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Vide et crede. [L.] See and believe.
Video meliora proboque deteriora sequor. [L.]
I see and approve the better things, I fol-
low the worse.

Vide ut supra. [L.] See what is stated above.

Vi et armis. [L.] By force and arms; by main force; by violence.

Vigeur de dessus. [Fr.] Strength from on high.

Vigilate et orate. [L.] Watch and pray.

Vincit amor patria. [L.] The love of our country prevails.

Vincit omnia veritas. [L.] Truth conquers all things.

Vincit qui patitur. [L.] He who endures conquers.

Vincit, qui se vincit. [L.] He conquers who overcomes himself,

Vinculum matrimonii. [L] The bond of marriage.

Vindex injuriæ. [L.] An avenger of injury. Vires acquirit eundo. [L.] As it goes it acquires strength.

Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur. [L.] He is a wise man who says but little.

Virtus in arduis. [L.] Virtue or courage in difficulties.

Virtus incendit vires. [L.] Virtue kindles strength.

FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES.

Virtus laudatur, et alget. [L.] Virtue is
praised, and suffers from cold.
Virtus millia scuta. [L.] Virtue is a thou-
sand shields.

Virtus semper viridis. [L.] Virtue is always green.

Virtus sola nobilitat. [L.] Virtue alone ennobles.

Virtus vincit invidiam. [L.] Virtue overcomes envy or hatred.

Virtute et fide. [L.] By or with virtue and faith.

Virtute et labore. [L.] By virtue and labour. Virtute non astutia. [L.] By virtue, not by craft.

Virtute non verbis. [L.] By virtue, not by words.

Virtute officii. [L.] By virtue of office. Virtute securus. [L.] Secure through virtue. Virtutis amore. [L.] From love of virtue. Virtutis fortuna comes. [L.] Fortune is the companion of valour or virtue.

Vis comica. [L.] Comic power or talent. Vis conservatrix naturæ. [L.] The preservative power of nature.

Vis medicatrix naturæ. [L.] The healing power of nature.

Vis unita fortior. [L.] United power is stronger.

Vis vita. [L.] The vigour of life

Vita brevis, ars longa. [L.] Life is short, art is long.

Vitæ via virtus. [L.] Virtue the way of life. Vitam impendere vero. [L.] To stake one's life for the truth.

Vita sine literis mors est. [L.] Life without literature is death.

Vivit post funera virtus. [L.] Virtue survives the grave.

Voilà. [Fr.] Behold; there is; there are.
Voilà tout. [Fr.] That's all.

Voilà une autre chose. [Fr.] That's another thing; that is quite a different matter. Voir le dessous des cartes. [Fr.] To see the under side of the cards; to be in the secret. Volenti non fit injuria. [L.] No injustice is done to the consenting person. Volo, non valeo. [L.] I am willing, but unable. Vota vita mea. [L.] My life is devoted. Vous y perdrez vos pas. [Fr.] You will there lose your steps or labour.

Vox et præterea nihil. [L.] A voice and nothing more; sound but no sense. Vox populi, vox Dei. [L] The voice of the people is the voice of God. Vulgò. [L.] Commonly.

Vulnus immedicabile. [L] An irreparable injury.

Vultus est index animi. [L.] The countenance is the index of the mind.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS

COMMONLY USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING.

A. or a. Adjective.

A. In music, alto.

A. or ans. Answer.

a. or @ (L. ad). To or at.

a. or aa. In med. of each the

same quantity.

A.B. (L. Artium Baccalaureus). Bachelor of Arts. See B. A.

A. B. Able-bodied seaman. Abbr. or Abbrev. Abbreviated or abbreviation.

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A.S., A.-S., or A.-Sax. Anglo- Carp. Carpentry.

Saxon.

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Arith. Arithmetic or Arithmeti- C. Centigrade.

cal.

Ark. Arkansas (United States).
Arm. Armenian; Armoric.
Armor. Armoric.

Arr. Arrive -s -d or arrival.
A.R.R. (L. Anno Regni Regis or
Reginae). In the year of the
king's (or queen's) reign.
A.RS.A. Associate of the Royal

C. Centime or centimes.
C. (L. centum). A hundred.

C. or Cap. (L. caput). Chapter.
C.A. Chartered Accountant.
Ca. or Cal. California.
Cam. or Camb. Cambridge.
Cant. Canterbury.
Cant. Canticles.

Cantab. (L. Cantabrigiensis). Of

Cath. Catharine.

Cath. Catholic.

C.B. Companion of the Bath.
C.D. V. Carte-de-visite.
C.E. Civil Engineer.

Cel. Celsius (thermometer).
Celt. Celtic.

Cent. (L. centum). A hundred. Centig. Centigrade (thermometer).

Cf. (L. confer). Compare.
C.G. Coast-guard.

C.G. Commissary-general.
C.G.S. (used adjectively). Centi-
metre, Gramme, Second (the
units of length, mass, and time,
widely adopted in modern
scientific calculation).
Ch. or Chap. Chapter.
Ch. Church.

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Colloq. Colloquial, colloquialism,

or colloquially. Com. Commander.

Com. Commerce.

Com. Commissioner or committee.

Com. Commodore.
Com. Common.

Comm. Commentary.

Comp. Compare or comparative. Comp. Compound

pounded.

or

Compar. Comparative.
Com. Ver. Common Version.

Con. (L. contra). Against.

Conch. Conchology.

com

Con. Cr. Contra Credit or Credi

tor.

Cong. or Congreg. Congregation

or Congregationalist.
Cong. Congress.
Conj. Conjunction.

Conn. Connecticut (United
States).

Con. Sect. Conic Sections.

Contr. Contracted or contraction.

Cor. Corinthians.

Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member.

Corn. Cornish or Cornwall. Corrupt. Corrupted or corruption.

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary.

Cos. Cosine.

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Ct. (L. centum). A hundred.
Ct. Connecticut (United States).
C.T. Certificated Teacher.

Cu. (L. cuprum). Copper.
Cur.or Curt. Current; this month.
Crot. (L. centum, a hundred, and
Eng. weight). A hundredweight
or hundredweights.
Cyc. Cyclopædia.

D. Deputy.

d. (L. denarius, denarii). A penny or pence. d. Died.

Dan. Daniel.

Dan. Danish.

Dat. Dative.

Dav. David.

D.C. (It. Da Capo). From the beginning; again.

D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law.
D.C.S. Depute Clerk of Session.
D.D. (L. Divinitatis Doctor). Doc-
tor of Divinity.

De. Delaware (United States).
Dec. December.
decim. Decimetres.
Decl. Declension.
Def. Definition.

Deft. Defendant.

Deg. Degree or Degrees.

Del. Delaware (United States.)

Del. (L. delineavit). He (or she)

drew it.

Dep. or Dept. Department.

Dep. Deputy.

Deut. Deuteronomy.

D.F. Dean of the Faculty.
D.F. Defender of the Faith.
D.G. (L. Dei Gratia). By the
Grace of God.

Dict. Dictionary.

Dim, or Dimin. Diminuendo.
Dim. Diminutive.

Dis. or Disct. Discount.

Div. Divide, dividend, division, or divisor.

D.L. Deputy Lieutenant.
D. Lit. Doctor of Literature.
D.L.O. Dead Letter Office.

D. M. or D. Mus. Doctor of Music.
Do. (It. ditto). The same.

Dols. Dollars.

Dom. Econ. Domestic Economy. Doz. Dozen.

Dpt. Deponent.

Dr. Debtor.

Dr. Doctor.

Dr. Dram or drams.

D.S. (It. Dal Segno). To the sign. D.Sc. Doctor of Science.

D.T. (L. Doctor Theologia). Doctor of Divinity.

Du. Dutch.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED.

D. V. (L. Deo volente). God willing.

Dwt. (L. denarius, penny, and Eng. weight). A pennyweight or pennyweights.

Dyn. Dynamics.

E. East or eastern.

E. English.

Ea. Each.

Eben. Ebenezer.

Ebor. (L. Eboracum). York.

E.C. Eastern Central (postal district, London).

E.C. Established Church.

Eccl. or Eccles. Ecclesiastes or
ecclesiastical.

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus.
Ed. Edition or editor.

Ed. or Edin. Edinburgh.
Edm. Edmund.

E.D.S. English Dialect Society.
Edw. Edward.

E. E. Errors Excepted.

E. E.T.S. Early English Text Society.

E.G. (L exempli gratia). For example

E.I. East India or East Indies.
EI.C. or E. 1. Co. East India Com-
pany.

E.I.C.S. East India Company's
Service.

Elec. or Elect. Electric or elec-
tricity.

Eliz. Elizabeth.

E. Lon. East Longitude.

Emp. Emperor or empress.

Ency, or Encyc. Encyclopædia. E.N.E. East-north-east.

Eng. England or English.

Engin. Engineering.

Ent. or Entom. Entomology.

Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary.

Eph. Ephesians.

Eph. Ephraim.

Epiph. Epiphany.

Epis. Episcopal.

Epist. Epistle.

Epist. or Epistol. Epistolary.

Eq. Equal

Eq. or Equiv. Equivalent.

Esd. Esdras.

E.S.E. East-south-east.

Esp. Especially.

Esq. or Esqr. Esquire.

Esth. Esther.

Esqs. or Esqrs. Esquires.

ET. English Translation.

Et al. (L. et alibi). And elsewhere. Et al. (L. et alii or alia). And others.

Etc. (L. et cæteri, cæteræ, or cœtera). And others; and so forth. Eth. Ethiopic.

Et seq. (L. et sequentes or sequentia). And the following. Etym. Etymology.

Ex. or Exd. Examined.

Ex. Example.

Ex. Exodus.

Exc. Excellency.

Exc. Except or exception.
Exch. Exchange.

Exch. Exchequer.

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F.B.

Fenian Brotherhood or Brethren. F.B.S. E. Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. F.C. Free Church (of Scotland). Fep. Foolscap.

F.C.P.S. Fellow of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

F.C.S. Fellow of the Chemical Society.

F.D. (L. Fidei Defensor or Defensatrix). Defender of the Faith.

Feb. February.

Fec. (L. fecit). He (or she) did it.
F.E.I.S. Fellow of the Educa-
tional Institute of Scotland.
Fem. Feminine.

F.E.S. Fellow of the Entomolo-
gical Society.

F.E.S. Fellow of the Ethnological Society. Feud. Feudal.

F.F.A. Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries.

F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society.

F.H.S. Fellow of the Horticultural Society.

F.I.A. Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries.

Fid. Def. (See F.D.) Defender
of the Faith.

Fig. Figure or figures; figurative
or figuratively.
Finn. Finnish.

Fir. Firkin or firkins.
F.K.Q.C.P.I. Fellow of King's
and Queen's College of Physi-
cians, Ireland.

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F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal
Astronomical Society.
F.R.C.P. Fellow of the Royal
College of Preceptors.
F.R.C.P. Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians.
F.R.C.P.E. Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians, Edin-
burgh.

F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons.
F.R.C.S. E. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.
F.R.C.S.I. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons, Ireland.
F.R.C.S.L. Fellow of the Royal
College of Surgeons, London.
Fred. Frederick.
Freq. Frequentative.
F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal
Geographical Society.
Fri. Friday.

Fris. or Frs. Frisian or Friesic.
F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal So-
ciety.

F.R.S. E. Fellow of the Royal
Society, Edinburgh.
F.R.S.L. Fellow of the Royal
Society of Literature.

F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries.

F.S. A.Scot. Fellow of the Society
of Antiquaries of Scotland.
F.S.S. Fellow of the Statistical
Society.

Ft. Foot or feet.
Ft. Fort.

F.T.C.D. Fellow of Trinity Col

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Gent, or Gentn. Gentleman or
gentlemen.

Geo. George.

Geo. Georgia (United States).
Geog. Geography, geographical,
geographer.

Geol. Geology, geological.
Geom. Geometry, geometrical,
geometer.

Ger. or Germ. German.
Ger. Gerund.

Gi. Gill or gills (measure).
G. L. Grand Lodge.
gm. Grammes.

G.M. Grand Master.
G.M.K.P. Grand Master of the
Knights of St. Patrick.
Go. or Goth. Gothic.
Gov. Governor.

Gov. Gen. Governor-general.
Govt. Government.

G.P.O. General Post-office.
Gr. Grain or Grains.

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H. Hour or hours.
Hab. Habakkuk.
Hag. Haggai.

Hants. Hampshire.

H.B.C. Hudson's Bay Company.
H.B.M. His (or Her) Britannic
Majesty.

H.C. House of Commons.
H.C. Herald's College.
H.C.M. His (or Her) Catholic
Majesty.

Hdkf. Handkerchief.

h.e. (L. hoc est or hic est). That
is, or this is.

Heb. or Hebr. Hebrew or He-
brews.

H.E.I.C. Honourable East India
Company.

H.E.I.C.S. Honourable East In-
dia Company's Service.
Her. Heraldry or Heraldic.
Hf.-bd. Half-bound.
H.G. Horse Guards.
H.H. His (or Her) Highness.
H.H. His Holiness (the Pope).
Hhd. Hogshead or Hogsheads.
H.I.H. His (or Her) Imperial
Highness.

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H.P. High-priest.
H.P. Horse-power.
H.R. House of Representatives.
H.R. E. Holy Roman Empire or
Emperor.

H.R.H. His (or Her) Royal High

ness.

H.R.I.P. (L. hic requiescit in pace). Here rests in peace. H.S. (L. hic situs). Here lies. H.S.H. His (or Her) Serene High

ness.

H.SS. (L. Historia Societatis Socius) Fellow of the Historical Society.

Hum, or humb. Humble.
Hun. or Hung. Hungary or Hun-
garian.

Hund. Hundred.
Hyd. Hydrostatics.
Hydraul. Hydraulics,

Hypoth. Hypothesis or hypothetical.

I. Island.

Ia. Indiana (United States).
Ib. or Ibid. (L. ibidem). In the
same place.

Icel. Iceland, Icelandic. Ich. or Ichth. Ichthyology. Id. (L. idem). The same. I.e. (L. id est). That is. I.H.S. These letters have been usually looked upon as the initials of Iesus (Jesus) Hominum Salvator,Jesus the Saviour of Men, or of In hac (cruce) salus, in this (cross) is salvation, but they were originally IHE, the first three letters of 'IH2OTE (lesous) the Greek form of Jesus.

I. Illinois (United States).
Imp. (L. imperator). Empeior.
Imp. Imperial.

Imp. or impf. Imperfect.
In. Inch or inches.

Incog. (It. incognito, incognita).
Unknown.

Ind. India or Indian.

Ind. Indiana (United States).

Inf. Infinitive.

In lim. (L. in limine). At the
outset.

In loc. (L. in loco). In its place.
I.N.R.I. (L. Iesus Nazarenus
Rex Iudaeorum). Jesus of Na-
zareth, King of the Jews.
Insep. Inseparable.

Ins. Gen. Inspector General.
Inst. Instant; the present month.
Inst. Institute or institution.
Insur. Insurance.
Int. Interest.
Intens. Intensive.

Interj. Interjection.
Intrans. Intransitive.

In trans. (L. in transitu). On
the way or passage.
Introd. Introduction.

Io. Iowa (United States).
I. of M. Instructor of Musketry.
1.O.G.T. Independent Order of
Good Templars.

1.0.0.F. Independent Order of
Oddfellows.

IO.U. I owe you-an acknowledgment for money.

I.P.D. (L. In præsentia Dominorum). In presence of the Lords (of Session).

1.Q. (L. idem quod). The same

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Hort. Horticulture or horticul- J.D. (L. Jurum Doctor). Docto

tural.

Hos. Hosea.

H.P. Half-pay.

of Laws.

Jer. Jeremiah.

J.H.S. See I.H.S.
Jno. John.
Join Joinery.
Jona. Jonathan.
Jos. Joseph.
Josh. Joshua.

Jour. Journal.

J.P. Justice of the Peace. Jr. Junior.

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED.

J.U.D. or J. V.D. (L. Juris Utriusque Doctor). Doctor of both Laws (that is, civil and canon. Note. U and were formerly regarded as the same letter. Jud. Judith.

Judg. Judges.

Jul. July or Julius.

Jul. Per. Julian Period.
Jun. June.

Jun. or Junr Junior.

Juris. Jurisprudence.

Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. Just. Justice.

J.W. Junior Warden.

K. King.

K. Knight.

Kan. Kansas (United States).
K.B. King's Bench,
K.B. Knight of the Bath.
K.C.B. Knight Commander of
the Bath.

K.C.H. Knight Commander of
the Guelphs of Hanover.
K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of
St. Michael and St. George.
K.C.S. Knight of the Order of
Charles III of Spain.

K.C.S.I. Knight Commander of the Star of India.

K.E. Knight of the Eagle, Prussia.

Ken. Kentucky (United States). K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross.

K G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath.

K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece, Spain.

K.G.H. Knight of the Guelphs of Hanover.

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L.D. S. Licentiate of Dental Surgery.

Leg. or legis. Legislature.
Leip. Leipzig or Leipsic.
Lett, Lettish.

Lev. Leviticus.

Lex. Lexicon.

Lexicog. Lexicography or lexicographer.

L.G. Life Guards.
L.I. Light Infantry.

L.I. Long Island (United States).
Lib. (L. liber). Book.
Lib. Librarian.

Lieut. Lieutenant.
Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-colonel.
Lieut.-Gen. Lieutenant-general.
Lieut.-Gov. Lieutenant-governor.
Linn. Linnæus or Linnæan.
Liq. Liquor or liquid.

Lit. Literature, literary, or literally.

Lith. Lithuanian.
Liv. Livre.

L. L. or L. Lat. Low Latin.
LL.B. (L. Legum Baccalaureus).
Bachelor of Laws. See B.LL.
LL.D. (L. Legum Doctor). Doc-
tor of Laws. See B.LL.
L.L.I. Lord-lieutenant of Ire-
land.

L.M. Long metre.
Lon, or Lond. London.
Lon, or long. Longitude.
Loq. (L. loquitur). Speaks.
Lou. Louisiana (United States).
Lp. Lordship.

L.P. Lord Provost.
L.S. Left side.

L.S. (L. locus sigilli). Place of the seal.

L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii). Pounds, shillings, pence. Lt. Lieutenant.

Lt. Inf. Light Infantry.

M. Marquis.

M. Middle.

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M. Ast. S. Member of the Astronomical Society.

Math. Mathematics, mathematical, or mathematician. Matt. Matthew.

M.B. (L. Medicina Baccalaureus). Bachelor of Medicine.

M.B. (L. Musica Baccalaureus).
Bachelor of Music.

M.C. Master of Ceremonies.
M.C. Member of Congress.
Mch. March.

M.C.P. Member of the College of
Preceptors.

M.D. (L. Medicine Doctor). Doctor of Medicine.

Md. Maryland (United States).
Malle. Mademoiselle.
M. E. Military Engineer, Mining
Engineer, or Mechanical En-
gineer.

Me. Maine (United States).
Mech. Mechanics or mechanical.
Med. Medicine or medical.
Mem. Memorandum or memor-
anda.

Messrs. Messieurs, Gentlemen, or

Met. Metaphysics or metaphysical.

Metal. Metallurgy.

Meteor Meteorology or meteorological.

Meth. Methodist.

M.Hon. Most Honourable.
M.H.S. Member of the Historical
Society.

Mi. Mississippi (United States).
Mic. Micah.

Mich. Michaelmas.

Mich. Michigan.

Mid. Middle.

Mid. Midshipman.

Mil. or Milit. Military.

Min. Mineralogy or mineralogical.

Min. Minute or minutes.
Minn. Minnesota (United States).
Min. Plen. Minister Plenipoten-
tiary.

Miss. Mississippi (United States).
Mlle. Mademoiselle or Miss.
MM. Their Majesties. See B. LL.
MM. Messieurs. See B.LL.
mm. Millimetres.

Mme. Madame or Mrs.
Mn. Michigan (United States).
M.N.S. Member of the Numis-
matical Society.

Mo. Missouri (United States).
Mo. Month.

Mod. Modern.

Mod. (It. moderato). Moderately.
Mon. Monday.

Mons. Monsieur; Sir.
M.P. Member of Parliament.
M.P.S. Member of the Pharma-
ceutical Society.

M.P.S. Member of the Philological Society.

Mr. Master (pron. Mister).
M.R. Master of the Rolls.
M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal
Academy of Science.

M.R. A.S. Member of the Royal
Asiatic Society.
M.R.C.P. Member of the Royal
College of Physicians.
M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal
College of Surgeons.
M.R.C.V.S. Member of the Royal
College of Veterinary Surgeons.
M.R.G.S. Member of the Royal
Geographical Society.

M.R.I. Member of the Royal Institution.

M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal

Irish Academy.

Mrs. Mistress.

793

Neb. Nebraska (United States).
Neg. Negative or negatively.
Neh. Nehemiah.

Nem. Con. (L. nemine contradicente). No one contradicting or unanimously.

Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente). No one dissenting or unanimously.

Neth. Netherlands.
Neut. Neuter.

New M. New Mexico (United
States).

New Test. New Testament.
N.H. New Hampshire (United
States).

N.J. New Jersey (United States).
N.L. or N. Lat. North latitude.
N. M. New Mexico (United

States).

N.N.E. North-north-east.
N.N.W. North-north-west.
No. (L. numero). Number.
Nom. Nominative.
Non. Con. Non-content; dissen-
tient (House of Lords).
Non obst. (L. non obstante). Not-
withstanding.

Non pros. (L. non prosequitur).
He does not prosecute.
Non seq. (L. non sequitur). It
does not follow.

Nor. or Norm. Norman.
Nor. Fr. or Norm. Fr. Norman-
French.

Norw. Norway or Norwegian.
Nos. Numbers.

Nott, or Notts. Nottinghamshire.
Nov. November.

N.P. Notary-public.
N.S. New Style.

N.S. Nova Scotia.

N.S.J.C. (L. Noster Salvator Jesus Christus). Our Saviour Jesus Christ.

N.T. Nevada Territory (United
States).

N.T. New Testament.
Num. or Numb. Numbers.
Numis. Numismatics.
N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin
Mary.

N. W. North-west; North-west-
ern (postal district, London).
N.W.T. North-west Territory.
N.Y. New York.

N.Z. or N. Zeal. New Zealand.

O. Ohio (United States). O. Old.

Ob. (L. obiit). Died.

M.R.S.L. Member of the Royal Obad. Obadiah.

Society of Literature.

M.S. Master in Surgery.

M.S. (L. memoria sacrum). Sa

cred to the memory.

MS. Manuscript.

MSS. Manuscripts.

Mt. Mount or mountain.
Mus. Museum.

Mus. Music or musical.
Mus. B. (L. Musica Baccalau
reus). Bachelor of Music.
Mus. D. or Mus. Doc. (L. Musicæ
Doctor). Doctor of Music.
M.W.G.M. Most Worthy Grand
Master.

M.W.S. Member of the Wernerian Society.

Myth. Mythology or Mythological.

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N.A. North America or North
American.

Na. Nebraska (United States).
Nah. Nahum.
Nap. Napoleon.
Nat. National.
Nat. Natural.

Nat. Hist. Natural history.
Nat. Ord. Natural order.
Naut. Nautical.

N.B. New Brunswick.
N.B. North Britain (Scotland).
N.B. (L. Nota Bene). Note well
or take notice.

N.C. North Carolina (United
States).

N.E. New England.

N.E. North-east; North-eastern

Obdt. Obedient.

Obj. Objective.

Obs. Obsolete.

Obt. Obedient.

Oct. October.

O.F. Oddfellows.

O.G. Outside Guardian. O.H.M.S. On Her Majesty's Service.

Old Test. Old Testament.
Olym. Olympiad.
O.M. Old measurement.
On. Oregon (United States).
Op. Opposite or opposition.
O.P. Order of Preachers.
Opt. Optics or optical.
Opt. Optative.

Or. Oregon (United States).
Ord. Ordinance or ordinary.
Orig. Original or originally.
Ornith. Ornithology.

O.S. Old Style.

O.T. Old Testament.
Oxf. Oxford.

Oxon. (L. Oxonia, Oxoniensis).
Oxford; of Oxford.

Oxonien. (L. Oxoniensis). Of Oxford.

Oz. Ounce. [Note. The z in this contraction, and in viz., represents an old symbol of similar shape which was used to indi⚫cate a terminal contraction.]

P. Page.

P. Participle.

P. Past.

P. Pole.

P. Post.

Pa. Pennsylvania (United States).

P.A. Participial adjective.

794

ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS COMMONLY USED.

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Payt. Payment.

P.B. (L. Philosophia Baccalau reus). Bachelor of Philosophy. P.C. (L. Patres Conscripti). Conscript Fathers.

P.C. Police Constable.

P. C. Privy Council or privy councillor.

P.C.S. Principal Clerk of Session.
Pd. Paid.

P.D. (L. Philosophia Doctor).
Doctor of Philosophy.
P.D. Printer's Devil.

P.E.I. Prince Edward Island.
Penn. Pennsylvania (United
States).

Pent. Pentecost.

Per. or Pers. Persian.

Per an. (L. per annum). By the year; yearly.

Per cent. or per ct. (L. per centum). By the hundred.

Perf. Perfect.

Peri. Perigee.

Pers. Person.

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P.R. (L. Populus Romanus). The Roman people.

P.R. Prize Ring.

P.RA. President of the Royal

Prin. Principally.

Print Printing.

Priv. Privative.

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Pt. Payment.

Pt. Point.

Pt. Post.

Psalm or Psalms.

P.T. Post Town.

P.T. Pupil Teacher.
P.T.O. Please turn over.

Pub. Published, publisher, or public.

Pub. Doc. Public Documents.
Pun. Puncheon.
P.-V. Post-village.
Pat. See PINX.

Q. or Qu. Query or question.
Q.B. Queen's Bench.
Q. C. Queen's College.
Q.C. Queen's Counsel.

Q. d. (L. quasi dicat). As if he should say.

Q. e. (L. quod est). Which is. QE.D. (L. quod erat demonstrandum). Which was to be demonstrated.

Q. E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum). Which w to be done. Q.E.I. (L. quod inveniendum). Which w

out.

to be found

Q. I. (L. quantum libet). As much as you please.

Q.-M. Quarter-master.

Q. Mess. Queen's Messenger. Q.-M.-G. Quartermaster-general. Q.P. or Q. pl. (L. quantum placet). As much as you please. Qr. Quarter.

Qr. Quire.

Q.S. Quarter Sessions.

Q. 8. (L. quantum sufficit). sufficient quantity.

Qt. Quart.

Qu. Queen.

Qu. Query or question.

Quar, or Quart. Quarterly. Quest. Question.

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Reg. or Regr. Registrar.
Reg. Regular.

Reg. or Regt. Regiment.

Reg. Prof. Regius Professor.
Regt. Regent.

Regt. Regiment.

Rel. Religion or religious.

Rel. Pron. Relative pronoun.
Rem. Remark or remarks.
Rep. Report or reporter.
Rep. Representative.
Rep. or Repub. Republic.
Retd. Returned.
Rev. Revelation.
Rev. Revenue.
Rev. Reverend.
Rev. Review.
Rev. Revise.
Revd. Reverend.
Revs. Reverends.

R.GG. Royal Grenadier Guards.
RH.A. Royal Horse Artillery.
R.1. Rhode Island (United
States).

Rich. or Richd. Richard.
RI.P. (L. requiescat in pace).
May he (or she) rest in peace!
Riv. River.

R.M. Royal Mail.

R.M. Royal Marines.
R.M.A. Royal Military Asylum.
R. N. Royal Navy.

R.N.O. (Dan. Riddare af Nordst-
jerne Orden). Knight of the
Order of the Polar Star.
R.N.R. Royal Naval Reserve.
Robt. Robert.

Rom. Roman or Romans.
Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic.
R.P. Regius Professor.
R.R. Right Reverend.
R.S.A. Royal Scottish Academy.
R.S. E. Royal Society of Edin-
burgh.

R.S.L. Royal Society of London.
R.S.S. (L. Regia Societatis So-
cius) Member of the Royal
Society.

R.S. V.P. (Fr. Répondez, s'il vous plait). Answer, if you please; please reply.

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Right Worshipful

Grand Warden.

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S.A. (L secundum artem). According to art.

Sab. Sabbath.

Sam, or Saml. Samuel.
Sans., Sansc., or Sansk. Sanscrit.
S.A.S. (L. Societatis Antiquari
orum Socius). Member of the
Society of Antiquaries.
Sat. Saturday

Saz. Saxon or Saxony.

S. B. South Britain (England and Wales).

S.C. South Carolina (United States).

S.C. (L. Senatus Consultum). A decree of the Senate.

Sc. (L scilicet). To wit; namely; being understood.

Sc. (L. sculpsit). He (or she) engraved it.

Scan. Mag. [L. scandulum magnatum). Defamatory expressions to the injury of persons of dignity.

S. caps. or Sm. caps Small capitals (in printing).

Sc. B. (L. Scientia Baccalaureus). Bachelor of Science.

Sc.D. (L. Scientia Doctor). Doctor of Science.

Sch. (L. scholium). A note.
Sch. Schooner.

Sci. Science.

Scil. (L. scilicet). To wit; namely; being understood.

S.C. L. Student in Civil Law.
Sclav. Sclavonic.

Scot. Scotland, Scotch or Scottish.
Ser. Scruple or scruples.
Script. Scripture or scriptural.
Sculp. or Sculpt. (L. sculpsit).
He (or she) engraved it.
S.D.U.K. Society for the Diffu-
sion of Useful Knowledge.
S.E. South-east; south-eastern
(postal district, London).
Sec. or Secy. Secretary.
Sec. Second.

Sec. or Sect. Section.

Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. Sen. Senate or Senator.

Sen. or Senr. Senior.

Sep. or Sept. September.

Seq. (L. sequentes or sequentia).
The following or the next.

Serg. or Sergt. Sergeant.
Serj. or Serjt. Serjeant.

S.G. Solicitor-general.

Sh. Shilling or shillings

S.H.S. (L. Societatis Historiæ Socius). Member of the Historical Society.

Sing. Singular.

S.J. Society of Jesus.

S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court. Skr. Sanskrit.

Sld. Sailed.

S.M. Sergeant-major.

S.M. Lond. Soc.

(L. Societatis

Medica Londinensis Socius).
Member of the London Medical
Society.

S.N. (L. secundum naturam).
According to nature.

Soc. or Socy. Society.

S. of Sol. Song of Solomon.
Sol-Gen. Solicitor-general.
Sp. Spain; Spanish.
Sp. Spirit.

S.P.C.A. Society for the Preven-
tion of Cruelty to Animals.
S.P.C.K. Society for the Promo-
tion of Christian Knowledge.
S.P.G. Society for the Propaga-
tion of the Gospel.
S.P.Q.R. (L. Senatus Populusque
Romanus). Senate and People
of Rome.

Sq. Square. Hence, sq. ft., square foot or feet; sq. in., square inch or inches; sq. m., square mile or miles; sq. yds., square yards. Sr. Senior. Sr. Sir.

S.R.I. (L.Sacrum Romanum Imperium). Holy Roman Empire. S.R.S. (L. Societatis Regiæ Socius). Member of the Royal Society.

S.S. Sunday (or Sabbath) School. S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Courts.

S.S. E. South-south-east.
S.S.W. South-south-west.

St. Saint.

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