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drive six horses abreast! In his ambition to demonstrate his versatility he forgot the essential condition of thoroughness. The best of his works I take to be his "Sketches of Statesmen who Flourished in the Time of George III." There was no continuous labour required upon these desultory chapters, no political research or studious investigation; and, therefore, Brougham is seen at his worthiest. His insight into character was not very deep, but, on the whole, it was accurate. The novel which is ascribed to his pen, "Albert Lunel; or, The Château of Languedoc," suppressed on the eve of its publication (1844), but reprinted in 1872, is dreary reading. "Dialogue on Instinct" (1849) had at one time a considerable reputation; but is now interesting only as the work of a man of extraordinary capacity. A higher rank may be claimed for his "Discourse on Paley's Natural Theology; it contains some just reflections and apposite illustrations. The following passage may be taken as a specimen :

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"A comparative anatomist, of profound learning and marvellous sagacity, has presented to him what to common eyes would seem a piece of half-decayed bone, found in a wild, in a forest, or in a cave. By accurately examining its shape, particularly the form of its extremity or extremities (if both ends happen to be entire), by close inspection of the texture of its surface, and by admeasurement of its proportions, he can with certainty discover the general form of the animal to which it belonged, its size as well as its shape, the economy of its viscera, and its general habits. Sometimes the investigation in such cases proceeds upon chains of reasoning where all the links are seen and understood; where the connection of the parts found with other parts and with latitudes is perceived, and the reason understood—as that the animal had a trunk, because the neck was short compared

with its height; or that it ruminated, because its teeth were imperfect for complete mastication. But frequently the inquiry is as certain in its results, although some links of the chain are concealed from our view, and the conclusion wears a more empirical aspect-as gathering that the animal ruminated, from observing the print of a cloven hoof; or that he had horns, from his wanting certain teeth; or that he wanted the collar-bone, from his having cloven hoofs.

"The discoveries already made in this branch of science are truly wonderful, and they proceed upon the strictest rules of induction. It is shown that animals formerly existed on the globe, being unknown varieties of species still known; but it also appears that species existed, and were genera, wholly unknown for the last five thousand years. These peopled the earth, as it was, not before the general deluge, but before some convulsion long prior to that event had overwhelmed the countries then dry, and raised others from the bottom of the sea. In these curious inquiries, we are conversant, not merely with the world before the flood, but with a world which, before the flood, was covered with water, and which, in far earlier ages, had been the habitation of birds, and beasts, and reptiles. We are carried, as it were, several worlds back, and we reach a period when all was water, and slime, and mud, and the waste, without either man or plants, gave resting-place to enormous beasts like lions and elephants and river-horses, while the water was tenanted by lizards the size of a whale, sixty or seventy feet long, and by others with huge eyes having shields of solid bone to protect them, and glaring from a neck ten feet in length, and the air was darkened by flying reptiles covered with scales, opening the jaws of the crocodile and expanding wings, armed at the tip with the claws of the leopard. No less strange, and yet no less proceeding from induction, are the discoveries made respecting the former state of the earth, the manner in which these animals, whether of known or unknown tribes, occupied it, and the period when, or at least the way in which, they ceased to exist."

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It is needful to note that Lord Brougham wrote before Mr. Darwin had propounded his theory of evolution. Among his other works we find:-"Lives of Men of Letters and Science in the reign of George III.," a less successful effort than the "Memoirs of the Statesmen; a manual of "Political Philosophy," written for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; his "Analytical View of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia;" a collection of his "Speeches, with Historical Introduction and Dissertation upon the Eloquence of the Ancients;" several pamphlets on "Law Reform;""Contributions to the Edinburgh Review" (1857); and "Recherches Analytiques et Expérimentales sur les Alveoles des Abeilles," published in 1859. His "Autobiography," a Memoir of his Life and Times, begun when he was in his eightyfourth year, was published after his death (in 1871), under the editorship of his brother. It contains some interesting and even valuable documents and letters, and much information on subjects previously unknown to, or imperfectly understood by, the public; but the mis-statements are so numerous and so serious, and the prejudices and antipathies so bitter and even unscrupulous, that its authoritative value is considerably diminished.

Lord Brougham's works have been published in ten volumes. A biographical list of them was issued in 1873.

For particulars of his extraordinary career, the reader will consult the various "diaries" and "journals" issued by his contemporaries down to that of Mr. Charles Greville; the volumes of Punch from 1842 downwards (he figures in many of its cartoons, with his stronglymarked countenance and prominent nose, his ill-fitting coat and Ettrick tweed trousers); the columns of The

Times (at first his great friend and supporter, but from about 1834 his open and relentless enemy and critic); J. A. Roebuck's "History of the Whig Ministry of 1830;" Rev. W. N. Molesworth's "History of England since the Reform Bill;" Miss Martineau's "History of the Thirty Years' Peace;" Trevelyan's "Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay;" Lord Campbell's "Lives of Lord Lyndhurst and Lord Brougham;" Fonblanque, "England under Seven Administrations," &c.

INDEX.

Abolition of Slavery-Romilly's ser-

vices to the cause, 321.
Addison quoted, 107, 129, 130.
"Advancement of Learning," The,
69.

Albemarle, Lord, Anecdote of, 367.
American Colonies, The, 200, 238.
American Difficulty, Burke on the,
239, 240, 241, 243.
Anaxagoras, 25.
Anecdotes

of Bacon and his father,
18, 19; of Lord Mansfield, 142;
of Sir S. Romilly, 323; of Eldon,
335; of Brougham, 342.
Anne, Queen, Accession of, 136.

-

Bacon, Francis Verulam, Lord--
birth and parentage his
mother's accomplishments, 17;
anecdote of his father, 18; and
of Bacon, 19; his education,
18, 19; goes to France, 20;
choice of a profession, 21; his
social qualities, 22; called to
the Bar-advancements, 23;
quoted, 24; Knight of the
Shire, 25; quoted, 26; con-
nection with Essex, 27; appeal
to Elizabeth, 29; letter to his
brother, 30; "Treatise on
Common Law," 31; his mer-

cenary courtship-his arrest,
32; his passage of arms with
Coke, 33; his "History of the
Alienation Office"-heyday of
his career, 34; specimen of his
humour, 34, 35; relations with
Essex, 36-42; views on beauty-
his wife, 42; his marriage, 43,
44; made a knight, 45; posi-
tion in the House, 45, 46;
legal position, 46; Attorney-
General, 47; "Advice to Vil-
liers," 48; Lord Keeper, 49;
Lord Campbell's testimony to
his administration-Lord Chan-
cellor and a peer, 50; compli-
cation with Buckingham-his
"Novum Organum "-height
of his fortunes, 51; his resi-
dences, 52; his schemes of
social reform, 52, 53; con-
spiracy against him, 53, 54;
charge of bribery, 54; a dig-
nified letter, 54, 55; his pre-
paration for his fall, 56; his
submission, 56, 57; his sen-
tence, 57, 58; his retirement,
and the use he made of it, 58, 59;
his later career, 62, 63; his death,
64; estimate of his character,
65, 66; his philosophy, 67-74.

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