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RULE V.-WORDS IN PAIRS.

When successive words are joined in pairs by conjunctions, they should be separated in pairs by the comma; as, “Interest and ambition, honor and shame, friendship and enmity, gratitude and revenge, are the prime movers in public transactions."

RULE VI.-WORDS PUT ABSOLUTE.

Nouns or pronouns put absolute, should, with their adjuncts, be set off by the comma; as, "The prince, his father being dead, succeeded."-" This done, we parted."—" Zaccheus, make haste and come down."-"His prætorship in Sicily, what did it produce?"-Cicero.

RULE VII.-WORDS IN APPOSITION.

Words put in apposition (especially if they have adjuncts), are generally set off by the comma; as, "He that now calls upon thee, is Theodore, the hermit of Teneriffe."-Johnson.

Exception 1.-When several words, in their common order, are used as one compound name, the comma is not inserted; as, "Samuel Johnson."-" Publius Gavius Cosanus."

Exception 2.-When a common and a proper name are closely united, the comma is not inserted; as, "The brook Kidron."-"The river Don.". "The empress Catharine."-" Paul the apostle."

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Exception 3.-When a pronoun is added to another word merely for emphasis and distinction, the comma is not inserted; as, "Ye men of Athens.""I myself."—" "Thou flaming minister."- You princes." Exception 4.-When a name acquired by some action or relation, is put in apposition with a preceding noun or pronoun, the comma is not inserted; as, "I made the ground my bed."—"To make him king.”— "Whom they revered as God."—" With modesty thy guide.”—Pope.

RULE VIII.-ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives, when something depends on them, or when they have the import of a dependent clause, should, with their adjuncts, be set off by the comma; as,

1.

"Among the roots

Of hazel, pendent o'er the plaintive stream,

They frame the first foundation of their domes."―Thom.

2.

"Up springs the lark,

Shrill-voic'd and loud, the messenger of morn.”—Id.

Exception.-When an adjective immediately follows its noun, and is taken in a restrictive sense, the comma should not be used before

it; as,

"On the coast averse from entrance.”—Milton.

RULE IX.-FINITE VERBS.

Where a finite verb is understood, a comma is generally required; as, "From law arises security; from security, curiosity; from curiosity, knowledge."-Murray.

RULE X.-INFINITIVES.

The infinitive mood, when it follows a verb from which it must be separated, or when it depends on something remote or understood, is generally, with its adjuncts, set off by the comma; as, "His delight was, to assist the distressed.”—“ To conclude, I was reduced to beggary."

"The Governor of all-has interposed,

Not seldom, his avenging arm, to smite

The injurious trampler upon nature's law."-Cowper.

RULE XI.-PARTICIPLES.

Participles, when something depends on them, when they have the import of a dependent clause, or when they relate to something understood, should, with their adjuncts, be set off by the comma; as,

1. "Young Edwin, lighted by the evening star,

Ling'ring and list'ning, wander'd down the vale."-Beattie.

2. " United, we stand; divided, we fall."

3. "Properly speaking, there is no such thing as chance."

Exception. When a participle immediately follows its noun, and is taken in a restrictive sense, the comma should not be used before it;

as,

"A man renown'd for repartee

Will seldom scruple to make free

With friendship's finest feeling."—Cowper.

RULE XII.-ADVERBS.

Adverbs, when they break the connection of a simple sentence, or when they have not a close dependence on some particular word in the context, should be set off by the comma; as, "We must not, however, confound this gentleness with the artificial courtesy of the world."-" Besides, the mind must be employed."-" Most unquestionably, no fraud was equal to all this."-Lyttelton.

RULE XIII.-CONJUNCTIONS.

Conjunctions, when they are separated from the principal clause that depends on them, or when they introduce an example, are generally set off by the comma; as, "But, by a timely call upon Religion, the force of Habit was eluded." -Johnson.

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Prepositions and their objects, when they break the connection of a simple sentence, or when they do not closely follow the words on which they depend, are generally set off by the comma; as, "Fashion is, for the most part, nothing but the ostentation of riches."-" By reading, we add the experience of others to our own."

RULE XV.-INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections are sometimes set off by the comma; as, "For, lo, I will call all the families of the kingdoms of the north."-Jeremiah i., 15.

RULE XVI.-WORDS REPEATED.

A word emphatically repeated, is generally set off by the comma; as, "Happy, happy, happy pair!"-Dryden. "Ah! no, no, no.”—Id.

RULE XVII.-DEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

A quotation or observation, when it is introduced by a verb (as, say, reply, and the like), is generally separated

""The book

from the rest of the sentence by the comma; as, of nature,' said he, 'is open before thee."""I say unto all, Watch."

The Semicolon.

The semicolon is used to separate those parts of a compound sentence, which are neither so closely connected as those which are distinguished by the comma, nor so little dependent as those which require the colon.

RULE I-COMPOUND MEMBERS.

When several compound members, some or all of which require the comma, are constructed into a period, they are generally separated by the semicolon: as, "In the regions inhabited by angelic natures, unmingled felicity forever blooms; joy flows there with a perpetual and abundant stream, nor needs any mound to check its course."-Carter.

RULE II.-SIMPLE MEMBERS.

When several simple members, each of which is complete in sense, are constructed into a period; if they require a pause greater than that of the comma, they are usually separated by the semicolon: as, Straws swim upon the surface; but

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pearls lie at the bottom."-Murray.

"A longer care man's helpless kind demands;

That longer care contracts more lasting bands."-Pope.

RULE III.-APPOSITION, ETC.

Words in apposition, in disjunct pairs, or in any other construction, if they require a pause greater than that of the comma, and less than that of the colon, may be separated by the semicolon: as, "There are five moods; the infinitive, the indicative, the potential, the subjunctive, and the imperative."

The Colon.

The colon is used to separate those parts of a compound sentence, which are neither so closely connected as those which are distinguished by the semicolon, nor so little dependent as those which require the period.

RULE I-ADDITIONAL REMARKS.

When the preceding clause is complete in itself, but is followed by some additional remark or illustration, especially if no conjunction is used, the colon is generally and properly inserted; as, "Avoid evil doers: in such society an honest man may become ashamed of himself."-" See that moth fluttering incessantly around the candle: man of pleasure, behold thy image."-Kames.

RULE II.-GREATER PAUSES.

When the semicolon has been introduced, and a still greater pause is required within the period, the colon should be employed as, "Princes have courtiers, and merchants have partners; the voluptuous have companions, and the wicked have accomplices: none but the virtuous can have friends."

RULE III-INDEPENDENT QUOTATIONS.

A quotation introduced without dependence on a verb or a conjunction, is generally preceded by the colon; as, "In his last moments he uttered these words: 'I fall a sacrifice to sloth and luxury.""

The Period.

The period, or full stop, is used to mark an entire and independent sentence, whether simple or compound.

RULE I-DISTINCT SENTENCES.

When a sentence is complete in respect to sense, and independent in respect to construction, it should be marked with

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