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sperm is quite hard, and is glassy or translucent, with only here and there white or opaque spots. As in oats, the starch grains are compound. The rice grains usually vary from three-eighths

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Longitudinal and cross section of rice kernel: 1, cuticle; 2, aleurone layer; 3, endosperm. 4, embryo; unnumbered lines show longitudinal depression in kernel. (After Dodson.)

to two-fifths of an inch in length. The weight of 100 grains may vary from two to three grams, or from 15,000 to 17,000 grains per pound.

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504. Composition. The following table gives the average of ten American analyses of clean rice, and one analysis each of rough rice and rice straw:

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Clean rice is characterized by high percentage of starch and a correspondingly low percentage of other substances, especially crude fiber. Over ninety per cent of the dry matter of rice is nitrogen-free extract, almost exclusively starch. As a source of easily digestible carbohydrates, rice is without a peer among the cereals, and has few equals among food products.

505. Varieties.-There are five types of rice, among which ire lowland rice and upland rice. These have sometimes been

considered distinct species, but they are probably only cultivated forms. As might be expected from a plant so widely and anciently cultivated as rice, there are a large number of varieties. In America, however, the varieties have been comparatively few. In the South Atlantic States the varieties chiefly used have been white rice, valued for its early maturity, and two varieties of gold seed rice, so called on account of their golden yellow hulls, differing from each other in the size of the grain, both of which are highly esteemed both because of their quality and the large yield of grain. In the South Central States there are three types of rice recognized, based upon the original source of the seed, viz., Honduras, Japan and Carolina rice. The Honduras rice is the type that has usually been raised, although Japan rice is now raised in large quantities. The grains of the latter are smaller, being shorter but relatively thicker than Honduras rice, and have a thinner hull. Japan rice also tillers more, fifty to eighty seed-bearing culms being not uncommon.1

Red rice is distinguished by the color of the grains, which may vary from very light to dark red, and the color may occur only in the seed coat or throughout the endosperm. This variety, practically wild, is sometimes considered a distinct species, and at least a distinct strain, is a strong and hardier grower than white rice, and will ripen its seed under more diverse conditions. Whenever it gets a foothold, therefore, it rapidly supplants the white rice. Since red rice materially lowers the grade, it causes rice planters great loss and becomes the worst weed that they have to combat.

II. CLIMATE AND SOILS.

506. Climate.-Rice is a tropical or semitropical plant, and attains its best development in a moist, insular climate. In America rice is not raised north of the southern boundary of Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas; and very little of it 1 O. E. S. Bul. 131, p. 20.

north of the southern boundary of Tennessee. Its climatic range is similar to that of cotton, being between 45° N. to 38° S. Lat. in the Eastern, and from 36° N. to 38° S. Lat. in the Western Hemisphere. Certain varieties of upland rice are said to be adapted to a somewhat wider climatic range. While upland rice may be raised by methods not dissimilar to that of oat culture, it is neither so productive nor of so good a quality as when raised by irrigation, the method most commonly practiced.

07. Soil. The principal considerations concerning soil for rice are the ability to irrigate it, to drain it promptly, and to become solid with sufficient rapidity after the water has been removed for the passage of animals and machinery. Different degrees of fertility, however, are recognized, and soils of a clay nature have been found better than those of a sandy or peaty character; although here, as with other crops, a loamy soil with a fair degree of organic matter is desirable. The principal areas in the United States devoted to rice are: (1) the delta land and inland marshes of the South Atlantic States, (2) the alluvial lands along the Mississippi River, and (3) the prairie soil of southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas. practices prevailing in the third area are radically different, both because the topography makes possible larger fields and because the solid subsoil allows the use of self-binding harvesters for gathering the crop. Upland rice may be grown upon any soil that will grow maize or cotton, and the method of culture is not materially different from that of oats or other spring sown grain.

The

508. Rotation.-A rotation of crops is seldom practiced on the rice plantation, although it is recognized that a rotation would increase the yield of rice per acre; but it would reduce the area grown. One very important reason for a rotation of crops is to free the land of noxious weeds; and planters are being forced to adopt a rotation for this purpose, which consists

WAGON ROAD.
OUTSIDE LEVEE.

of interjecting some other crop about once in four years, preferably a cultivated crop, such as maize, or merely permitting the plantation to grow up to dry land weeds.

509. Fertilizers.-Many kinds of fertilizing material are commonly employed in oriental countries; in the United States

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Plat of rice field in Raywood plantation showing method of Irrigation in southwesterr Louisiana and southeastern Texas. The different tracts are on different levels. Water enters at measuring flume, floods first tract, passes over field levee, floods second tract, and so on until the whole field is flooded. Water is removed through drainage ditch by opening field levees. On this plantation the water in the main canal shown in illustration has been raised a total of sixty-five feet by means of three pumping stations. At the initial station the canal is 150 feet wide. (After Bond.)

the land is seldom manured for rice. The irrigation of the land presents problems concerning nitrification and supply of fertil izing constituents from the water that have not been fully

OUTSIDE LEVEE.

worked out.

Usually the water has an abundance of potash, a partial supply of nitrogen for the crop requirement, and scarcely any phosphoric acid. The Louisiana Station suggests the possibility of applying nitrogen and phosphorus in high grade commercial fertilizers in small quantities continuously to the water at the flood gates. Stable manure can be used judiciously upon places where surface soil has been removed in leveling

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Plat showing method of irrigating rice plantation in South Atlantic States. Heavy black lines represent levees about six feet high, thirty-five feet wide at bottom and twelve feet wide at top. Main canal reaches from river to creek between two levees. Double lines around each tract represent marginal canals or face ditches about three feet wide and deep, and single lines represent field ditches about fifty feet apart. Water enters and leaves each tract through the same flume by means of a box, called a trunk, so arranged that it can be set to allow the water to enter at high tide or can be set to allow water to leave at low tide. (After Keeney.)

the land; but heavy applications are to be avoided upon good soil, lest it cause the rice to lodge. If the straw and hulls are returned to the land the fertilizing ingredients removed are comparatively small. Here, as elsewhere, the economy of fertilizers is a local question, and no specific rules can be given. (117)

510. Laying Out the Plantation.-In preparing a plantation for rice culture, the area must be laid off into fields and a levee

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