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4. In these two spaces turning movements should be made, as shown in Figure II, and the earth should then be pressed with closed fists,

Fig. II.

horizontal, on both sides simultaneously, against the roots of the plant. During this horizontal pressure the plant can-if yet necessary-easily be put upright.

5. The plant is now standing in the spot F, Figure III; there remain

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the empty spaces A and B; these have to be filled up with soil, and this filling should be pressed vertically downward close to the spot F, with closed fists as shown in Figure IV.

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This vertical pressure should, however, not come too close to the spot F, in order that the spot F by the interposition of the soil be pressed sideways and not downwards.

6. Through this vertical pressure there remain two inconsiderable deepenings which must be filled up with loose soil, as also in general some loose earth should be scattered around the plant.

Whether or not it is necessary to mix the earth with rich soil is to be determined by the local condition.

Plants two to three years old are the most suitable for this method of planting. By the transplanting of young trees, or larger plants, I always endeavor to treat all the small capillary-roots of the larger main roots as a single whole one. Planters properly drilled soon acquire skill in this mode of planting which, in reality, is very simple and can be performed in a very short time. The aim of this method of planting, as will readily be seen from the preceding statement, is: to protect the plant against every barbaric treatment; to convey to the system of roots a spirited current of air and to give access to warmth and precipitations; to give the plants on their entering into isolation a good amount of crumbled earth, and to give them, notwithstanding the loose condition of the ground, a firm foothold! Trees planted according

to this method will also thrive in time of drouth because this method favors the entering of dew.

It sometimes happens that this precipitation also ceases! This is certainly an extremely bad time for the cu tivation, and the drying off soon commences, at first at the points of the capillary roots of the upper root-system, and so gradually downward.

Here lies also an advantage of the described method, for plants which are planted accordingly are able to preserve themselves for a certain length

of time by means of the vertical and deep lying series of roots as long as the drying up has not entered the lower stratum.

But how often has not even a short cessation of the precipitation of dew been decisive for the preservation of the young plantation! I am very well acquainted with the objection to which my method of planting is exposed. Arboriculturists are generally, and to a certain degree justly, of the opinion that the roots should, as much as possible, remain in the upper warm stratum of the ground. Well, by this method, some of these roots do remain in the upper stratum, and by following the given instruction of treatment, the points of the roots, even also of relative kinds of woods, the capillary roots are well preserved. The more natural position given in this way to the system of roots facilitates, in a great measure, the development of the points of lateral roots in a free horizontal direction, and the loose condition of the ground favors to a great extent the development of the new runners as well as the access of a spirited change of air, dew* and warmth. By entering into isolation, the nourishing action is excited in an extraordinary manner, and as this process takes place especially in the upper warmer stratum, new rootlets soon appear, especially in the upper part of the ground, extending in a horizontal and an upward direction, while the vertical extended, deep-lying series of roots cross the loose ground chiefly in a horizontal direction by the development of the side rootlets.

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A pretext was once made that this (conceded) rapid increase of the roots of the upper seriess quander (!?) "a certain amount of strength, or more correctly. "a certain amount of nourishment." This view I must oppose in every respect. I support my opinion on practice itself, and a look into the physiology of plants teaches us that: "as soon as an organism of cells, by surrounding influences, is stirred up to a multiplication of such substances as may be favorable to its action of nourishment, the transaction of reception and rejection must invariably close with a plus." A contrast to this would be when, for example, the root portion of a plant would be put into a tough loam-mire, and this would, after a while, form a hard crust around the sucking-roots for which, especially in spring, only a little sun or a mild current of air will be necessary, so that the points of the roots were not able to penetrate and would break off, the stem be strong enough to produce new points and those notwithstanding might effectuate to break through. In this case we might be compelled to show a so-called "squandering of strength," or more correctly a loss in the nourishing action.

I will only make brief mention of the time of planting.

All the described advantages appear more especially in spring, next in the height of summer whenever the ground is sufficiently fresh and the

*We will not take into consideration the dewless time.

plants, before they attain their fixed position, and especially on sunny days, are very carefully protected. It might often be necessary to do some supplementary planting. in autumn, but there is no assurance that the plants will thrive.

Up to the present there have been planted after my method, 1,800 hectars (180,000 acres) on the estates of His Imperial Highness, the Archduke Albrecht.

The most surprising result which I must ascribe solely to this method, I experienced in the year 1886, and more especially in the archducal estateadministration K, district B-, pine-plantation carried out in spring, mixed with fir and beech, and occasionally maples.

The district ascends to a height of 3,500 feet, leaning towards southeast; good forest soil, somewhat stony.

The precipitation* in Saybusch and the surrounding country were, since the winter of 1886, very insignificant, falling for that year 2.70 milli. meters short of the average of fifteen years. In addition to this, we have to record an abnormal heat. In the month of May the thermometer rose several times up to 29 to 30 Celsius = 84 to 86° Fahrenheit in the shade.

The greatest portion of the mentioned district was planted during the first ten days of April, after which it did not rain for over three consecutive weeks.

Immediately after the quick disappearance of the snow, which fell at the beginning of May, the planting, on account of a certain haste, continued, in spite of a painful drouth, which lasted for four more weeks.

The high summer brought us a very welcome visitor, and I had the pleasure to accompany him in several districts. Then we came on our way also to the plantation B, of 1886, of the archducal estate, administration K. I had not been in this part of the plantation since the planting in spring; it is true, I received, repeatedly, reports about the "good standing" of the plantation, but I do confess I was very much surprised when we went along the whole tract, and then in zigzag down to the bottom of the valley, and were not able to find even one single dry plant. Mr. v. V. U

ant look of Mr. H

among the whole lot.

soon after wrote me: I still see the triumphwhen we could not find even one single dry plant

I was not so lucky in another planting, carried out in the same year on the same estate, with plants which were taken out with an auger, socalled "clodplants;" though this plantation was made at the time when the soil was in its first freshness and the district had, besides the other

*January, 59; February, 31; March, 287; April, 155.

A French measure containing the thousandth part of a meter equal to .03937 of an inch.
May: 54, millimeter.

wise similar conditions, the favorable northeastern descend. The continuous drouth caused a severe drying up of the dirt lumps, the precipitations of dew could not enter them, and here we had to record a loss of sixteen per cent. In reference to both plantations, I had to acknowledge to the respective officers the careful and diligent execution of the work, and the respective readers of these lines will, as I do, attribute one part of the particular result in the estate, administration B- to the credit

of the method itself.

I close this treatise with the conviction that the application of my method of planting will also show elsewhere good results-not only on tracts which are suitable to the pit planting, with the assistance of the pit-ax, but also there where the ground is very stony, and the planting can not take place without soil being added. And through the forest goes a low murmuring:

"The knowledge alone will not succeed
Where love is not its ally."

SAYBUSCH, May, 1888.

MORITZ KOZESNIK,

Forestmaster of His Imperial Highness, the gracious Archduke Albrecht.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON FOREST ZOOLOGY.

[BY ADOLPH LEUE.]

Forest zoology, or that branch of forest science which treats of the natural history of animals, which are either injurious or beneficial to forests and forest trees, has a just claim upon the attention of foresters and orchardists. It is only a few years since the importance of this study was recognized by the friends and advocates of forestry. As long as the country abounded in forests and cleared land was the great necessity, every agency to aid in the work of forest destruction was welcome; but now, since the forests have been removed far beyond a wholesome extent, and attempts are made to raise so-called artificial forests, which fall a victim to insect depredation, our attention is very forcibly called to this subject. A detailed account of destruction by locust borers has been given in the Third Annual Report of this Bureau, pp. 12-22. This destruction of the black locusts, whether in groves, or along the road sides or along fences, or whether standing singly in parks or commons, is not

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