the world by their publications rather than by the positions which they may occupy in society or in public affairs. He is now in the prime of life, being, I believe, still under fifty years of age. He was educated at New College, London, and for a number of years was pastor of a prominent church in Leeds. From that he was called to succeed the Rev. Dr. Lindsay Alexander, in the pastorate of the Church of St. Angustine, in Edinburgh. Dr. Alexander was one of the most eminent preachers and theologians of the present century in the Scottish capital. He was a man of wonderful power, both as a thinker and as an orator. Perhaps no theologian among the Independent churches of the past generation has more strongly impressed himself upon the thought and life of that country. That our author was called to succeed such a man in the pastorate of the leading Congregational Church in the great university city, is testimony enough to his intellectual strength and spiritual earnestness. He retained that pastorate for about fifteen years. He is a man of large ability, wide reading, and is greatly loved by his friends. As chairman of the Congregational Union of Scotland, in 1890, he gave an address from the Chair on "The Church and Social Problems," which attracted much attention. For years Mr. Gregory has been a student of Puritan times, and this book has been eagerly awaited by the friends who have known that it was in process of preparation.

Such works as this help greatly to clear the way for what many of us believe must come sooner or latersome kind of unity in the Christian Church. Before there can be unity either of spirit or of organization there must be first an accurate and sympathetic understanding of the

principles for which the various denominations stand. Until recently there has been little attempt on the part of Puritans to understand those who put emphasis upon the doctrine of the church, and on the part of Anglicans and Episcopalians little honest effort to understand the principles and motives of Puritanism. The latter have studied the doctrine of the Church, and the former have very generally ignored it. The revival of interest in the subject has led, of late, to a more candid examination of the doctrine. The result in all parts of the world has been a conviction that somehow the scandal of a divided Christendom ought to be removed. But there are practical difficulties in the way, and little progress has as yet been made. In the meantime, we are gradually learning that unity can not be realized by the sacrifice of principles, but only as all Christians come to estimate at their true value those phases of truth to which each denomination has been chosen to give prominence.

Such works as those of the late Dr. Dexter, Dr. John Brown, of Bedford, and that which I am now commending to American readers, have performed a real service in showing that Puritanism is more than a protest. It represents at least one hemisphere of the doctrine of the church-that doctrine is a sphere with two poles, namely, the independence of the individual and the local church, and the union of all Christians and all local churches in one undivided body. It has been difficult for most thinkers to realize that while these truths are opposed to each other, they are not antagonistic. Books like this of Mr. Gregory ought to be widely read, especially by those who differ from the positions which he takes. From it they will learn that Puritanism had its origin in a profound religious

experience, and that it has a continuity, reaching not only to apostolic times, but even to the days of the prophets. They will also better appreciate the truth that before the church can be one a broad and large place must be made for those whose fundamental belief is that each individual soul may come into direct contact with the Infinite Spirit, and that the Church of Christ is composed of all who from Jesus Christ have received the Divine life. Not by shutting our eyes to the beliefs of those who differ from us, but rather by a reverent and careful study of their teachings shall we come to that appreciation of the grounds of difference which is a necessary condition of the ultimate unity of the Church. As a book well calculated to help in this preliminary but important work, I commend to American readers "Puritanism in the Old World and in the New."

First Congregational Church,

AMORY H. BRADFORD.

Montclair, New Jersey.

PREFACE

“ONE wishes there were a history of English Puritanism, the last of all our heroisms, but sees small prospect of such a thing at present." So wrote Carlyle in the introduction of his Letters and Speeches of Cromwell. This wish will probably go unfulfilled till the task is taken in hand by some genius like Carlyle himself, but with more genuine religious insight and sympathy.

It seems superfluous, and yet perhaps it is necessary, to say, in view of possible misjudgment, that this work does not purport to be "a history of English Puritanism." It originated in the idea of bringing together, and presenting in a succinct and readable form, the best, or the substance of the best, which has been written concerning Puritanism and Independency-their genesis in England and New England, their growth and vicissitudes and struggles, till, at the close of the seventeenth century, Puritanism lost its distinctive name, and became incorporated in the life of the nation as a whole. I have not altogether departed from this intention, but have made

it my business to consult the writings of authors of acknowledged eminence and repute, with a view of collecting the most weighty pronouncements and opinions touching the character of Puritanism, and the work which Puritanism did. I have found it necessary, however, to weave these opinions and judgments into a narrative or monograph of my own, so that in its present form this book may in some sense (a very slender and modified sense, I am well aware) fairly claim to be an independent and original work. I have endeavoured to cast it into the form of a handbook, so that to those wishing to form a general acquaintance with the history of the period to which it relates, and to those wishing to pursue their inquiries further it may serve as a useful and, it is hoped, trustworthy guide. With a view to the requirements of the latter, a somewhat lavish apparatus critici, in the shape of notes, has been introduced, but not more unsparingly, it is believed, than the importance of the subjects they are introduced to illustrate seems to justify.

The literature of Puritanism is sporadic and fragmentary, either buried in antiquated and unreadable tomes, for even Neal's history is hard reading in these days,—or in more bright and vivacious books (happily not few), treating the subject in too piecemeal a fashion to present any adequate conception of what Puritanism was, or what it contributed to the making of the England of to-day. My aim has been to give as complete and