FACIENT. COPULATIVE. ATTRIBUTIVE 365. VERBS. 1. Transitive, expressing action which 2. Intransitive, expressing action which 4. Showing the condition in which a thing 366. ADVERBS. 270. 1. Of MANNER, showing 'how?' (with verbs). 2. Of DEGREE, showing 'how ?' (with adjectives or adverbs). 3. Of TIME, showing 'when?' 4. Of PLACE, showing where?' 'whither?' or whence ?' 6 5. Of REPETITION, showing how many times?' 6. Of CAUSE, showing 'why?' 7. Of MODIFICATION, modifying the force of a clause. 367. CONJUNCTIONS. 1. CO-ORDINATIVE, joining together words, phrases, independent clauses, or co-ordinate clauses, 296. 2. SUBORDINATIVE, joining a subordinate clause to the superior clause, 297 and 321. 368. NUMBERS are singular and plural. PERSONS are first, second, and third. GENDERS are masculine, feminine, neuter (and common). CASES are nominative, objective, and possessive. DEGREES are positive, comparative, and superlative. VOICES are active and passive. MOODS are indicative, conditional, subjunctive, and imperative. TENSES are present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, future simple, and future perfect. 369. NOUNS and PRONOUNS have number, person, gender, and case. ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS have degrees of comparison. VERBS have voice, mood, tense, number, and person. 370. PARSING. N.B.-The words are in dark type on pages 120 and 121. Let.-VERB, trans., v. act., M. imp. (a wish is expressed, 166), T. pres. (occurring during a period of time regarded as present, 183), N. pl., P. sec. (to agree with subject 'you' understood, 212); pp. let, defective, 241. Us.-PRONOUN, per., N. pl., P. ft., G. com. (it refers to the speaker and other persons also), c. obj. (indirect object of 'let,' 151). Say. INFINITIVE of verb, v. act., T. pres., used as a noun, 174, in the objective case (direct object of verb 'let,' 151); pp. say, said, said; irreg. weak, 240 note †. Are.-VERB, cop., M. ind. (an absolute assertion is made, 161), T. pres. (condition existing during a period of time regarded as present, 183, N.B.), N. pl., P. sec. (to agree with subject 'you,' 212); pp. am, was, been [Infin. be]; irregular-tenses not all formed from same root. Because.-CONJUNCTION, subordinative, joining subordinate clause "You are not merry" to superior clause "You are sad." As.*-ADVERB, of degree, joined to the adjective 'easy.' Easy.-ADJECTIVE, qual., D. posit., in attribution to the infinitives to laugh and leap and say,' or to the pronoun 'it,' which are in apposition, 155 XII, and 80. Laugh.-INFINITIVE of verb, v. act., T. pres., used as a noun in the nom. case (one of three infinitives which together form the subject of the verb 'were,' 203A); pp. laugh, laughed, laughed; regular. Hath framed.-VERB, trans., v. act., M. ind. (an absolute assertion is made, 161), T. perf. (action finished by present time, 183), N. sing., P. th. (to agree with subject nature,' 212); pp. frame, framed, framed; regular. Fellows.-NOUN, com., N. pl., P. th., G. com., c. obj. (object of verb 'hath framed,' 78A). Her.-PRONOUN, per., N. sing., P. th., G. fem. (to agree with antecedent 'nature,' which by poetic licence is regarded as feminine, 34 note *), c. poss. (denoting possession, dependent on time,' 79в). Some.-ADJECTIVE, ind. nul., in attribution to 'fellows' understood. This word would by some be called a pronoun, 104. Like.-ADVERB, of manner, joined to the verb 'will peep.' Parrots. NOUN, com., N. pl., P. th., G. com., c. obj. (governed by the preposition 'to' understood after 'like,' 78B, and 275). At.-PREPOSITION, governing 'bag-piper,' and joining it to the verb '[will] laugh,' 284c. This word would by some be regarded as making a part of the verb '[will] laugh at,' 288. Such.-ADVERB, of degree, joined to the adjective 'vinegar.' Vinegar.-ADJECTIVE, 101, qual., D. posit., in attribution to the noun 'aspect.' Swear.-VERB, trans., v. act., M. subj. (uncertainty is expressed, 163), T. pres. (occurrence simply uncertain during a period of time regarded as future, 195A), N. sing., P. th. (to agree with subject 'Nestor,' 212); pp. swear, swore or sware, sworn; strong. Standing.-PARTICIPLE present of verb, used as an adjective [175A, and 208] in attribution to the noun 'pond;' pp. stand, stood, stood; strong. Making.-PARTICIPLE present of verb, used as a noun [175 B, and 209] in the objective case governed by the preposition 'in,' 78в; pp. make, made, made; irregular weak. May.-VERB, attributive, M. ind. (an absolute assertion is made, 161), T. pres. (condition existing in a period of time regarded as present, 183, N.B.), N. sing., P. th. (to agree with subject that,' 212); pp. may, might; irregular weak, and defective. Be done.-INFINITIVE of verb, v. pas., T. pres., joined to the attributive verb 'may,' 126. The 'to' is omitted, 203; pp. do, did, done; strong, 243. CHAPTER IV. ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 371. The country now called England was in ancient times peopled by an uncivilized Keltic (or Celtic) race, usually called the "Ancient Britons." 372. From A.D. 43 to A.D. 410 England formed a portion of the Roman Empire: that is to say, the Ancient Britons were obliged to acknowledge the Emperor of Rome as their sovereign; they paid taxes to him, and had garrisons of Roman soldiers stationed in forts and fortified camps in various parts of the country. 373. The Romans, however, taught the Ancient Britons several useful arts and as the former people spoke the Latin language, the Ancient Britons learned from them various Latin words, principally relating to military affairs, building, &c. Some of these words remain in modern English, though in their sound and spelling they have lost the characteristics of Latin words; thus wall, street, and chester* or caster, are the English forms of the Latin vallum, strata, and castra. 374. In the year A.D. 410, the Romans withdrew their troops from Britain; and the language spoken in England Chester' or 'caster' is seen in many proper nouns, as Lancaster, Chester, &c.: which towns were at one time fortified camps of the Romans. |