and (2) two-rowed barley (H. sat. distichon Hackel). In the six-rowed type there are three spikelets each bearing a single

In the two-rowed type the lateral grains have failed to develop through the abortion of the ovulary, although the stamens may be present. The flowering glume and palea remain in a somewhat rudimentary fɔrm, while the outer glumes are fully developed. In the six-rowed type the joints of the rachis are closer together and less in number, making a shorter and much more compact spike than in the two-rowed, but with grains somewhat more numerous. In the two-rowed type the spike is distinctly compressed laterally, while in the six-rowed an end view is somewhat star-shaped. The two-rowed varieties have the greater tendency to tiller.1 There is a hull-less barley (H. nudum L.), also known as naked or bald barley. This type is beardless, and is divided into white, purple and black varieties. There are also beardless varieties among the types which retain the hulls.

Beardless bar. ley. Onethird natural

2

size.

It is probable that all these different types are due to cultivation. Which is the original type appears less clear. Hackel believes that cultivated barley originated from H. spontaneum C. Koch, which resembles closely the two-rowed type. On the other hand, it appears that the type most universally cultivated from earliest times has been the six-rowed type; the widespread cultivation of the two-rowed type in Europe being comparatively recent, although of its ancient culture there is no doubt.

448. Two and Six-Rowed Varieties. At the present time, two-rowed barley is almost universally raised in Europe for the production of malt. When the four or six-rowed barley is raised there it is generally used as food for domestic animals. The two-rowed varieties appear to be preferred by European malters because of their thin hull and low per cent of protein,

1 Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 1899, p. 80.

2 True Grasses, p. 189.

3 De Candolle: Origin of Cultivated Plants, p. 367.

both contributing to a higher per cent of malt extract. In America, the six-rowed barley is grown chiefly, although not exclusively, and is freely used in the production of malt. (445)

In a comparative test of two-rowed and six-rowed varieties at the Central Experimental Farms of Canada, the former were from five to twelve days later in maturing. At the five experimental farms of the Dominion the average yield during several years was about the same for both types. At the Central Station at Ottawa, where the conditions correspond to those of Ontario and Quebec, the six-rowed varieties yielded about onefifth more grain.1 Similar results have been obtained on the Ontario Agricultural College Farm at Guelph." While giving fair returns, the Wisconsin Station found the two-rowed varieties to have frail straw, and, therefore, to lodge badly.

449. Winter and Spring Varieties.—The two-rowed barley is a spring variety. The six-rowed is both fall and spring sown. Fifty years ago barley was commonly fall sown in Missouri, Kentucky and southern Ohio, but the practice of fall sowing has largely disappeared and spring sowing, usually further north, has taken its place. It is claimed, and it seems probable, that in some instances winter strains were converted into spring strains by spring sowing. Soule states that the Tennessee Station has obtained as good results with fall sown barley as Northern States usually obtain with spring sown. Maryland Station obtained a yield of forty-eight bushels with winter barley and twenty-six bushels with spring barley. Very little barley, however, of any sort is raised in the Southern States, and then chiefly for pasturage.

450. Varieties.-There are three types of barley grown in North America known to the trade as quite distinct: viz., Scotch,

1 Can. Expt. Farms Bul. 21, p. 40.

Ont. Agr. Col. and Expt. Farms Rpt. 1900.

Wis. Rpt. 1903, p. 265.

4 Md. Bul. 35, p. 191.

Bay Brewing and Chevalier. (473) The use of these terms in trade does not correspond closely to variety types.

Scotch is a six-rowed barley said to have been introduced into Wisconsin from Canada in 1866 by William Buchheit, Waterton, Wis. It has since been largely raised in Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota. Bay Brewing or California Bay is a sixrowed variety originally raised in a small district lying south of the Bay of San Francisco, but now more widely distributed in California. Chevalier is a well-known European two-rowed variety said to have been originated in 1819 through selection by the Rev. J. Chevalier, rector of Stoneham, Suffolk, England. Manshury is a standard variety that has been tested and distributed by the Wisconsin Station.

"This variety originated in Manchuria, China. A scientific traveler in 1859 brought some from Eastern Asia to Germany, and it was grown in the King's garden at Sans Souci with success. Dr. Herman Grunow, Mifflin, Iowa county, Wis., while on a visit to Germany was advised to try some in America, and brought home with him two pounds of the seed. This was sown and compared with about a dozen other varieties and proved much superior to any on trial.”1

Oderbrucker, a six-rowed variety imported from Germany by the Ontario Agricultural College, resembles Manshury closely. Among fourteen stations in the United States and Canada which have tested varieties of barley for periods from one to ten years, twelve included Manshury (six-rowed) and eight Chevalier (tworowed) among their recommended list of varieties. No other variety is recommended by four stations.

The yield of grain of hull-less varieties is usually less than varieties bearing hulls, due in part to the absence of the hulls. The straw is weaker and more liable to lodge, thus further reducing the yield harvested. The Ontario Agricultural College, as the result of testing eight varieties of hull-less barley for ten years, recommends Guy Mayle, Black Hull-less and Purple.' The Arizona Station recommends beardless varieties for hay,

1 Wis. Rpt. 1903, p. 265.

2 Ont. Agr. Col. and Expt. Farms Rpt. 1903, p. 133.

because the bearded varieties are irritating to the mouths of horses and often injurious.1

451. Breeding Barley.-Saunders crossed a six-rowed variety known as Baxter upon a Swedish two-rowed variety Royal, a six-rowed variety, and Beaver, a two-rowed variety, have been obtained, each of which has stiff straw, is a vigorous grower and productive. Johannsen, by systematic selection of heads with heavy grains and low nitrogen content for three generations, has obtained a progeny of the fourth generation with somewhat higher average weight of grains and appreciably lower nitrogen content. Remy has selected strains of drouth resisting barley, such plants being shorter in the straw and shorter and closer in the head than those requiring a greater quantity of water.1

3

III. CLIMATE AND SOIL

452. Climate.-Barley is successfully cultivated in a wider range of climate than any other cereal. It is cultivated from 65° N. Lat. in Alaska to semi-tropical California. (391) It is said to mature in the Andes at an elevation of 11,000 feet. While growing freely in Chile at 5,000 feet, it rarely ripens on the plateaus of Peru, which have an elevation of 9,000 feet.5 Grain is produced in Colorado at 7,000 feet and heavy crops of hay at 8,500 feet. In California, where, for climatic reasons, neither oats nor maize is grown extensively, barley is an important crop, both for grain and hay

Brewer has shown that in 1880 the greatest production of barley in the United States was with a smaller annual rainfall

1 Ariz. Rpt. 1899, p. 249.

2 Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1899, p. 8o.

Medd. Carlsberg Lab. 1899, No. 4, pp. 228-313. E. S. R. XII, p. 326.

4 Deut. Landw. Presse, 29 (1902), Nos. 87, p. 706, Fig. 1; 88, pp. 715, 716. E. S. R. XIV, p. 650.

5 Int. Encycl., Vol. II, p. 487.