3. Fill vacancies in office in recess of the senate.-The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. 1. Further powers and duties of the president. He shall, from time to time, give to the congress information of the state of the union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. 1. Civil officers removable by im peachment.—The president, vice-pres ident, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanours. ARTICLE III. SECTION I. 1. Judicial powers and tenure of the judges.-The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour; and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION II. 1. Extent of the judicial power. See amendment, Article 11.—The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states; between a state and citizens of another state; between citizens of another state; between citizens of different states; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states; and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 2. Jurisdiction of supreme court. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the congress shall make. 3. Trials by jury.—The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may, by law, have directed. SECTION III. 1. Treason.-Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. Attainder. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. SECTION I. 1. Acts, records, &c., of states accredited.-Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II. 1. Citizenship. - The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states. 2. Fugitive criminals. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. Fugitive slaves.-No person held to service or labour in one state under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due. 1. Of amendments to the constitution. -The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the congress; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. 1. Debts prior to the adoption of the constitution.-All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this constitution as under the confederation. 2. Force of the constitution, laws, and treaties of the United States.This constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. 3. Oath to support the constitution. Religious test.-The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this constitution: but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. ARTICLE VII. 1. Ratification.-The ratification of the conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of Connecticut.-William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. New York.-Alexander Hamilton. New Jersey.-William Livingston, David Brearly, William Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania. -Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. Delaware.-George Read, Gunning Bedford, jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett, Jacob Broom. Maryland.-James M'Henry, Daniel of St Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll. Virginia.-John Blair, James Madison, jr. North Carolina.-William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. South Carolina.-John Rutledge, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Pinckney, Pierce Butler. Georgia.-William Few, Abraham Baldwin. Attest: WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. [The following amendments were proposed at the first session of the first Congress of the United States, which was begun and held at the city of New York, on the 4th of March 1789, and were adopted by the requisite number of states. Vol. i. of the Laws of the United States, p. 72.] ARTICLE I. 1. Free exercise of religion, freedom of speech and of the press, and the right of petition. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of griev ances. ARTICLE II. 1. Right to bear arms. -A wellregulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. ARTICLE III, 1. Soldiers not to be quartered.— No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IV. ing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. ARTICLE V. 1. Criminal proceedings regulated. Private property not to be taken, &c.No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service, in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property, be taken for public use without just compensation. ARTICLE VI. 1. Trial by jury secured in criminal proceedings, &c.—In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature confronted with the witnesses against and cause of the accusation; to be him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favour; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. ARTICLE VII. 1. People to be secured against unreasonable searches and seizures.-The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and 1. Trial by jury in common law effects, against unreasonable searches cases, when to be had.-In suits at and seizures, shall not be violated, common law, where the value in conand no warrants shall issue but upon troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, probable cause, supported by oath or the right of trial by jury shall be affirmation, and particularly describ-preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules at the common law. ARTICLE VIII. 1. Excessive bail.-Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. 1. Rights retained by people.-The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. 1. Powers not granted, &c., are reserved. The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. [The following amendment was proposed at the second session of the third Congress. It is printed in the Laws of the United States, vol. i. p. 73, as article 11.] ARTICLE XI. 1. States not to be sued, &c.-The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. [The three following sections were proposed as amendments at the first session of the eighth Congress. They are printed in the Laws of the United States as article 12.] ARTICLE XII. 1. Manner of choosing president. House of representatives, when to choose the president. If president not chosen, vice-president to act as such.-The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate; the president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of votes for president shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. 2. Senate, when to elect the vicepresident.-The person having the greatest number of votes as vice |