ΧΙΧ. ...... Prepositions govern the objective case, &c. Two or more substantives singular, in connection, &c. .93 taken separately, &c....... 94 A verb with nominatives of different persons... An adjective qualifies the substantive, &c.. The relative agrees with its antecedent, &c. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 101 Special rules and observations under Rule XI. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 102 Substantives denoting the same thing, &c............103 When the present participle is used as a noun, &c......108 The present participle with an article before it, &c....109 XVII. The past participle is used after have and be, &c. 110 XVIII. The infinitive mood is governed, &c....... ..........111 Conjunctions connect words or sentences.............113 Some conjunctions have corresponding conjunctives....114 XXII. Comparative degree, and the pronoun other, &c........ 115 XXIII. Double comparatives and superlatives, &c............116 XX. XXI. Adverbs are for the most part placed, &c.... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... .... 118 XXVI. Two negatives in the same sentence, & c XXVII. Prepositions before names of places...... XXVIII. Certain words and phrases must be followed, &c........121 XXIX. In the use of verbs, &c. the order of time, &c........... 124 .............................................128 XXXIII. An ellipsis is admissible when, &c...................130 XXXIV An ellipsis is not allowable when, &c. ...............131 SYNTAX, Promiscuous Exercises on Rules of. ......................................135-146 1. ORTHOGRAPHY.* 7. ORTHOGRAPHY treats of letters, and the mode them into syllables and words. - a mark or character used to represent an ele T A de buman voice. Xuy-sar letters in the English Alphabet. der Vowels or Consonants. sa etter which represents a simple inarticulate a a sus a sizable, may be sounded alone. The beginning a word or nani, not S a lecter which represents an articulate * of syllabie, is never sounded alone, but The consonants are, b, c, d, ' 22 v. 3. 2. and w and y beginning de don of two wowels in one sound. son& Roper and improper, a which both the vowels are e in which only one of the free vowels in one sound, ongs to “the art of kumas proper, GRAMMAR. 1. GRAMMAR is both a SCIENCE and an ART. 2. As a SCIENCE, it investigates the principles of language in general. When thus used, it is denominated GENERAL or UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR; and sometimes COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR. 3. As an ART, it teaches the right method of applying these principles to a particular language, so as to express our thoughts in a correct and proper manner, according to established usage. App. I. ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 4. ENGLISH GRAMMAR is the art of speaking and writing the English language with propriety. 5. GRAMMAR is divided into four parts; namely, Orthography, Etymology, Syntax, and Prosody. [6. Orthography treats of letters and syllables; Etymology, of words; Syntax, of sentences; and Prosody, of elocution and versification.] PART FIRST. § 1. ORTHOGRAPHY.* 7. ORTHOGRAPHY treats of letters, and the mode of combining them into syllables and words. 8. A Letter is a mark or character used to represent an elementary sound of the human voice. 9. There are Twenty-six letters in the English Alphabet. 10. Letters are either Vowels or Consonants. 11. A Vowel is a letter which represents a simple inarticulate sound; and, in a word or syllable, may be sounded alone. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and w and y, not beginning a word or syllable. 12. A Consonant is a letter which represents an articulate sound; and, in a word or syllable, is never sounded alone, but always in connection with a vowel. The consonants are, b, c, d, ƒ, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, x, z, and w and y beginning a word or syllable. 13. A Diphthong is the union of two vowels in one sound. Diphthongs are of two kinds, proper and improper. 14. A Proper Diphthong is one in which both the vowels are sounded; as ou in out, oi in oil, ow in cow. 15. An Improper Diphthong is one in which only one of the vowels is sounded; as où in court, oa in boat. 16. A Triphthong is the union of three vowels in one sound, as eau in beauty. * Orthography is properly a part of Grammar, as it belongs to "the art of speaking and writing a language with propriety." Yet as the whole subject is treated more fully in the spelling-book and dictionary, a brief synopsis of its principles only is here given, rather as a matter of form, than with a view to its being particularly studied at this stage. The teacher may, therefore, if he thinks proper, pass over this part for the present, and begin with PART II. SYLLABLES. 17. A Syllable is a distinct sound forming the whole of a word, as far; or so much of it as can be sounded at once, as far in far-mer. 18. A word contains as many syllables as it has distinct vocal sounds; as, gram-ma-ri-an. 19. A Monosyllable is a word of one syllables; as, fox. 20. A Dissyllable is a word of two syllables; as, far-mer. 21. A Trisyllable is a word of three syllable; as, pi-e-ty. 22. A Polysyllable is a word of many syllables. DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES. 23. The division of words into syllables is called Syllabication. GENERAL RULE. 24. Place together in distinct syllables, those letters which make up the separate parts or divisions of a word, as heard in its correct pronunciation. 25. Two separate words combined as one name, are usually separated by a hyphen; as, rail-road, glasshouse, bee-hive. 26. In writing, a word of more than one syllable may be divided at the end of a line; but a monosyllable, or a syllable, never. § 2. SPELLING. 27. SPELLING is the art of expressing a word by its proper letters. |