IV. In case of emphasis among words the accent is on that word which receives prominence. Ex.: 1. Sén dûn' mú géldin? Was it yesterday that you came? 2. Dún sén' mi géldin? Was it you that came yesterday? 3. Sen dún géldin' mi? Did you come yesterday? (§ 66).

V. The letters h, r, when they are in the middle and at the end of words, are accented; as a-lir',

.(8 ,5 .qahve coffee (pp قهوه ,allah الله

آلیر

E. Euphony or Harmony of the Vowels.

§ 50. A very remarkable peculiarity of Ottoman is the attention paid to euphony in pronunciation, and the changes of the sounds of vowels and consonants which take place in consequence. Thus the collision of hard and soft letters in the same word is always avoided. And when one declines a word or adds a particle or letter to it, whatever be the leading letter the others must be pronounced so as to agree with it (§ 87).

§ 51. There are two simple rules of euphony in the language for the words of purely Turkish origin:

a) If the first syllable of the word contains a hard vowel, all the vowels in that word should be hard.

-a-la-ja آله جغمی al-ti six آلتی ol-dou it became اولدی

ghi-mi-zî our credit; not ol-di, al-ti, a-lé-jé-ghi-mi-zi etc.

سوزی

b) If the first vowel be soft, then the others should be soft also. S seo-zû the word, s, géôr-dû he saw, él-lér hands, jogéôs-té-ré-jé-yi-miz; not so-zi, el-lar etc.

§ 52. Remark: 1. On the above principles, when one declines a word or adds a particle to it, the vowel of the syllable added is generally so pronounced that: i comes after a ob' Gobb dam, damî, dama; é: ''J él, éli, e-lé;

i

»

2. On the same requirements of euphony, in words

of Turkish origin which end in

are changed into y, gh, d (§§ 88, 89).

these letters

§ 53. When a word ending in a vowel receives a grammatical ending beginning with a vowel, a hiatus results, which is practically a difficulty in pronunciation. This is very common in Ottoman. To avoid this difficulty it is necessary to insert a consonant Sy (see §§ 91, 284, 287, 528, 543 etc.):

.anaya, p آنایه : ana آنا :ara آرا .arayish آرایش

§ 54. As a list of words supposed to be exceptions by some grammarians, we note élma, which was originally alma 'apple', and is still so pronounced in many places; while qah-vé coffee, pi-lav, &d kim-yon,

cum min

li-mon (lemon) are not Turkish. § 54b. As real exceptions to these rules are the ending of the Present tense, which is always pronounced-yor, and the pronominal particle-ki, which is never changed (§§ 140, 319).

F. Orthography.

§ 55. As the orthography of every Arabic and Persian Ottoman word is fixed and unchangeable, it is only in pure Turkish and foreign Ottoman words that the orthography varies. The Vowel or Orthographic letters (,,,.,S) as they are called in Ottoman without any inflexible rule are added or left out arbitrarily; as:

gilindi, are لیندی، قیلندی، قیلیندی ; bittin بتون and بوتون

all admissible.

§ 56. The true rule is: 1. Never introduce a vowel letter into a Turkish or foreign Ottoman word without removing a possible doubt as to pronunciation; 2. Never leave out a vowel in such a word, if by omission. a doubt is created as to the pronunciation.

§ 57. The following two points must be regarded as exceptions to this rule:

a) In any syllable which is composed of two consonants, if the vowel is soft ústún, none of the orthographic (vowel) letters is added; but if it is composed of one letter hé is added to indicate the

vowel; as:

gél-di, j bésh, Eloïms! is-té-mék.

b) None of the grammatical affixes take the orthographic or vowel letters; as gél-dim, ♫ŵļ bash-lar, Ell) uch-lûk, ¿ī al-maq.

Note. The use of the orthographic or vowel letters is fully discussed and shown on pages 13—16.

§ 58. There are some words in Ottoman, the orthography of which is the same, but the pronunciation and meanings are different; as:

on ten; oun flour; ún fame.

← shékér sugar; a. shúkúr thanks.

j, géôz eye; gúz autumn; keôz an ember.

Jchoul sackcloth; cheol desert, wilderness.

-uk

J qoul servant; qol arm; a. gavl word, kalsnuch, balk gévrék biscuit; kûrk fur; kúrék shovel; kéorúk

كورك

bellows.

gél come; kél scald-head; p. gúl rose; a. kúll all.

eolú dead; oulou big.

The Definite and Indefinite Articles.

§ 59. There is no Definite Article in Turkish; all nouns, when used alone in a sentence, are usually considered as definite. Ex.: baba the father, T ana the mother, qardash the brother.

بر

§ 60. The Indefinite Article is bir a, an. Ex.:

bir

§ 61. The Adjective always precedes the noun. Ex.:

Jigûzél beautiful,

éyi good, ÿ♫ kéôtú bad, gúzél qiz the beautiful girl, é-yi adém the good man, bir keotú chojouq a bad boy.

§ 62. As in English, there is no unnatural distinction of Gender in Turkish, that is to say: the names of males are masculine; those of females feminine, and those of inanimate objects, neuter. Thus: baba is masculine, ana feminine, qiz feminine,

boy' masculine. ɔ dé-ñiz the sea, p. kedy 'the village', are neuter.

§ 63. The Personal Pronouns are:

sén thou,

onlar they.

ogh-lan 'the

shé-hir the city,

bén I,

o he, she, it. biz we, ~ siz you, ligh

§ 64. The Demonstrative Pronouns are: shou that (near by), so that (distant).

bou this,

§ 65. The Present Tense of the Turkish Substantive Verb is the following:

? onlar mi dirlar اونلر میدرلو ? « اونلر می درلو؟

Am I? art thou? is he? etc.

§ 66. As will be seen, the question is expressed

می

by adding mi, mou after the word emphasized by the question (§ 49 IV). Ex.:

?

?& bén miyim? Am I? (§ 53).

gûl béyaz' mî dîr? Is the rose white?

? J. 9. bou bir gûl' mû dûr? Is this a rose?

?

gûl bou mou dour? Is this the rose?

§ 67. The third person

رمی

is the Copula; its

pronunciation, like that of mi is governed by the preceding vowel, and is: dir, dir, dour, dúr, as the case may be (§ 52).