that by oath he intended to verify and did verify the statement subscribed by him, and the officer regarding him as so declaring on oath signs the certificate and jurat for the purpose of evidencing the verification, and then delivers it to the party in that form verified, and the party presents it in that form and shape to the board of supervisors for the purpose of procuring the audit of the bill, then I charge you that the oath has been duly and lawfully administered." The criticism to which this proposition is subjected by the argument at the bar is in substance, that any form of an oath is rendered unnecessary, and the intention to swear is put in the place of the oath actually administered and taken. The criticism is just, precisely so far as it is true. Some form of an oath has always been required, for the double reason that only by some unequivocal form could the sworn be distinguished from the unsworn averment, and the sanctions of religion add their solemn and binding force to the act.1 While these sanctions have grown elastic, and gradually accommodated themselves to differences of creed and varities of belief, so that as the Christian is sworn upon the gospels, and invokes the Divine help to the truth of his testimony, the Jew also may be sworn upon the Pentateuch, the Quaker solemnly affirm without invoking the anger or aid of Deity and the Gentoo kneel before his Brahmin priest with peculiar ceremonies, yet through all changes and under all forms the religious element has not been utterly destroyed. So lately as the case of People v. Sutherland, the taking of an oath is described as burdening the conscience. Some form of an oath would therefore seem to be essential. It is almost as difficult to conceive of an act of swearing without any form, as of a material substance having neither shape nor locality. The changes of form incident to the growth of nations and of commerce have been serious, but have not dispensed with a form entirely. These changes are recognized and crystallized in our statute.3 The usual mode of administering oaths by the person who swears laying his hand upon and kissing the Gospels, is first recognized, and that form prescribed as the general rule, and except as afterward provided. Then follow the exceptions. There were persons who were unwilling to invoke either the vengeance or the help of the Divine Being, and those who believed in him without believing in the Gospels or even in the Bible at all. The statute, therefore, next permits an oath to be adminstered in this form: "You do swear in the presence of the ever living God." 5 The religious element is here preserved, since in the absence

2

1 Pandects, XII, 2; 3 Coke's Inst. 165; 1 Phil. on Ev. 15; 1 Stark. on Ev. 23; Lord Hardwicke, in Omychund v. Barker, 1 Atk. 21; Tyler on Oaths, 15; 1 Greenl. on Ev., secs. 328, 371; 1 Allison's Cr. L., 474; 3

Whart. Cr. L., sec. 2205; 2 Arch. Cr. Pl. 1723.

2 81 N. Y. 8.

3 3 Rev. Stats. (5th ed.) 632.

4 sec. 114.

5 sec. 115.

of imprecation or invocation the oath is taken as in the presence of the Supreme Being. But there were those whose conscience would not permit them to swear at all. To meet that emergency, the statute allows as a form: "You do solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm." Then follows provisions to meet the cases of persons who have peculiar forms which they recognize as obligatory, and believers in other than the Christian religion. Such persons may be sworn in their own manner, or according to the peculiar ceremonies of the religion which they profess.2 There remained however the case of infidels and unbelievers. For them there could be no religious element in an oath and no sanctity behind it. At first the inevitable result followed of their exclusion from the witness-stand. But such rule of exclusion was soon modified, so as to protect them against personal inquiry, and finally substantially abrogated by the constitutional provision rendering them no longer incompetent "on account of their opinions in matters of religious belief." But this is a rule which merely shuts the doors on inquiry. It neither dispenses with some form of an oath, nor changes its inherent character. It assumes that the affiant recognizes the sacred and solemn nature of his obligation, and will permit neither inquiry nor contradiction. If there be something inconsistent in this mode of meeting the difficulty the remedy must be applied elsewhere. But the statute goes one step further. It provides generally that a person sworn by any of the forms prescribed, "or in any form authorized by law," shall be deemed to have been lawfully sworn; and this court has held that any form adopted, if not objected to by the affiant, is deemed to have received his assent and renders him liable to the consequences of perjury as if the oath had been administered in strict conformity with the statute.3 A wide scope, a large liberty is thus given to the form of the oath, but some form remains essential. Something must be present to distinguish between the oath and the bare assertion. An act must be done, and clothed in such form as to characterize and evidence it.

It is argued that the charge of the court ignores this necessity, and puts in the place of the act of taking the oath and its administration by the officer, the intention of the one and the supposition of the other. That portion of the charge which we have quoted, and the statement of the rule made during the trial seems to us fairly to justify the criticism. The only act referred to is the delivery of the bill and affidavit to the officer. If that is done for the purpose of getting the officer's certificate, and with the intention of declaring to him that the affiant does verify the statement he has subscribed, and the officer regards him as so

1 sec. 116.

2 secs. 117, 118.

3 People v. Cook, 8 N. Y. 84.

declaring on oath, that followed by the certificate of the officer, and the use of the affidavit is held to be sufficient. But we think the language cited does not itself fairly represent the proposition presented to the jury, and should be construed in connection with other parts of the charge which more fully explain its meaning. Thus construed, it rests upon something more than a mere intention, and does not ignore the necessity of an act of swearing and some form of an oath. The reasoning of the learned judge makes his meaning very plain. He relies upon the language of the jurat which the prisoner signed and handed to the officer. That language was as follows: "C. O'Reilly, being duly sworn, saith that the items of the within account are correct," etc.; and the argument is that these written and printed words handed to the officer were as effectual as if the accused had said in spoken words, "I swear that the items of the within account are correct," etc.; in other words, that an audible utterance is not essential, and the oath may be taken by the pen as well as by the tongue. The last proposition may possibly be true and not confined to cases of necessity, and yet the inquiry remains, and is the final and determining question in the case whether the mere delivery of these written words, signed by the accused, to the officer for his certificate, constitutes an oath taken, and is the sufficient equivalent of an express and present declaration that the affiant swears to the truth of his statement. If such be the fact, it is difficult to sustain our decision in Case v. People.1 In that case the accused signed the jurat and sent it to the notary for his signature. The delivery to the officer was a delivery by Case, although effected through the agency of a third person. That fact can not change or modify the principle, as it affects the affiant. It might and would touch and influence the duty of the officer in giving his certificate. But the certificate is not the oath. It pre-supposes an oath, already taken, of which fact it but furnishes the evidence. It is the written words, signed and consciously and purposely delivered to the officer which work the result. It is that delivery which converts the previously unsworn words into a valid affidavit. How is the inherent character of the affiant's act in any wise changed, modified, or altered by such delivery through an agent instead of in person? The difference suggested to us is, that in the latter case the officer and affiant do not meet, and the oath is not taken before, that is, in the presence of the officer. While that fact is mentioned in the opinion, it is not made the definite ground of the decision, which takes a much wider range, and goes upon the theory that no oath was taken at all. The fundamental difficulty whether the affidavit be delivered in either mode seems to us to be that the act of delivery is

1 76 N. Y. 242.

equivocal, and just as consistent with an intention not to swear, though appearing to have been sworn, as with an intention to assume the obligation of an oath; and this difficulty is intensified when, as in the pres ent case, the language written, and signed, and delivered to the officer is not "I do hereby swear," or "do depose and say," but " being duly sworn, saith." The language recites an oath previously taken already administered. It confesses a past act, an obligation already assumed. It does not profess to be itself the act or obligation. Such a construction of it is strained and unnatural, It would be hard to find an officer who would understand, upon reading such phrase, that an oath had been administered by himself, and his sole duty was to certify the fact in silence; and we are required to believe that officers have been daily administering a second and superfluous oath when a sufficient one was already before them in writing. We think the charge went too far, and are not ready to affirm the proposition advanced. To make a valid oath, for the falsity of which perjury will lie, there must be in some form, in the presence of an officer authorized to administer it, an unequivocal and present act, by which the affiant consciously takes upon himself the obligation of an oath. The delivery in this case of the signed affidavit to the officer was not such an act, and was not made so by the intention of the one party or the supposition of the other. For these reasons the judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted.

Judgment reversed.

All concur, except FOLGER, C. J., absent from argument.

PERJURY — OATH MUST BE REQUIRED BY LAW—MATERIALITY.

PEOPLE V. GAIGE

[26 Mich. 30.]

In the Supreme Court of Michigan, 1872.

1. An Information for Perjury alleged to have been committed in swearing to a bill in equity, must show that is was required by law to be verified by oath.

2. The Information must Likewise show that the matter sworn to was material to the suit.

Exceptions from the Hillsdale Court.

Dwight May, Attorney-General, for the People. C. A. & S. C. Stacy, for the respondent.

CHRISTIANCY, C. J. The defendant was convicted in the Circuit Court for the county of Hillsdale, of perjury, in swearing to an affidavit verifying a bill in chancery filed by him against one Luther N. Tyler. The oath to the bill was in the usual form of such oath when the bill is required to be sworn to. The information as amended (for we do not think it necessary to consider the propriety of the amendment), does not describe the nature or object of the bill, nor does it aver that it contained any prayer for an injunction, preliminary or perpetual, nor for any preliminary order of any kind; nor does it state whether the bill waives an answer under oath. It sets out no part of the bill except that portion upon which the perjury is assigned, which is in the following words:

"And your orator (meaning himself, the said Sherburne Gaige) further shows unto your honor that one Luther N. Tyler, who is hereinafter made the defendant to this, your orator's bill of complaint, is the owner of a certain grist and flouring mill, in the said township of Scipio aforesaid, which said mill is not situated upon any part of the said premises hereinbefore described, and who has no claim, or right, or title to the said stream or water-course, and who well knew all the rights, interest, and estate of your orator in and to the said stream or water-course, but who, contriving and unjustly intending to injure your orator in the premises, and to deprive your orator of the use and benefit and advantage and enjoyment of the said stream or water-course, and to put your orator to great charge, trouble and expense and inconvenience, and to wholly ruin your orator's estate and interest in the said stream or water-course, and to entirely divert the same from the said premises first heretofore described, has commenced to place obstructions across the channel of said stream or water-course at a point above the point or place where it enters upon the said premises first hereinbefore described, and to dig a certain ditch, race, or channel, which obstruction, and race or channel will wholly and entirely divert the said stream or water-course so that no part of the water, which would otherwise pass in and along said natural channel of the said stream or watercourse will run therein, but the same will run across other lands to the said mill of the said defendant, and your orator will be entirely deprived thereof.

"And the said defendant gives out and threatens that he will go on and complete said obstruction or dam, and wholly refuses to desist therefrom, and unjustly denies your orator's rights and estate in the said stream or water-course, and unjustly claims a right to wholly direct the same as aforesaid."

The information does not show upon its face, in any way, that the