1. The particular preposition which it is proper to use, often depends as much upon what follows as upon what goes before; thus, we say, To fall from a height-into a pit-to work-upon

an enemy.

2. Into is used only after verbs of motion, and denotes entrance. In is used when motion or rest in a place is signified; as, They went into a carriage, and travelled in it ten miles.

3. Boast, approve, and disapprove, are often used without of. Worthy has sometimes of following it, and sometimes not.

4. The same preposition that follows the verb or adjective, usually follows the noun derived from it, and vice versa; as, Confide in-confidence in-confident in. Disposed to tyrannize—a disposition to tyrannize, etc.

now.

EXERCISES.

He was very eager of recommending him to his fellow citizens. He found great difficulty of writing. He accused the ministers for having betrayed the Dutch. This is certainly not a change to the better. The English were a very different people then to what they are The history of Peter is agreeable with the sacred text. It was intrusted to persons on whom Congress could confide. I completely dissent with the examiner. Nothing shall make me swerve out of the path of duty. There was no water, and he died for thirst. We can safely confide on none but the truly good. Many have profited from good advice. The error was occasioned by compliance to earnest entreaty. This is a principle in unison to our nature [Obs. 4]. This remark is in accordance to truth. His parents think on him and his improvements with pleasure and hope.

EXERCISES ON RULE XXVIII. continued.

You have bestowed your favors to the most deserving persons. The wisest persons need not think it any diminution to their greatness, or derogation of their sufficiency, to rely upon counsel. It is consonant with our nature. He had no regard after his father's commands. There was a prejudice to his cause. There is no need for it. Reconciling himself with the king. They have no resemblance with each other. Upon such occasions as fell into their cognizance. I am engaged with preparing for a journey. We profit from experience. He is resolved of going to the Persian court. Expert about deceiving. The Romans reduced the world to their own power. He provided them in every thing. He seems to have a taste of such studies. You are conversant with that science. He is more conversant in men of science than in politicians. These are exceptions of the general rule. He died for thirst. He died of the sword. He is glad of calamities. She is glad at his company.

He saw your brother, and inquired from him for his friend's health. He was charged of being accessary to the murder. This is the first time we have been indulged in such a luxury. He indulges himself with the most pernicious habits. I hope I do not intrude into you. He will suffer no one to intrude upon his house. Is that a copy after nature? If you copy from your father's example, you will do well. He has never been reconciled with his lot. How can such conduct be reconciled to the principles he professes? It is proper that the people should be taxed with the support of government. Can not you prevail over your father to pay us a visit? The enemy prevailed upon us by superior force. Take care to protect yourself from the dangers which threaten you. The walls protected us against the fire of the enemy. He has now become familiar to the rules of Grammar. Your countenance is familiar with me. The office of judge and advocate should not be vested with the same person.

426. § 78. RULE XXIX. In the use of verbs and words that in point of time relate to each other, the order of time must be observed; as, "I have known him these many years; not, " I know him (or I knew him) these many years."

427. Rem. The particular tense necessary to be used must depend upon the sense, and no rules can be given that will apply to all cases. But it may be proper to observe,

66

428. Obs. 1. An observation which is always true must be expressed in the present tense; as, The stoics believed that all crimes are equal" (§ 24, I. 2).

429. Obs. 2. The present-perfect, and not the present tense, should be used in connection with words denoting an extent of time continued to the present; thus, "They continue with me now three days," should be, "have continued," etc. (§ 24, II 1).

430. Obs. 3. The present-perfect tense ought never to be used in connection with words which express past time; thus, “I have formerly mentioned his attachment to study," should be, "I formerly mentioned," etc. (§ 24, III. 1).

431. Obs. 4. The present and past of the auxiliaries, shall, will, may, can, should never be associated in the same sentence; and care must be taken that the subsequent verb be expressed in the same tense with the antecedent verb; thus, "I may or can do it now, if I choose; "I might or could do it now, if I chose ;” “I shall or will do it, when I can ;" ;" "I may do it, if I can;" "I once could do it, but I would not;""I would have done it then, but I could not." 66 I mention it to him, that he may stop if he choose;" ;" "I mentioned it to him, that he might stop if he chose;" "I have mentioned it to him, that he may stop;" "I had mentioned it to him, that he might stop;" "I had mentioned it to him, that he might have stopped, had he chosen.”

432. NOTE 1. When should is used instead of ought, to express present duty (172), it may be followed by the present; as, "You should study that you may become learned."

433. NOTE 2. The verb had is sometimes used for would; thus, "I had rather do it," for "I would rather do it." This should not be imitated.

434. NOTE 3. Would and should are sometimes, in common language, used as if they were almost expletives; thus, "It would seem," for "It seems."

435. Obs. 5. The indicative present is frequently used after the words when, till, before, as soon as, after, to express the relative time of a future action (§ 24, 1. 5); as, “When he

comes, he will be welcome." When placed before the presentperfect indicative, these words denote the completion of a future action or event; as, "He will never be better, till he has felt the pangs of poverty."

436. Obs. 6. A verb in the infinitive mood must be in the present tense, when it expresses what is contemporary in point of time with its governing verb, or subsequent to it; as, "He appeared to be a man of letters;""The Apostles were determined to preach the gospel."

"Ro

437. Obs. 7. But the perfect infinitive must be used to express what is antecedent to the time of the governing verb; as, mulus is said to have founded Rome."

EXERCISES.

1. The doctor said, in his lecture, that fever always produced thirst. The philosopher said that heat always expanded metals. He said that truth was immutable.

2. I know the family more than twenty years. I am now at school six months. My brother was sick four weeks, and is no better. He tells lies long enough.

3. He has lately lost an only son. He has been formerly very disorderly. I have been at London last year, and seen the king last summer. I have once or twice last week told the story to our friend.

4. I should be obliged to him, if he will gratify me in that particular. Ye will not come to me that ye might have life. Be wise and good that you might be happy. He was told his danger, that he may shun it.

[Note 1.] We should respect those persons, because they continued long attached to us. He should study diligently, that he might become learned. 2. I had rather go now than afterwards. He had better do it soon.

5. We shall welcome him when he shall arrive. As soon as he shall return, we will recommence our studies. A prisoner is not accounted guilty, till he be convicted.

6. From the conversation I had with him, he appeared to have been a man of learning. Our friends intended to have met us. He was afraid he would have died.

7. Kirstall Abbey, now in ruins, appears to be an extensive building. Lycurgus, the Spartan lawgiver, is said to be born in the 926th year before Christ.

438. § 79. RULE XXX. When a member of a sentence refers to two different clauses, it should be equally applicable to both; as, He has not been, and can not be, censured for such conduct.

439. This rule is often violated in sentences in which there are two comparisons of a different nature and government; thus, "He was more beloved, but not so much admired as Cinthio." Here, as Cinthio is applicable to the clause so much admired, but can not be connected with more beloved. In such sentences, the proper way is to complete the construction of the first member, and leave that of the second understood; as, "He was more beloved than Cinthio, but not so much admired" (as Cinthio). 440. A proper choice of words, and a perspicuous arrangement, should be carefully attended to.

EXERCISES.

This dedication may serve for almost any book that has, or ever shall be published. Will it be urged that these books are as old, or even older than tradition. He is more bold and active, but not so wise and studious as his companion. Sincerity is as valuable, and even more valuable, than knowledge. No person was ever so per plexed, or sustained the mortifications as he has done today. Neither has he, nor any other persons suspected so much dissimulation. The intentions of some of these philosophers, nay, of many, might and probably were good. The reward is due, and it has already, or will hereafter be given to him. This book is preferable, and cheaper than the other. He either has, or will obtain the prize. He acted both suitably and consistently with his profession. The first proposal was essentially different, and inferior to the second. He contrives better, but does not execute so well as his brother. There are principles in man which ever have, and ever will incline him to offend. The greatest masters of critical learning differ and contend against one another. The winter has not, and probably will not be so severe as was expected. He is more friendly in his disposition, but not so distinguished for talents, as his brother.