Dévé

Ishté bélani bouldoun 25! git', béoyúk seoz séoy

léméyi éoyrén' 26!

Qis'sédén his'sé 27

séoz sédylémé!

Beoyak loqmasge, beoyik

25. you have got (found) your punishment. 26. go and learn the [calamity of] speaking conceited (haughty) words. 27. moral from the story. 28. morsel (of food).

دوه کیدر کن کیمه راست کلدی ؟ کدی یه راست کلدی . دوه نك صير تينده نه وار ایمش ؟ غايت آغير بر بوك وار ايمش. دوه ایری بر بوك حيوانى در.

دوه نه در؟

كدى مى بويوك ؟ دوه مى بويوك ؟ . کدی دوه یه باقه رق يك كوچوكدر.

اوغورلر اولسون قارداشلق» ديدى .

کدی دوه یه نه دیدی ؟ اوغورلر اولسون كيملره دیرلر ؟ يولجيلره دیرلر افندم ! دوه نره يه يولجي ايمش عجبا ؟ ل ابلكه بغداده طوغرى يولجي ايدى . كدى دوه نك قارداشی می ایدی ؟ خیر افندم ! بو پك بوش بر سوز ايدى . كدى صوکره دوه به نه دیدی ! شو كوچوچك يوككى بكا وير ديدى . یور ! بو حكايه لي صوكنه قدر سويله ! يك اعلا افنديجكزم !

.17 Lesson درس ۱۷

Primitive and Derivative Verbs.

مجرد و مزيد فيه مصدرلر

§ 257. Simple or Primitive Verbs are those which have no letters or syllables inserted after the root:

for instance

yazmaq to write, Elo,~ sévmék to love,

ogoumag to read, are simple verbs, because there اوقومت

gaz او قونق سويشمك ، يازدير مق But if I say .258

dirmaq, sévishmék, oqounmaq: these are derivative verbs,

6

سویش یاز دیر the new or secondary roots are ,yazdar اوقون ، سویش ، بازدیر

sévish, oqoun. These are formed by inserting certain letters between the simple roots and the infinitive termination, and thus changing the meaning of the verb, more or less.

Elagu sévmék; Vyu sev to love:

sévishmék; V

سو

sévish to love each other.

V

yaz to write باز : yazmag يازمق

.yazdir to cause to write يازدير ;yazdiomaa يازديرمق ogou to read او قوogoumay; V اوقومق

ogoun to be read اوقون oqounmag اوقونق

§ 259. The so-called servile letters are those letters, which, when added to the roots, change, more or less, the meaning of the verb. They are:t, dir, › r, in, Ji, Ash.

dir,

§ 260. These letters or syllables have each their own special signification when inserted to form a new root. Each alters the meaning of the verb in a regular manner. 1, 2, 3. t, r have the power of making verbs Transitive, if the original root is Intransitive; and Causal, if the original verb is Transitive. 4, 5. A verb is made either Reflexive or Passive by adding Jor

دیر

ر

n to the root of a primitive verb. 6. Reciprocal verbs are formed by adding sh to the root of primitive verbs.

§ 261. There are six measures (j,‘ḥ bab, vézn], as they are called in Turkish, which serve as formulas

to enable the student always to remember the addition and the changes of meaning caused by the insertion of the servile letters.

1. Ogoutmaq [Transitive and Causal].

او قوق

§ 262. This form is obtained by adding t, (it, ût, out) to the stem (§§ 52, 56).

The effect of the insertion of this letter is twofold: 1. If the original primitive form is intransitive, it

is made transitive; as:

.otourtmag to make to sit, seat اور تم otourmag to sit او طورمق

: baqmaq to look باتمق

bagitmag to make to look, to

show.

2. If the original simple form be transitive, it changes to causal; as:

.ogoumaq to read qoutmag to cause to read اوقومق .yiy'qatmag to cause to wash بيقائق : yiyqamag to wash ييقامق

Note. This t is added, generally, when the root of the verb ends in a vowel, or in one of the semivowels Jl, r, in.

.3 Exercise تعلیم ۳۲

Change the following verbs into the first measure

and give their meanings.

Transitive verbs. 1. Ela

سويلهمك

Elangs déoshémék to floor, to carpet. 2.

maq to call.

sedylémék to speak.

chaghir

maq to dig, to engrave. aramaq to seek. 4. T

آقمق

agmag to flow. Ela bilémék to sharpen (a knife). 5. Eloals,

yúklémék to load. Ela dinlémék to listen. yüklehuck" Surden

Intransitive verbs.

sachramaq to صیچر امق 6.

ashamek to او شومك ... .erimih to be melted ازيك .jump

feel cold, shiver.sovoumag to become cold,

cool.

qoqmaq to smell, to have a smell. 8. 9.

agh آغلامق .yashamay to live يا شام .ouyoumaq to sleep

lamaq to cry, to weep.

2. Yazdirmaq

[Transitive and Causal].

§ 263. This measure is formed by adding

dîr, dûr, dour) to the root (§§ 52, 56).

(dir,

The effect of this syllable on the root is just the same as that of the first measure:

1. If the primitive verb is intransitive, it is made transitive; as:

✓ éôlmék to die (intrans.):

.Ng| éôldûrmék to kill (trans.).

ouyanmaq to awake (intrans.):

Jouyandirmaq to awaken (trans.).

2. If the primitive verb be transitive, it is changed into a causal; as:

.ach dirmaq to cause to open آچدیر مق : (.achmag to open trans آچم « ) yazmag to write يازمق .yazdarmaq to cause to write يازدير مق :(

Note. This dîr is added generally to those verbs whose stem ends in a consonant other than those mentioned above.

There are some exceptions:

geostermek, geordûrmék کورد رمك، كوستر مك : geormek to see كورمك كوردرمك،

to make to see,
[to show.

.getirmek to bring كتير مك : gelmél to come كلمك

gitmek to go كيتمك .geotirmek to carry كوتورمك .galdirmaq to raise, to lift up الدير qalqmag to se قالقمق

Change the following verbs to this measure and give the meanings.

Intransitive verbs. 1. El gézmék to walk.

osamag to become اوصاف 2 grilmek to laugh كولك

ne اينمك 3. outanmay to be ashamed او تاغق .tired of

mék to come down. El

érlénmék to marry.

binmek to ride on. 4.

chalishmag to work.

Transitive verbs. 5. boulmaq to find. Elly bilmek to know. 6. almaq to take. Eloy, vérmék to give. 7. El sévmék to love Elam késmék to cut.

3. Ichirmék [Transitive and Causal]. § 264. This measure is formed by adding (-ir-, -îr-, -our-, -ûr-) to the stem (§§ 52, 56).

It changes the Intransitive into Transitive and the Transitive into Causal; as:

b dogh'maq to be born (intrans.):

doghourmaq to give birth.

.pishirmék to cook پيشيرمك : ( pishmek to be cooked (intrans پيشمك

ichirmek to give to ايچيرمك

ichmék to drink (trans.):

drink.

Note. This form is a modification of the second form, losing thed; therefore its derivatives are very limited, and almost all are here given.

Change the following verbs into the third measure and give the meanings.

Intransitive verbs.

yatmaq to lie down. 2.

.ouchmag to fly او چق 1

artmaq to be increased.

شاشمق dishmele to fall دوشمك 3. batmag to sink بات

bitmék to be finished:

shashmaq to miss one's way. 4.

douymay to hear دوي 5 tashmay to overflow طاشم

of.

doymaq to become satiated. 6. 3->3 qachmaq

to flee.

géchmék to pass.

gitmek to be lost.

4. Taranmaq

[Reflexive, Passive].

§ 265. This measure is formed by adding n, (in, ûn, oun) to the root of the verb (§§ 52, 56). It changes the Transitive into the Reflexive and Passive; as: