Sealing and testing of writs.

Thompson v. R. R. Cos., 6 Wall., 134; Wells v. McGregor, 13 Wall., 188; Hornbuckle v. Toombs., 18 Wall., 648; Starr v. U. S., 153 U. S., 614; Todd v. U. S., 158; U. S., 278; Sheppard v. Adams, 168 U. S., 618; Bragg v. Lorio, 1 Woods, 209, 4 Fed. Cas., 2; Griswold

SEC. 166. All writs and processes issuing from the

courts of the United States shall be under the seal of the court

3 from which they issue, and shall be signed by the clerk thereof.

Those issuing from the Supreme Court shall bear

teste of the Chief Justice of the United States, or, when

6 that office is vacant, of the associate justice next in preced

SEC. 166.

SEC. 911. All writs and processes issuing from the courts of the United Sealing and testStates shall be under the seal of the court from which they issue, and shall be ing of writs. signed by the clerk thereof. Those issuing from the Supreme Court or a cir- 36, s. 1, v. 1, p. 8 May, 1792, c. cuit court shall bear teste of the Chief Justice of the United States, or, when 275. that office is vacant, of the associate justice next in precedence, and those issuing from a district court shall bear teste of the judge, or, when that office is vacant, of the clerk thereof. The seals of said courts shall be provided at the expense of the United States.

ข. Connolly, 1 Woods, 193, 11 Fed. Cas., 59; Peaslee v. Haberstro, 15 Blatch., 472, 19 Fed. Cas., 71; Dwight v. Merritt, 4 Fed. Rep., 614; Whalen v. Sheridan, 10 Fed. Rep.,

661; U. S. v. Antz,

1

2

3

4

ence; and those issuing from a district court shall bear teste

of the judge, or, when that office is vacant, of the clerk thereof. The seals of said court shall be provided at the expense of the United States. [R. S., s. 911.]

16 Fed. Rep., 119; Middleton Paper Co. v. Rock River Paper Co., 19 Fed. Rep., 252; Chamberlain v. Mensing, 47 Fed. Rep., 435; Jewett v. Garrett, 47 Fed. Rep., 625; U. S. v. Turner, 51 Fed. Rep., 734; Clough v. U. S., 47 Fed. Rep., 791; The New York, 104 Fed. Rep., 561.

Date of teste.

Mesne

process

and proceedings in equity and admi

ralty.

U. S. v. Howland, 4 Wheat.,

5

6

7

8

9

108; Wayman v. 10

Southard, 10
Wheat., 1; Manro
11
v. Almeida, 10
Wheat., 473; Mc-
Donald v. Smalley, 12
1 Pet., 620; Boyle
v. Zacharie, 6 Pet.,
648; Vattier
Hinde, 7 Pet., 252;
Livingston v.

Story, 9 Pet., 632;

Story v. Living

ston, 13 Pet., 359;

Ex parte Whitney, 13 Pet., 404;

Gaines v. Relf, 15

Pet., 9; U. S. v.
Curry, 6 How.,

13

14

15

16

106; Bennett 17

18

SEC. 167. All process issued from the courts of the United States shall bear teste from the day of such issue. [R. S., s. 912. Atherton v. Fowler, 91 U. S., 143.]

SEC. 168. The forms of mesne process and the forms and modes of proceeding in suits of equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction in the district courts shall be according to the principles, rules, and usages which belong to courts of equity and of admiralty, respectively, except when it is otherwise provided by statute or by rules of court made in pursuance thereof; but the same shall be subject to alteration and addition by the said courts, respectively, and to regulation by the Supreme Court, by rules prescribed, from

time to time, to any district court, not inconsistent with the
laws of the United States. [R. S., s. 913.]

Butterworth, 11
How., 669; Bein
v. Heath, 12 How.,
168; Penn. V.
Wheeling Bridge Co., 18 How., 421; McKinlay v. Morrish, 21 How., 343; Fenn v. Holme, 21
How., 481; Green v. Creighton, 23 How., 90; Thompson v. R. R. Cos., 6 Wall., 134; Heine v. Levee
Commissioners, 19 Wall., 655; Ilurt v. Hollingsworth, 100 U. S., 100; Phillips v. Gilbert, 101 U. S.,
721; Holland v. Challen, 110 U. S., 15; Watts v. Camors, 115 U. S., 353; U. S. v. Wilson, 118 U. S., 86;
Ex parte Phoenix Ins. Co., 118 U. S., 610; Ridings v. Johnson, 128 U. S., 212; Scott v. Nealy, 140
U. S., 106; Tyler v. Savage, 143 U. S., 79; Franklin Tel. Co. v. Harrison, 145 U. S., 459; Scott v. Arm-
strong, 146 U. S., 499; Cooke v. Avery, 147 U. S., 375; Miss. Mills v. Cohn, 150 U. S., 202; Lindsay
v. First Nat. Bank, 156 U. S., 485; The Blanche Page, 16 Blatch., 1, 3 Fed. Cas., 664; The Dela-
ware, Olcott, 240, 7 Fed. Cas., 394; Dow v. Chamberlain, 5 McLean, 281, 7 Fed. Cas., 983; Goodyear
v. P. R. Co., 2 Cliff., 351, 10 Fed. Cas., 712; Hubbard v. Turner, 2 McLean, 519, 12 Fed. Cas., 783;
Mayer v. Foulkrod, 4 Wash. C. C., 349, 16 Fed. Cas., 1231; Motte v. Bennett, 2 Fish. Pat. Cas., 642,
17 Fed. Cas., 909; Smith v. Burnham, 2 Sumner, 612, 22 Fed. Cas., 460; Van Hook v. Pendleton, 2
Blatch., 85, 28 Fed. Cas., 998; Johnson v. Roe, 1 Fed. Rep., 692; Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. v. R. R.
Co., 2 Fed. Rep., 656; Deakin v. Stanton, 3 Fed. Rep., 435; John Hancock Mut. L. Ins. Co. v. Man-
ning, 7 Fed. Rep., 299; Steam Stonecutter Co. v. Sears, 9 Fed. Rep., 8; Benedict v. Williams, 10
Fed. Rep., 208; Steam Stonecutter Co. v. Jones, 13 Fed. Rep., 567; The Hudson, 15 Fed. Rep., 162;
Senter v. Mitchell, 16 Fed. Rep., 206; Goldsmith v. Gilliland, 22 Fed. Rep., 865; Lauderdale Co. v.
Foster, 23 Fed. Rep., 516; Wells, Fargo & Co. v. Miner, 25 Fed. Rep., 533; Phelps v. Elliott, 26 Fed.
Rep., 881; Young v. Aronson, 27 Fed. Rep., 241; Gaines v. New Orleans, 27 Fed. Rep., 411; U. S. v.
Am. Bell Tel. Co., 39 Fed. Rep., 17; Nickerson v. Atchison R. Co., 30 Fed. Rep., 85; Cook v. Cook,
34 Fed. Rep., 249; Rosenbaum v. Council Bluff Ins. Co., 37 Fed. Rep., 7; Fechheimer v. Baum, 37
Fed. Rep., 167; Borland v. Haven, 37 Fed. Rep., 394; The Normandie, 40 Fed. Rep., 590; Hunton
v. Equitable Life Ass. Society, 45 Fed. Rep., 661; Leighton v. Young, 52 Fed. Rep., 439; Sage v.
Winona & C. Ry. Co., 58 Fed. Rep., 297; Prentice v. Duluth S. & F. Co., 58 Fed. Rep., 437; Evans
v. Union Pac. Ry. Co., 58 Fed. Rep., 497; First Nat. Bank v. Peavey, 69 Fed. Rep., 455: School-
field v. Rhodes, 82 Fed. Rep., 153; Noonan v. Lee, 2 Black, 499.

SEC. 167.

SEC. 912. All process issued from the courts of the United States shall bear teste from the day of such issue.

Teste of process,

day of. 1 June, 1872, c. 255, s. 4, v. 17, p. 197. Atherton et al. v. Fowler et al., 91 U. S., 143.

SEC. 168.

SEC. 913. The forms of mesne process and the forms and modes of proceeding in suits of equity and of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction in the circuit and district courts shall be according to the principles, rules, and usages which belong to courts of equity and of admiralty, respectively, except when it is otherwise provided by statute or by rules of court made in pursuance thereof; but the same shall be subject to alteration and addition by the said courts, respectively, and to regulation by the Supreme Court, by rules prescribed, from time to time, to any circuit or district court, not inconsistent with the laws of the United States.

Issues of fact,

when to be tried by jury.

1

3

SEC. 169. The trial of issues of fact in the district courts shall be by jury, except in causes of equity and admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and except as otherwise provided in proceedings in bankruptcy and by the next section. In causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction the court may, 6 in its discretion, summon a jury for the purpose of assisting it in the assessment of damages. [R. S., ss. 566, 648.]

4

5

The Sarah, 8 2 'Wheat., 391; U. S. v. Tillotson, 12 Wheat., 180; Elmore v. Grymes, 1 Pet., 469; Hamilton Bank v. Dudley, 2 Pet., 492; Crane v. Morris, 6 Pet., 610; Hiriart v. Ballon, 9 Pet., 156; The Genesee 7 Chief, 12 How., 443; Silsby v. Foote, 14 How., 218; Campbell v. Boyreau, 21 How., 223; Allen v. Newberry, 21 How.. 244; Castle v. Buller, 23 How., 172; Schuchardt v. Allens, 1 Wall., 359; The Hine v. Trevor, 4 Wall., 555; Hypodame, 6 Wall., 216; Union Ins. Co. v. United States, 6 Wall., 759; The Eagle, 8 Wall., 25; Morris's Cotton, 8 Wall., 507; Barney v. Schneider, 9 Wall., 248; Dunphy v. Kleinschmidt, 11 Wall., 10; Cooley v. O'Connor, 12 Wall., 391; Henderson's Distilled Spirits, 14 Wall., 44; Improvement Co. v. Munson, 14 Wall., 448; The Confiscation Cases, 20 Wall., 92; Edwards v. Elliott, 21 Wall., 532; The Lottawanna, 21 Wall., 588; Pleasants v. Fant, 22 Wall., 120; Dows v. Nat. Exchange Bank, 91 U.S., 634; The City of Washington, 92 U. S., 31; Walker v. Sauvient, 92 U. S., 90; Moulor v. Ins. Co., 101 U.S., 708; Hodges v. Easton, 106 U. S., 408; Rogers v. U. S., 141 U. S., 548; Chappell v. U. S., 160 U. S., 499; Capital Traction Co. v. Hof, 174 U. S., 1; The Avon, Brown, Adm., 170, 2 Fed. Cas., 255; Blair v. Allen, 3 Dill., 101, 3 Fed. Cas., 574; The Emily, Olcott, 132, 8 Fed. Cas., 654; The Flora, 1 Biss., 29, 9 Fed. Cas., 221; Gillet v. Pierce, Brown, Adm., 553, 10 Fed. Cas., 388; The Globe, 2 Blatch., 427, 10 Fed. Cas., 477; McCormick v. Ives, Abb., Adm., 418, 15 Fed. Cas., 1311; The Revenue Cutter, Brown, Adm., 76, 20 Fed. Cas., 560; Semple v. U. S., Chase, 259, 21 Fed. Cas.; 1072; U. S. v. Dow, Taney, 34, 25 Fed. Cas., 901; U. S. v. Insurgents, 2 Dall., 335, 26 Fed. Cas., 499, U. S. v. The Queen, 11 Blatch., 416, 4 Ben., 237; The Rival, 1 Sprague, 128; Eakin v. U. S., 1 U. S., L. J., 545; The F. W. Backus, Newb., Adm., 1; The Young American, Newb., Adm., 101; Wilson v. Barnum, 1 Wall., jr., 347; Jones v. The Coal Barge, 3 Wall., jr., 53; Wear v. Mayer, 2 McCrary, 172, 6 Fed. Rep., 658; Lyons v. Lyons, National Bank, 8 Fed. Rep., 369; Boyd v. Clark, 13 Fed. Rep., 908; The Empire, 19 Fed. Rep., 558; Bigley v. The Venture, 21 Fed. Rep., 880; Fitton v. Phoenix Co., 23 Fed. Rep., 3; The City of Toledo, 73 Fed. Rep., 220.

Supervisors v. Ken- 15

nicott,103 U.S.,554;

Madison County v. 16

Warren, 106 U. S., 622; Bond v. Dustin,

SEC. 170. Issues of fact in civil cases in any district
court may be tried and determined by the court, without the
intervention of a jury, whenever the parties or their attorneys

of record file with the clerk a stipulation in writing waiving
a jury. Upon the request of either of the parties the court
shall submit in writing its findings of fact and conclusions of
law therefrom, and the finding of the court upon the facts,

whether general or special, shall have the same effect as the

112 U. S., 606; Cameron v. U. S., 148 U. S., 301; Davis v. Schwartz, 155 U. S., 631; Marye v. Strouse, 5 Fed. Rep., 494; Lyons v. Lyons National Bank, 8 Fed. Rep., 371: Sulzer v. Watson, 39 Fed. Rep., 414: Stewart v. Sixth Avenue R. Co., 45 Fed. Rep., 21; New York, etc., R. Co., v. Cockcroft, 46 Fed. Rep., 881; Thomas v. American Freehold Co., 47 Fed. Rep., 550; Reed v. Stapp, 52 Fed. Rep., 641; Smith v. Weeks, 53 Fed. Rep., 758; Branch v. Texas L. M. Co., 53 Fed. Rep., 849; Citizens' Bank v. Farwell, 56 Fed. Rep., 570; Rush v. Newman, 58 Fed. Rep., 158; United States v. Carr, 61 Fed. Rep., 802; Rhodes v. U. S. National Bank, 66 Fed. Rep., 512; Pacific P. Tel. Co. v. Fleischner, 66 Fed. Rep., 899; Cudahy Packing Co. v. Sioux National Bank, 69 Fed. Rep., 782; Wile v. Farmers' State Bank, 70 Fed. Rep., 138; Shipman v. Ohio Coal Exch., 70 Fed. Rep., 652; O'Neil v. Manhattan Life Ins. Co., 71 Fed. Rep., 254; Abraham v. Levy, 72 Fed. Rep., 124; Burrows v. Niblack, 84 Fed. Rep., 111; U. S. v. Indian Grave Drainage Dist., 85 Fed. Rep., 928; American C. I. Co. v. Athens Woolen Mills, 92 Fed. Rep., 581; Steele v. Lord, 93 Fed. Rep., 728; Fales v. N. Y. Life Ins. Co., 98 Fed. Rep., 234; McMaster v. N. Y. Life Ins. Co., 99 Fed. Rep., 856; Ham v. Edgell, 106 Fed. Rep., 820.