Vide et crede. [L.] See and believe. Vide ut supra. [L.] See what is stated above. Vi et armis. [L.] By force and arms; by main force; by violence. Vigeur de dessus. [Fr.] Strength from on high. Vigilate et orate. [L.] Watch and pray. Vincit amor patria. [L.] The love of our country prevails. Vincit omnia veritas. [L.] Truth conquers all things. Vincit qui patitur. [L.] He who endures conquers. Vincit, qui se vincit. [L.] He conquers who overcomes himself, Vinculum matrimonii. [L] The bond of marriage. Vindex injuriæ. [L.] An avenger of injury. Vires acquirit eundo. [L.] As it goes it acquires strength. Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur. [L.] He is a wise man who says but little. Virtus in arduis. [L.] Virtue or courage in difficulties. Virtus incendit vires. [L.] Virtue kindles strength. FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES. Virtus laudatur, et alget. [L.] Virtue is Virtus semper viridis. [L.] Virtue is always green. Virtus sola nobilitat. [L.] Virtue alone ennobles. Virtus vincit invidiam. [L.] Virtue overcomes envy or hatred. Virtute et fide. [L.] By or with virtue and faith. Virtute et labore. [L.] By virtue and labour. Virtute non astutia. [L.] By virtue, not by craft. Virtute non verbis. [L.] By virtue, not by words. Virtute officii. [L.] By virtue of office. Virtute securus. [L.] Secure through virtue. Virtutis amore. [L.] From love of virtue. Virtutis fortuna comes. [L.] Fortune is the companion of valour or virtue. Vis comica. [L.] Comic power or talent. Vis conservatrix naturæ. [L.] The preservative power of nature. Vis medicatrix naturæ. [L.] The healing power of nature. Vis unita fortior. [L.] United power is stronger. Vis vita. [L.] The vigour of life Vita brevis, ars longa. [L.] Life is short, art is long. Vitæ via virtus. [L.] Virtue the way of life. Vitam impendere vero. [L.] To stake one's life for the truth. Vita sine literis mors est. [L.] Life without literature is death. Vivit post funera virtus. [L.] Virtue survives the grave. Voilà. [Fr.] Behold; there is; there are. Voilà une autre chose. [Fr.] That's another thing; that is quite a different matter. Voir le dessous des cartes. [Fr.] To see the under side of the cards; to be in the secret. Volenti non fit injuria. [L.] No injustice is done to the consenting person. Volo, non valeo. [L.] I am willing, but unable. Vota vita mea. [L.] My life is devoted. Vous y perdrez vos pas. [Fr.] You will there lose your steps or labour. Vox et præterea nihil. [L.] A voice and nothing more; sound but no sense. Vox populi, vox Dei. [L] The voice of the people is the voice of God. Vulgò. [L.] Commonly. Vulnus immedicabile. [L] An irreparable injury. Vultus est index animi. [L.] The countenance is the index of the mind. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. A. or a. Adjective. A. In music, alto. A. or ans. Answer. a. or @ (L. ad). To or at. a. or aa. In med. of each the same quantity. A.B. (L. Artium Baccalaureus). Bachelor of Arts. See B. A. A. B. Able-bodied seaman. Abbr. or Abbrev. Abbreviated or abbreviation. A.S., A.-S., or A.-Sax. Anglo- Carp. Carpentry. Saxon. Arith. Arithmetic or Arithmeti- C. Centigrade. cal. Ark. Arkansas (United States). Arr. Arrive -s -d or arrival. C. Centime or centimes. C. or Cap. (L. caput). Chapter. Cantab. (L. Cantabrigiensis). Of Cath. Catharine. Cath. Catholic. C.B. Companion of the Bath. Cel. Celsius (thermometer). Cent. (L. centum). A hundred. Centig. Centigrade (thermometer). Cf. (L. confer). Compare. C.G. Commissary-general. Colloq. Colloquial, colloquialism, or colloquially. Com. Commander. Com. Commerce. Com. Commissioner or committee. Com. Commodore. Comm. Commentary. Comp. Compare or comparative. Comp. Compound pounded. or Compar. Comparative. Con. (L. contra). Against. Conch. Conchology. com Con. Cr. Contra Credit or Credi tor. Cong. or Congreg. Congregation or Congregationalist. Conn. Connecticut (United Con. Sect. Conic Sections. Contr. Contracted or contraction. Cor. Corinthians. Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member. Corn. Cornish or Cornwall. Corrupt. Corrupted or corruption. Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. Cos. Cosine. Ct. (L. centum). A hundred. Cu. (L. cuprum). Copper. D. Deputy. d. (L. denarius, denarii). A penny or pence. d. Died. Dan. Daniel. Dan. Danish. Dat. Dative. Dav. David. D.C. (It. Da Capo). From the beginning; again. D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law. De. Delaware (United States). Deft. Defendant. Deg. Degree or Degrees. Del. Delaware (United States.) Del. (L. delineavit). He (or she) drew it. Dep. or Dept. Department. Dep. Deputy. Deut. Deuteronomy. D.F. Dean of the Faculty. Dict. Dictionary. Dim, or Dimin. Diminuendo. Dis. or Disct. Discount. Div. Divide, dividend, division, or divisor. D.L. Deputy Lieutenant. D. M. or D. Mus. Doctor of Music. Dols. Dollars. Dom. Econ. Domestic Economy. Doz. Dozen. Dpt. Deponent. Dr. Debtor. Dr. Doctor. Dr. Dram or drams. D.S. (It. Dal Segno). To the sign. D.Sc. Doctor of Science. D.T. (L. Doctor Theologia). Doctor of Divinity. Du. Dutch. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED. D. V. (L. Deo volente). God willing. Dwt. (L. denarius, penny, and Eng. weight). A pennyweight or pennyweights. Dyn. Dynamics. E. East or eastern. E. English. Ea. Each. Eben. Ebenezer. Ebor. (L. Eboracum). York. E.C. Eastern Central (postal district, London). E.C. Established Church. Eccl. or Eccles. Ecclesiastes or Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. Ed. or Edin. Edinburgh. E.D.S. English Dialect Society. E. E. Errors Excepted. E. E.T.S. Early English Text Society. E.G. (L exempli gratia). For example E.I. East India or East Indies. E.I.C.S. East India Company's Elec. or Elect. Electric or elec- Eliz. Elizabeth. E. Lon. East Longitude. Emp. Emperor or empress. Ency, or Encyc. Encyclopædia. E.N.E. East-north-east. Eng. England or English. Engin. Engineering. Ent. or Entom. Entomology. Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. Eph. Ephesians. Eph. Ephraim. Epiph. Epiphany. Epis. Episcopal. Epist. Epistle. Epist. or Epistol. Epistolary. Eq. Equal Eq. or Equiv. Equivalent. Esd. Esdras. E.S.E. East-south-east. Esp. Especially. Esq. or Esqr. Esquire. Esth. Esther. Esqs. or Esqrs. Esquires. ET. English Translation. Et al. (L. et alibi). And elsewhere. Et al. (L. et alii or alia). And others. Etc. (L. et cæteri, cæteræ, or cœtera). And others; and so forth. Eth. Ethiopic. Et seq. (L. et sequentes or sequentia). And the following. Etym. Etymology. Ex. or Exd. Examined. Ex. Example. Ex. Exodus. Exc. Excellency. Exc. Except or exception. Exch. Exchequer. F.B. Fenian Brotherhood or Brethren. F.B.S. E. Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. F.C. Free Church (of Scotland). Fep. Foolscap. F.C.P.S. Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. F.C.S. Fellow of the Chemical Society. F.D. (L. Fidei Defensor or Defensatrix). Defender of the Faith. Feb. February. Fec. (L. fecit). He (or she) did it. F.E.S. Fellow of the Entomolo- F.E.S. Fellow of the Ethnological Society. Feud. Feudal. F.F.A. Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries. F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society. F.H.S. Fellow of the Horticultural Society. F.I.A. Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries. Fid. Def. (See F.D.) Defender Fig. Figure or figures; figurative Fir. Firkin or firkins. F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal Fris. or Frs. Frisian or Friesic. F.R.S. E. Fellow of the Royal F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of F.S. A.Scot. Fellow of the Society Ft. Foot or feet. F.T.C.D. Fellow of Trinity Col Gent, or Gentn. Gentleman or Geo. George. Geo. Georgia (United States). Geol. Geology, geological. Ger. or Germ. German. Gi. Gill or gills (measure). G.M. Grand Master. Gov. Gen. Governor-general. G.P.O. General Post-office. H. Hour or hours. Hants. Hampshire. H.B.C. Hudson's Bay Company. H.C. House of Commons. Hdkf. Handkerchief. h.e. (L. hoc est or hic est). That Heb. or Hebr. Hebrew or He- H.E.I.C. Honourable East India H.E.I.C.S. Honourable East In- H.P. High-priest. H.R.H. His (or Her) Royal High ness. H.R.I.P. (L. hic requiescit in pace). Here rests in peace. H.S. (L. hic situs). Here lies. H.S.H. His (or Her) Serene High ness. H.SS. (L. Historia Societatis Socius) Fellow of the Historical Society. Hum, or humb. Humble. Hund. Hundred. Hypoth. Hypothesis or hypothetical. I. Island. Ia. Indiana (United States). Icel. Iceland, Icelandic. Ich. or Ichth. Ichthyology. Id. (L. idem). The same. I.e. (L. id est). That is. I.H.S. These letters have been usually looked upon as the initials of Iesus (Jesus) Hominum Salvator,Jesus the Saviour of Men, or of In hac (cruce) salus, in this (cross) is salvation, but they were originally IHE, the first three letters of 'IH2OTE (lesous) the Greek form of Jesus. I. Illinois (United States). Imp. or impf. Imperfect. Incog. (It. incognito, incognita). Ind. India or Indian. Ind. Indiana (United States). Inf. Infinitive. In lim. (L. in limine). At the In loc. (L. in loco). In its place. Ins. Gen. Inspector General. Interj. Interjection. In trans. (L. in transitu). On Io. Iowa (United States). 1.0.0.F. Independent Order of IO.U. I owe you-an acknowledgment for money. I.P.D. (L. In præsentia Dominorum). In presence of the Lords (of Session). 1.Q. (L. idem quod). The same Hort. Horticulture or horticul- J.D. (L. Jurum Doctor). Docto tural. Hos. Hosea. H.P. Half-pay. of Laws. Jer. Jeremiah. J.H.S. See I.H.S. Jour. Journal. J.P. Justice of the Peace. Jr. Junior. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED. J.U.D. or J. V.D. (L. Juris Utriusque Doctor). Doctor of both Laws (that is, civil and canon. Note. U and were formerly regarded as the same letter. Jud. Judith. Judg. Judges. Jul. July or Julius. Jul. Per. Julian Period. Jun. or Junr Junior. Juris. Jurisprudence. Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. Just. Justice. J.W. Junior Warden. K. King. K. Knight. Kan. Kansas (United States). K.C.H. Knight Commander of K.C.S.I. Knight Commander of the Star of India. K.E. Knight of the Eagle, Prussia. Ken. Kentucky (United States). K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross. K G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath. K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece, Spain. K.G.H. Knight of the Guelphs of Hanover. L.D. S. Licentiate of Dental Surgery. Leg. or legis. Legislature. Lev. Leviticus. Lex. Lexicon. Lexicog. Lexicography or lexicographer. L.G. Life Guards. L.I. Long Island (United States). Lieut. Lieutenant. Lit. Literature, literary, or literally. Lith. Lithuanian. L. L. or L. Lat. Low Latin. L.M. Long metre. L.P. Lord Provost. L.S. (L. locus sigilli). Place of the seal. L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii). Pounds, shillings, pence. Lt. Lieutenant. Lt. Inf. Light Infantry. M. Marquis. M. Middle. M. Ast. S. Member of the Astronomical Society. Math. Mathematics, mathematical, or mathematician. Matt. Matthew. M.B. (L. Medicina Baccalaureus). Bachelor of Medicine. M.B. (L. Musica Baccalaureus). M.C. Master of Ceremonies. M.C.P. Member of the College of M.D. (L. Medicine Doctor). Doctor of Medicine. Md. Maryland (United States). Me. Maine (United States). Messrs. Messieurs, Gentlemen, or Met. Metaphysics or metaphysical. Metal. Metallurgy. Meteor Meteorology or meteorological. Meth. Methodist. M.Hon. Most Honourable. Mi. Mississippi (United States). Mich. Michaelmas. Mich. Michigan. Mid. Middle. Mid. Midshipman. Mil. or Milit. Military. Min. Mineralogy or mineralogical. Min. Minute or minutes. Miss. Mississippi (United States). Mme. Madame or Mrs. Mo. Missouri (United States). Mod. Modern. Mod. (It. moderato). Moderately. Mons. Monsieur; Sir. M.P.S. Member of the Philological Society. Mr. Master (pron. Mister). M.R. A.S. Member of the Royal M.R.I. Member of the Royal Institution. M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal Irish Academy. Mrs. Mistress. 793 Neb. Nebraska (United States). Nem. Con. (L. nemine contradicente). No one contradicting or unanimously. Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente). No one dissenting or unanimously. Neth. Netherlands. New M. New Mexico (United New Test. New Testament. N.J. New Jersey (United States). States). N.N.E. North-north-east. Non pros. (L. non prosequitur). Nor. or Norm. Norman. Norw. Norway or Norwegian. Nott, or Notts. Nottinghamshire. N.P. Notary-public. N.S. Nova Scotia. N.S.J.C. (L. Noster Salvator Jesus Christus). Our Saviour Jesus Christ. N.T. Nevada Territory (United N.T. New Testament. N. W. North-west; North-west- N.Z. or N. Zeal. New Zealand. O. Ohio (United States). O. Old. Ob. (L. obiit). Died. M.R.S.L. Member of the Royal Obad. Obadiah. Society of Literature. M.S. Master in Surgery. M.S. (L. memoria sacrum). Sa cred to the memory. MS. Manuscript. MSS. Manuscripts. Mt. Mount or mountain. Mus. Music or musical. M.W.S. Member of the Wernerian Society. Myth. Mythology or Mythological. N.A. North America or North Na. Nebraska (United States). Nat. Hist. Natural history. N.B. New Brunswick. N.C. North Carolina (United N.E. New England. N.E. North-east; North-eastern Obdt. Obedient. Obj. Objective. Obs. Obsolete. Obt. Obedient. Oct. October. O.F. Oddfellows. O.G. Outside Guardian. O.H.M.S. On Her Majesty's Service. Old Test. Old Testament. Or. Oregon (United States). O.S. Old Style. O.T. Old Testament. Oxon. (L. Oxonia, Oxoniensis). Oxonien. (L. Oxoniensis). Of Oxford. Oz. Ounce. [Note. The z in this contraction, and in viz., represents an old symbol of similar shape which was used to indi⚫cate a terminal contraction.] P. Page. P. Participle. P. Past. P. Pole. P. Post. Pa. Pennsylvania (United States). P.A. Participial adjective. 794 ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED. Payt. Payment. P.B. (L. Philosophia Baccalau reus). Bachelor of Philosophy. P.C. (L. Patres Conscripti). Conscript Fathers. P.C. Police Constable. P. C. Privy Council or privy councillor. P.C.S. Principal Clerk of Session. P.D. (L. Philosophia Doctor). P.E.I. Prince Edward Island. Pent. Pentecost. Per. or Pers. Persian. Per an. (L. per annum). By the year; yearly. Per cent. or per ct. (L. per centum). By the hundred. Perf. Perfect. Peri. Perigee. Pers. Person. P.R. (L. Populus Romanus). The Roman people. P.R. Prize Ring. P.RA. President of the Royal Prin. Principally. Print Printing. Priv. Privative. Pt. Payment. Pt. Point. Pt. Post. Psalm or Psalms. P.T. Post Town. P.T. Pupil Teacher. Pub. Published, publisher, or public. Pub. Doc. Public Documents. Q. or Qu. Query or question. Q. d. (L. quasi dicat). As if he should say. Q. e. (L. quod est). Which is. QE.D. (L. quod erat demonstrandum). Which was to be demonstrated. Q. E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum). Which w to be done. Q.E.I. (L. quod inveniendum). Which w out. to be found Q. I. (L. quantum libet). As much as you please. Q.-M. Quarter-master. Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger. Q.-M.-G. Quartermaster-general. Q.P. or Q. pl. (L. quantum placet). As much as you please. Qr. Quarter. Qr. Quire. Q.S. Quarter Sessions. Q. 8. (L. quantum sufficit). sufficient quantity. Qt. Quart. Qu. Queen. Qu. Query or question. Quar, or Quart. Quarterly. Quest. Question. Reg. or Regr. Registrar. Reg. or Regt. Regiment. Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. Regt. Regiment. Rel. Religion or religious. Rel. Pron. Relative pronoun. R.GG. Royal Grenadier Guards. Rich. or Richd. Richard. R.M. Royal Mail. R.M. Royal Marines. R.N.O. (Dan. Riddare af Nordst- Rom. Roman or Romans. R.S.L. Royal Society of London. R.S. V.P. (Fr. Répondez, s'il vous plait). Answer, if you please; please reply. Right Worshipful Grand Warden. S.A. (L secundum artem). According to art. Sab. Sabbath. Sam, or Saml. Samuel. Saz. Saxon or Saxony. S. B. South Britain (England and Wales). S.C. South Carolina (United States). S.C. (L. Senatus Consultum). A decree of the Senate. Sc. (L scilicet). To wit; namely; being understood. Sc. (L. sculpsit). He (or she) engraved it. Scan. Mag. [L. scandulum magnatum). Defamatory expressions to the injury of persons of dignity. S. caps. or Sm. caps Small capitals (in printing). Sc. B. (L. Scientia Baccalaureus). Bachelor of Science. Sc.D. (L. Scientia Doctor). Doctor of Science. Sch. (L. scholium). A note. Sci. Science. Scil. (L. scilicet). To wit; namely; being understood. S.C. L. Student in Civil Law. Scot. Scotland, Scotch or Scottish. Sec. or Sect. Section. Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. Sen. Senate or Senator. Sen. or Senr. Senior. Sep. or Sept. September. Seq. (L. sequentes or sequentia). Serg. or Sergt. Sergeant. S.G. Solicitor-general. Sh. Shilling or shillings S.H.S. (L. Societatis Historiæ Socius). Member of the Historical Society. Sing. Singular. S.J. Society of Jesus. S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court. Skr. Sanskrit. Sld. Sailed. S.M. Sergeant-major. S.M. Lond. Soc. (L. Societatis Medica Londinensis Socius). S.N. (L. secundum naturam). Soc. or Socy. Society. S. of Sol. Song of Solomon. S.P.C.A. Society for the Preven- Sq. Square. Hence, sq. ft., square foot or feet; sq. in., square inch or inches; sq. m., square mile or miles; sq. yds., square yards. Sr. Senior. Sr. Sir. S.R.I. (L.Sacrum Romanum Imperium). Holy Roman Empire. S.R.S. (L. Societatis Regiæ Socius). Member of the Royal Society. S.S. Sunday (or Sabbath) School. S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Courts. S.S. E. South-south-east. St. Saint. |