by. Elapso tempore. [L.] The time having elapsed. En arrière. [Fr.] In the rear; behind; back. En badinant. [Fr.] In sport: in jest. En déshabillé. [Fr.] In undress. En Dieu est mà fiance. [Fr.] In God is my trust. En Dieu est tout. [Fr.] In God is all. En effet. [Fr.] In effect; substantially; really. En famille. [Fr.] With one's family; in a do mestic state. Enfant gâté. [Fr.] A spoiled child. Enfant trouvé. [Fr.] A foundling. En règle. [Fr.] According to rules; in order. En suite. [Fr. In company; in a set. E pluribus unum. [L.] One out of many; one composed of many. Epulis accumbere divum. [L.] To sit at the feast of the gods or the great. E re nata. [L. According to the exigency. Errare est humanum. [L] To err is human. Esprit de corps. [Fr.] The animating spirit of a collective body, as a regiment, one of the learned professions, or the like. Esse quam videri. [L] To be rather than to seem. Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is a medium in all things. Esto quod esse videris. [L.] Be what you seem to be. Et cætera, Et cetera. [L.] And the rest Et hoc or Et id genus one. [L.] And everything of the sort. Et sequentes, Et sequentia. [L] And those that follow. Et sic de cæteris. [L.] And so the rest. the like. rutus! Is must |