amount. And these courts have original jurisdiction also in matters relating to the United States revenue and to copyrights, being cases that arise under the laws of the United States.

21. Controversies between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different States, must be adjudicated in the United States courts. State courts cannot be supposed to be unbiased in cases of this nature. Claims to lands under grants of different States, founded on adverse pretensions of boundary, would almost forbid the possibility of judicial fairness, candor, and impartiality on the part of the State courts of either granting State. The State laws may have even prejudged the question, and tied the courts down to decisions in favor of the grants of the State to which they belonged; and, where this has not been done, it would be natural that the judges, as men, should feel a strong predilection for the claims of their own government. At all events, the providing of a tribunal, having no possible interest on the one side more than the other, would have a most salutary tendency in quieting the jealousies and disarming the resentments of the State whose grant should be held invalid.2

22. An appeal may be taken from the district or circuit courts directly to the Supreme Court in cases in which the jurisdiction of the court is in issue, from the final sentences and decrees in prize causes, in cases of conviction of a capital or otherwise infamous crime, in any case involving the construction or application of the Constitution, in any case in which the constitutionality of any law of the United States or the validity of any treaty is drawn in question, and in any case in which the Constitution or law of a State is claimed to be in contravention of the Constitution of the United States. In other cases the appeal from the district or circuit court must be taken to the circuit court of appeals, and, under certain limitations and restrictions, may be taken from this court to the Supreme Court.

1 The Federalist, No. 80.

2 Story on the Constitution, § 1696.

23. The following is a list of the chief justices of the United States from the establishment of the Supreme Court in 1789, with the dates of appointment:

JOHN JAY, New York, Sept. 26, 1789. Resigned.
JOHN RUTLEDGE, South Carolina, July 1, 1795.

Mr. Rut

ledge was appointed during the recess of the Senate, presided over the Supreme Court one term, was nominated Dec. 10, 1795, and rejected by the Senate. WILLIAM CUSHING, Massachusetts, Jan. 27, 1796. Declined. OLIVER ELLSWORTH, Connecticut, March 4, 1796. Resigned. JOHN JAY, New York, re-appointment, Dec. 19, 1800. Declined.

JOHN MARSHALL, Virginia, Jan. 31, 1801. Died July 6, 1835. ROGER B. TANEY, Maryland, March 15, 1836. Died 1864. SALMON P. CHASE, Ohio, Dec. 6, 1864. Died May 7, 1873. MORRISON R. WAITE, Jan. 21, 1874. Died March 23, 1888. MELVILLE W. FULLER, April 30, 1888.

CHAPTER XV.

ARTICLE I. — PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES.

1. GEORGE WASHINGTON of Virginia, inaugurated April 30, 1789. Term expired March 4, 1793. Reëlected. Second inauguration, March 4, 1793. JOHN ADAMS of Massachusetts entered on the duties of his office as Vice-President, and president of the Senate, April 21, 1789, but did not take the oath of office until June 3, 1789. Reëlected. Took the oath of office, Dec. 2, 1793.

2. JOHN ADAMS of Massachusetts, inaugurated President of the United States, March 4, 1797.

THOMAS JEFFERSON of Virginia took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1797.

3. THOMAS JEFFERSON of Virginia, inaugurated President of the United States, March 4, 1801.

AARON BURR of New York took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1801.

THOMAS JEFFERSON reëlected. Inaugurated March 4, 1805.

GEORGE CLINTON of New York took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1805.

4. JAMES MADISON of Virginia, inaugurated President, March 4, 1809. GEORGE CLINTON took oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1809. JAMES MADISON reëlected. Inaugurated March 4, 1813.

ELBRIDGE GERRY of Massachusetts took the oath of office as Vice-President. Entered on the duties of president of Senate, May 24, 1813. 5. JAMES MONROE of Virginia, inaugurated President, March 4, 1817. Reëlected. Second inauguration, March 4, 1821.

DANIEL D. TOMPKINS of New York took the oath of office as Vice-Presi

dent, March 4, 1817. Reëlected. Took the oath of office, March 4, 1821.

6. JOHN QUINCY ADAMS of Massachusetts, son of the second President of the United States, inaugurated President, March 4, 1825.

JOHN C. CALHOUN of South Carolina took the oath of office as VicePresident, March 4, 1825.

7. ANDREW JACKSON of Tennessee, inaugurated President, March 4, 1829. JOHN C. CALHOUN of South Carolina took the oath of office as VicePresident, March 4, 1829.

ANDREW JACKSON reëlected. Inaugurated March 4, 1833.

MARTIN VAN BUREN of New York took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1833.

8. MARTIN VAN BUREN of New York, inaugurated President, March 4, 1837. RICHARD M. JOHNSON of Kentucky took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1837. The only Vice-President of the United States ever elected by the Senate.

9. WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON of Ohio, inaugurated President, March 4, 1841. Died April 4, 1841.

JOHN TYLER of Virginia took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1841. Took the oath of office as President of the United States, April 6, 1841.

10. JAMES KNOX POLK of Tennessee, inaugurated President, March 4, 1845. GEORGE MIFFLIN Dallas of Pennsylvania, inaugurated and took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1845.

II. ZACHARY TAYLOR of Louisiana, inaugurated President, March 5, 1849. Died July 9, 1850, having been in office one year, four months, and five days.

MILLARD FILLMORE of New York took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 5, 1849. Took the oath of office as President of the United States, July 10, 1850.

12. FRANKLIN PIERCE of New Hampshire, inaugurated President, March 4,

1853.

WILLIAM R. KING of Alabama took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1853. Died April 18, 1853.

13. JAMES BUCHANAN of Pennsylvania, inaugurated President, March 4, 1857. JOHN C. BRECKINRIDGE of Kentucky took the oath of office as Vice

President, March 4, 1857.

14. ABRAHAM LINCOLN of Illinois, inaugurated President, March 4, 1861. HANNIBAL HAMLIN of Maine took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1861.

ABRAHAM LINCOLN reëlected. Second inauguration, March 4, 1865. Assassinated April 14, 1865, and died the next morning, April 15. ANDREW JOHNSON of Tennessee took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1865. Took the oath of office as President, April 15, 1865.

15. ULYSSES S. GRANT of Illinois, inaugurated President, March 4, 1869. SCHUYLER COLFAX of Indiana took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1869.

ULYSSES S. GRANT reëlected.

Second inauguration, March 4, 1873.

HENRY WILSON of Massachusetts took the oath of office as Vice-Presi

dent, March 4, 1873. Died Nov. 22, 1875.

16. RUTHERFORD B. HAYES of Ohio, inaugurated President, March 5, 1877. WILLIAM A. WHEELER of New York took the oath of office as VicePresident, March 5, 1877.

17. JAMES A. GARFIELD of Ohio, inaugurated President, March 4, 1881. Assassinated July 2, 1881, and died Sept. 19, 1881.

CHESTER A. ARTHUR of New York took the oath of office as VicePresident, March 4, 1881. Took the oath of office as President, Sept.

20, 1881.

18. GROVER CLEVELAND of New York, inaugurated President, March 4, 1885.

THOMAS A. HENDRICKS of Indiana took the oath of office as Vice-
President, March 4, 1885. Died Nov. 25, 1885.

19. BENJAMIN HARRISON of Indiana, inaugurated President, March 4, 1889. LEVI P. MORTON of New York took the oath of office as Vice-President, March 4, 1889.

1. The Department of State was created by act of Congress, Sept. 15, 1789. Before that, it was called the Department of Foreign Affairs, having been created as such by act of July 27, 1789. This department is under the charge of the

secretary of state; and the business affairs of it are divided into several branches, each branch having a principal clerk at its head.

2. This department has charge of the correspondence with the diplomatic agents of the government in foreign countries, and with the agents of foreign nations received and accredited by the United States. All communications with commissioners relating to boundary treaties, and all diplomatic instructions, issue from this department; and a faithful record of them is kept, as well as a record of similar documents received from foreign powers.

3. All the acts and resolutions of Congress are filed by the President in this department; and their publication in newspapers or in book form, and their distribution throughout the country, belong to the State Department; also all treaties and other business with the Indian tribes. There is an office connected with this department, in which the translation of documents from other languages into English is the principal business.

4. There is a clerk of pardons and passports connected with this department. The petitions and papers are filed with this clerk, on which pardons are founded. Passports are prepared by him, and a record kept. Statistics relating to the foreign commerce of the United States are filed and preserved in this department.

5. The following is a catalogue of the secretaries of state, beginning with the first year under our Constitution: