History of Europe: From the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons in MDCCCXV [i.e. 1815], Volumen1

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Blackwood, 1849

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The independence of pastoral life
12
The security of walled cities
13
The protection of mountain retreats
14
Limited extent of freedom in ancient times
15
Different policy of the Romans Its prodigious effects
16
Real causes of the decay of the Roman Empire
17
First irruption of the northern nations Its great effects
18
Causes of the decay of the feudal liberty in Spain
31
Its decline in France and Germany
32
And in England
33
It was only fitted for a barbarous age
34
Opulence undermined the power of the nobles
35
Progress of freedom in the south of Europe
36
Rapid rise of the urban civilisation of Italy Great and patriotic efforts
37
General defection of the subject states on disaster 32 33
39
Decline of Flemish freedom
40
Common conclusions as to the tendency to decay in all communities
41
Causes which restored liberty Influence of Christianity
42
Difference of European and Asiatic northern conquest 36 ib
43
Causes to which it is to be ascribed
44
Great influence of religious enthusiasm on human affairs
45
Art of printing Its advantages
46
And dangers
47
Ultimate benefits of knowledge
48
Discovery of gunpowder destroyed the power of the nobility
49
Increase of luxury tended to the same effect
50
Combination of these causes in inducing the French Revolution
51
Vast effect of the revolt of armies on the cause of democracy
52
Danger from popular license which now threatens society
53
Slow growth of durable freedom
54
It gave origin to the yeomanry of England
64
Vast effect of the insular situation of England on the conquering race
65
And on the early struggles for freedom
66
And on the national wars of the English
68
Total want of archery as a force in France and Scotland
69
Peculiar combination which produced these results in England ib 25 Important effect of the loss of the English possessions in France
70
Power of the crown under the Norman kings
71
Insular situation
72
AngloSaxon institutions
73
Entire want of protection to the rural labourers
74
Democratic spirit in the time of Richard II ib 31 Wars of the Roses
75
Decline of feudal liberty
76
Revived by spirit of religious freedom and the Reformation
77
Modified by the regard to ancient rights in England
79
Which is the result of longestablished popular institutions ib 36 And which extends to America
81
Savage character of the civil wars in Ireland
82
And Scotland
83
ib 40
84
41
85
42
86
ib 44
87
46
89
47
90
48
91
Great feudatories
92
Misery arising from the English wars and its effects
93
Rise of the democratic spirit in France
94
Contrast of the French and English contests for freedom
95
their pernicious effect
96
Effect of the English wars
97
Effect of the standing armies of the crown on public freedom
98
Military spirit of the nation
99
Privileges of the nobility Their pernicious effect
100
Great effects of Richelieus system of government
101
His measures to carry these designs into effect
102
Prodigious effects of these changes
103
Real causes which brought it about
104
Splendour of the reign of Louis XIV
105
Despotic nature of his government
106
Failure of the Reformation in France
107
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
108
Its extreme severity
109
Dreadful ultimate retribution to which it led
111
Manner in which this retribution was brought about
112
Causes of the savage character of the French Revolution
113
Beneficial effects of periods of suffering
114
Slow growth and invaluable inheritance of real freedom
115
CHAPTER I
117
Its advantages for inland trade
118
Statistics of the country
119
Remarkable disproportion between agriculturists and manufacturers in France and England
120
General character of the French people
122
French colonies and the cause of their loss ib 7 Vast colonial trade of France with St Domingo
124
Parallel between the French and English Revolutions 2 Moderation in England and violence in France after victory 49
125
Real force of France in 1792
126
Household troops of the king
127
What then led to the Revolution?
128
The collision of the classes did not necessarily produce revolution
130
Middle ranks desirous of elevation ib 16 Slavery prevented this appearing in ancient times and pressure from below brings it out in modern
131
General operation of these principles in modern times
132
Its important effects in modern times
133
Extinction of public spirit by private opulence is long averted by these causes
134
Perils of this progressive rise of the lower orders
135
Collision of the higher and lower orders is unavoidable in every advancing modern state
136
Destruction of the power of the nobles
137
Military spirit of the people
138
Philosophy and literature
139
Causes of the general delusion regarding public opinion
140
Classical allusions which generally prevailed
141
Influence of the French stage on the public mind
142
State of the Church
143
Fatal effects of the revocation of the Edict of Nantes
144
Weakness it induced on the Gallican Church
145
It issues in the contests of the Jesuits and Jansenists ib 32 Transition of this contest into that of the parliaments with the king
146
Powers of the parliaments
148
Progress of the contest with the parliaments
149
Page
158
1
161
50
164
2
168
Great influence of religion in England and of infidel principles in France 51
170
Total prostration of the Britons and Gauls after the fall of Rome 13 Effects of AngloSaxon conquests 55
172
ib 56
173
57
174
58
175
Effect of the insular situation of Britain 15 And of the piratical incursions of the Danes 16 Cause which was beginning to prove fatal to freedom 17 C...
176
60
177
61
178
62
180
The Economists
183
Composition of the privileged classes
189
ib 3
191
Indirect taxes
195
ib 5
199
7
200
Administration of justice
201
8
203
Extreme inconsistency with which the royal power had been exercised
204
Terrible torture which was still continued in France
205
Horrors of the old punishments
206
Corruption at court
208
Profligacy of the Regent Orleans and Louis XV
209
Madame Pompadour and Madame du Barri
211
Dissolute habits of young Egalité
212
Contrast to the manners of the middle classes at that period
214
Embarrassment of finances
215
Ineffectual efforts of preceding sovereigns to make up the deficit
216
Contempt and weakness into which the nobility had fallen
219
Inefficiency of the noblesse as a political body
220
Fatal division in France between the old families and the nouveaux anoblis
222
Distracted state of the clergy
223
Disastrous effect of the great influence of Paris
224
The element of rural loyalty was wanting or very weak in France
225
Remarkable observation of Lord Chesterfield on the state of France
226
Louis XV foresaw the dangers of the French monarchy
227
Overthrow of the parliaments resolved on by Louis XV
228
Suppression of the parliaments
229
Mr Burkes reflections on this event
231
Conquest of Corsica which made Napoleon a French citizen
232
Death of Louis XV
233
Advantages of the French system of government
234
Excellence of the parliaments as courts of law ib 109 Advantages of seats in them being acquired by purchase
236
Difference in consequence between the independence of the courts of law in the two countries prior to their Revolutions
237
Excellence of the French system of intendants of provinces ib 112 Reflections on the causes which preceded the Revolution
239
What are the real causes of revolution ib 114 It was the national vices not the national sufferings which produced the Revolution
241
It is the loss of public virtue which produces a revolution
242
CHAPTER III
243
Early characters of the Dauphins three sons
244
Early disposition of Louis XVI
245
His character
246
To what this irresolution was owing
247
Birth and early years of Marie Antoinette
248
Grief for her departure from Vienna and splendour of her reception in France
250
Magnificent fête at Paris on the marriage
251
ib 10
252
ib 11
253
12
255
13
256
14
257
15
258
Popular acts of the King and Queen on their accession
260
17
262
And in the northern nations on their first establishment in Europe 24 Causes which led to representative governments in modern Europe 25 They are ...
264
19
265
Are universally established in Europe 20 20
267
21
269
Change in the system of government
270
Birth and early history of Turgot ib 24 His character as a minister
272
Fatal errors in his principles
273
Turgots finance measures
274
He establishes a free trade in grain and tumults in consequence
275
Violent disorders which ensued
276
Great effects of hereditary succession and primogeniture in producing this result
278
Malesherbes principles of government
279
Views of Turgot and his general principles
280
His ultimate designs
281
Feudal services
282
History of Count St Germain
283
Nature of the reforms in the army which were called for
285
Changes which he introduced
287
Breaks up the Hôtel des Invalides Great discontents this excited in the army
288
Turgots Six Edicts
289
Universal combination against Turgot to resist the Six Edicts
290
Continuance of the contest with the Parliament which occasions his fall
291
Reflections on the fall of Turgot
293
Causes of these disastrous results
294
Their variety and oppressive character
295
Early history of M Necker
297
Madame Necker and the society with which she was surrounded
298
Causes which led to Neckers appointment to the ministry
300
His appointment as finance minister ib 49 Neckers first finance measures and opposition against them
301
Character of Necker and his plans of finance
302
Views of Turgot and Necker on the American war
303
Growing interest of the French in favour of the insurgents
304
France joins America and the war with England
305
Universal enthusiasm which the success of the American war excited
307
Financial embarrassments to which the American war gave rise
308
Great embarrassment which the loans contracted occasioned to the finances
309
Existing Statesgeneral in some of the provinces
311
Neckers Provincial Assemblies
312
General coalition against Necker
313
Neckers resignation
314
General regret at his leaving the administration
315
Successor of Necker in the finance and increasing difficulties
316
His candid exposition of the state of the finances
329
Noble speech of Calonne to the Notables
330
Universal storm against Calonne on these proposals
332
Causes of this general combination
333
Pretences of the Notables to elude the plan and finance contests
334
Death of Vergennes and continued resistance of the Notables
336
Character of the Archbishop of Toulouse
338
Briennes dangerous speech on dismissing the Notables
340
Birth of the Princess Royal and the Dauphin
341
The Queen becomes the object of persecution to the Orleans party
343
Character of the Duke of Orleans and his party
344
Incessant efforts of the Orleans party to defame the Queen
346
Queens increasing influence at court inflames the hostility against her
347
Increased rigour in favour of the aristocracy in regard to commissions in the army
348
Aid which these calumnies received from the Queens imprudent conduct
349
Nocturnal parties on the terraces at Versailles
350
Total change of ladies dress is introduced by the Queen
351
Affair of the diamond necklace
352
Trial of Cardinal Rohan and Mad de la Mothe
354
General spirit of innovation
356
Great extent of the Anglomania ib 95 General tendency to delusion in the public mind
358
First measures of Brienne which are successful
360
Progress of the dispute with the Parliament
361
Who continue to refuse to register the Edicts
362
Banishment of the Parliament to Troyes
363
A compromise between the Crown and the Parliament
364
Brienne proposes large new loans
365
The loan is rejected and the Duke of Orleans exiled
366
Royal prerogative
370
Necker induces the King to double the Tiers Etat and leave the mode
402
Elections at Paris
408
Fatal defects of the feudal system 29 Cause of the early corruption of barbarous conquerors 30 Effects of the private wars of the nobles 23
414
Who did wrong at this period of the Revolution
419
The forcing of the King into the American war
420
Fault of the nobles and clergy in resisting equal taxation ib 150 The Parliaments did wrong in refusing to register the taxes
421
Neckers fatal error in the convocation of the Statesgeneral Effect of his concessions
422
Limits of conciliation and concession
423
What constituted the great error of Neckers measures
424
Effect of Neckers concessions
425
Slow growth of the ability to wield political power
426
Distinction between the love of freedom and the passion for power ib 157 Revolution headed by the higher classes
427
CHAPTER IV
429
Rashness of the Constituent Assembly and peril of hasty innovation
430
Opening of the Statesgeneral
431
Meeting of the Statesgeneral
434
Speech of the King
435
The generous sentiments it expressed ib 9 Incipient division on the King sitting down
436
Speech of M Necker and general disappointment it occasioned
437
Commencement of the contest between the orders
439
First interference of the electors and municipality of Paris with the government
440
Tiers Etat insist for one Assembly which completely stops the public business
441
Violent contest betwixt the parties Advantages of the Commons ib 15 Sentiments and cahiers of the nobles
442
Views and instructions of the clergy
444
Of the Tiers Etat ib 18 Views of the King
445
And of the people of Paris
446
Absence of philosophers and literary men
448
Few great proprietors
449
Birth and early life of Mirabeau
450
His first adventures in life
451
24
452
His career before the Revolution
453
Character of Mirabeau
454
His character as an orator
456
Character of the Abbé Maury
458
His invincible moral courage
459
Character of M Cazalès
460
Of M Bailly
461
Character and biography of M Lafayette
464
Character of ClermontTonnerre
467
Of LallyTollendal and the two Lameths
468
Character of Barnave
470
Biography of Talleyrand
472
The Club Montrougethe centre of the Orleans conspiracy
473
The Club Bretonthe cradle of the Jacobins
474
Prodigious excitement in Paris during the contest of the orders
475
Vacillation and terror of the ministry
476
Remarkable prophecy of Father BeauRegard
477
Views of the conspirators on the popular side ib 43 First appearance of Robespierre in the Assembly
479
Proposals of the Tiers Etat
480
Rejection of the arbitration of the King by the Orders
481
The Tiers Etat resolve to constitute the Statesgeneral alone
482
Answer of the noblesse and the clergy
483
Serious disturbances and alarm over all France
484
Tumults in the provinces
485
Three Curés join the Tiers Etat
486
Debates on the title the Tiers Etat were to assume
487
Speech in opposition by Mirabeau
488
The Tiers Etat assume the title of National Assembly
490
Resolutions of the National Assembly declaring all taxes illegal if they were dissolved
492
Immense enthusiasm over France on these events ib 56 Commencement of the persecution of the unpopular deputies
493
Measures of the noblesse
494
Debates on the subject in the Chamber of the Clergy
495
Neckers measures in this crisis
496
TennisCourt oath
498
Error of the King on this occasion
499
One hundred and fortyeight of the clergy join the Tiers Etat
500
Reflections on this step of the Commons ib 64 Repulse by Necker of Mirabeaus advances
501
Grand council at Marly where the declaration of 23d June is resolved on
502
Royal sitting of the 23d June Great concessions of the King
503
Which give no satisfaction
504
The Commons refuse to leave the hall
505
Vast amount of these concessions of the King
506
Royal authority overthrown
507
Duke of Orleans and fortysix of the nobility join the Commons
508
Great difficulties of the Kings situation
509
Immense effervescence in Paris ib 74 Interview of the King with M de Luxembourg
510
The Kings answer to the representations of the Duke
512
the Tiers Etat
513
Junction of the orders
514
Revolt and treason of the French guards
515
Vigorous measures are resolved on by the court
516
Great agitation in the capital
517
Power daily passing from the government to the multitude
518
Indecision of Necker and the ministers
519
More violent views of the war party in the council
520
Speech of Mirabeau in the Assembly against the troops
521
Address of the Assembly to the King
522
Answer of the King
525
Commencement of the insurrection and dismissal of M Necker
526
Progress of the revolt in Paris and first appearance of Camille Desmoulins
528
Combat in front of the barracks and treachery of the troops
529
Efforts of the Orleans party to increase the excitement
530
Continuance of the riots on the 13th and want of preparation on the part of the court
531
Vigorous preparations of the Revolutionists
532
First organisation of the National Guard Municipality of Paris and Tricolor Flag
533
Rapid formation of the Revolutionary force
534
Capture of the Hôtel des Invalides ib 98 It is determined to attack the Bastille
536
Preparations for storming the Bastille
537
Description of the Bastille
538
The insurgents break into the fortress
539
Arrival of the Gardes Françaises
540
Proposals made by the civic authorities
541
Delaunay is forced to capitulate
542
Violation of the capitulation and massacre of some prisoners
543
Massacre of Delaunay and Delosme and the Provost Flesselles
544
The rest of the Invalids and Swiss are saved by the French Guards
545
Interior of the Bastille
546
Great agitation in Paris during the night
547
State of Versailles and change of measures by the court
548
The King resolves on concession
549
Violent agitation in the Assembly
550
State of the court on the night of the 14th
551
The King goes to the Assembly and declares he will dismiss the troops
552
The King visits Paris
553
Share of the Orleans faction in the insurrection
554
Who did wrong in this stage of the Revolution?
556
Usurpation and treason of the Tiers Etat ib 119 The military did wrong in revolting against the throne
557
Error of the King in the period chosen for making a stand
558
Fatal results of this treason and treachery to the cause of freedom in France
559
All classes might have done their duty
560
Which would have avoided all the calamities of the Revolution
561
CHAPTER V
563
Necessity for an executive occasioned the disasters which followed
564
Gentle character of the King
565
Mirabeaus picture of these events
566
their misery and famine ib 6 Efforts to feed Paris prove insufficient
567
Which nothing can alleviate
569
Necessary institution of the Municipality on a democratic basis
570
Formation of the primary assemblies to control the Municipality
571
Dumonts account of these primary assemblies ib 11 Establishment of similar municipalities over all France
572
Feeble conduct of the National Assembly on this point
573
Necker is recalled
576
Murder of Foulon ib 16 And of Berthier
578
Cruel excesses on the farmers near Paris
579
Bailly and Lafayette wish to resign but are not allowed
580
Atrocities in the provinces
581
Hideous murder of M de Belzunce
582
Atrocities at StDenis Troyes Strasbourg Orleans and Marseilles
583
Conflagration of the chateaus
584
Cruelties exercised on the seigneurs
585
Disgraceful supineness of the Assembly amidst these excesses
586
Commencement of the emigration of the Noblesse
587
The insurrection of the peasants renders the emigration general
588
Abandonment of the feudal rights by the nobles
589
Speech of the Duke dAiguillon
590
Universal transports of this meeting
591
Prodigious effects of those changes
592
Dangers with which they were attended
593
Argument against spoliation of the church by Sièyes ib 34 Argument for church spoliation by Mirabeau
594
Dignified conduct of the clergy
595
Foresight of Louis and decree of the Assembly
596
Unavailing regrets of the nobles and clergy who joined the popular party
597
Secret causes of this spoliation of the church at which all classes con nived
598
Abolition of the right of shooting and hunting Its effects
599
Dreadful distress at Paris
600
Anarchy in Paris
601
State of the finances
602
Declaration of the Rights of Man
603
Opinion entertained of it by its authors ib 45 Formation of a constitution
604
First appearance of entire laxity on the subject of religion
605
Division of the Assembly into the Côté Droit and Côté Gauche
606
Extraordinary haste in the formation of the constitution
607
Question of the absolute veto which is denied to the King ib 50 Mirabeau supports the crown in the debate
609
This was contrary to the general directions of the Cahiers
610
Increased misery and agitation in Paris
611
Neckers picture of the public distress
612
Mirabeau supports the proposal for a propertytax
613
Famine in Paris
614
Designs of the Orleanist conspirators
615
Views of the King at this period
616
Banquet at Versailles ib 59 Agitation in Paris at the news of it
617
State of the Assembly and the court and arrival of the mob at Ver sailles
619
The insurgents surround the Assembly
620
And soon after break into the palace
621
Irresolution of the King and heroism of the Queen ib 64 Lafayette retires to sleep
622
The mob again break into the palace and heroic defence of the body guard
623
Tardy arrival of General Lafayette
625
Heroic conduct of the Queen ib 68 The mob insist on the royal family going to Paris
626
The royal family come to Paris
627
Vast changes introduced by the Assembly
628
Their excessive rashness
629
Danger of sudden innovation ib 73 The victory of the 6th October was really over the Assembly
630
The period had arrived when resistance was necessary
631
Great fault of the nobility at this period ib 76 Sins of the peasantry and people
632

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Página 255 - It is now sixteen or seventeen years since I saw the queen of France, then the dauphiness, at Versailles; and surely never lighted on this orb, which she hardly seemed to touch, a more delightful vision. I saw her just above the horizon, decorating and cheering the elevated sphere she just began to move in, glittering like the morning star, full of life, and splendour, and joy.
Página 255 - ... little did I dream that I should have lived to see such disasters fallen upon her in a nation of gallant men, in a nation of men of honour, and of cavaliers. I thought ten thousand swords must have leaped from their scabbards to avenge even a look that threatened her with insult.
Página 162 - Les honneurs sont vendus aux plus ambitieux, L'autorité livrée aux plus séditieux. Ces petits souverains qu'il fait pour une année , Voyant d'un temps si court leur puissance bornée, Des plus heureux desseins font avorter le fruit, De peur de le laisser à celui qui les suit.
Página 135 - Him with her loved society; that now, As with new wine intoxicated both, They swim in mirth, and fancy that they feel Divinity within them breeding wings, Wherewith to scorn the earth...
Página 561 - I was much acquainted with the leading patriots of the Assembly. Being from a country which had successfully passed through a similar reformation, they were disposed to my acquaintance, and had some confidence in me. I urged, most strenuously, an immediate compromise ; to secure what the government was now ready to yield, and trust to future occasions for what might still be wanting.
Página 210 - Yet empty of all good, wherein consists Woman's domestic honour and chief praise; Bred only and completed to the taste Of lustful appetence, to sing, to dance, To dress, and troll the tongue, and roll the eye...
Página 256 - ... loyalty to rank and sex, that proud submission, that dignified obedience, that subordination of the heart, which kept alive, even in servitude itself, the spirit of an exalted freedom. The unbought grace of life, the cheap defence of nations, the nurse of manly sentiment and heroic enterprise is gone ! It is gone, that sensibility of principle, that chastity of honour, which felt a stain like a wound, which inspired courage whilst it mitigated ferocity, which ennobled whatever it touched, and...
Página 81 - In this choice of inheritance we have given to our frame of polity the image of a relation in blood; binding up the constitution of our country with our dearest domestic ties; adopting our fundamental laws into the bosom of our family affections...
Página 81 - Parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted, that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said Declaration, are the true, ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this Kingdom...
Página 227 - ... all the symptoms, which I have ever met with in history, previous to great changes and revolutions in Government, now exist, and daily increase in France.

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